Electromagnetics and Photonics Commons^™

Overview Of Acousto-Optic Bistability, Chaos, And Logical Applications, Monish Ranjan Chatterjee, Erol Sonmez

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

An overview is presented of the key results in the field of acousto-optic bistability in the past two decades. It is shown that the basic acousto-optic bistable device may be described as a nonlinear dynamical system which satisfies a quadratic map. Thereafter, details are presented of several analytical methods, computer modeling approaches, including the SPICE circuit modeling technique, and experiments that have been used to understand the phenomenon.

Extensions to logical and digital applications are also discussed.

Mitigation Of Water Vapor Interference For Infrared Polarization-Modulated Gas Filter Correlation Radiometry, David K. Lockwood

Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations

Gas filter correlation radiometry (GFCR) is a high-resolution, high-specificity technique for sensing gaseous species. A variation of absorption spectroscopy, GFCR has a long-proven record on orbital platforms for quantitative measurements of atmospheric constituents, as well as common usage in ground-based sensing applications. PMGFCR (Polarization-modulated GFCR) is a recent refinement of the technique with several advantages over the traditional method, including reducing the number of photodetectors required, increased sensitivity, and elimination of moving parts.

To date, no infrared remote sensors have successfully measured nitric oxide (NO) in vehicle exhaust due to spectral overlap by strong water vapor (H₂O_{v …}

Study Of Dynamics And Mechanism Of Metal-Induced Silicon Growth, Elena A. Guliants, Wayne A. Anderson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The present study addresses the mechanism of metal-induced growth of device-quality silicon thin films. Si deposition was performed by magnetron sputtering on a 25-nm-thick Ni prelayer at 525–625 °C and yielded a continuous, highly crystalline film with a columnar structure. A Ni disilicide intermediate layer formed as a result of the Ni reaction with Si deposit provides a sufficient site for the Si epitaxial growth because lattice mismatch is small between the two materials. The reaction between Ni and Si was observed to progress in several stages. The NixSiy phase evolution in a Ni:Si layer was studied by x-ray photoelectron …

Diamondlike Carbon Thin Film Deposition Using A Rf Planar Coil Inductively Coupled Plasma System, Wai Soon Liew

Student Works (2000-2009)

A RF planar coil inductively coupled plasma system (ICPs) is setup for this project. The system is powered by a 13.56MHz, 550W, 500 RF generator. The RF power is transferred to the plasma via a planar induction coil. The impedance matching circuit consists of an air-core step-down transformer and a tunable vacuum capacitor. The typical E-H mode transition which is distinctive to the ICP has been observed in argon plasma, hydrogen plasma and hydrogen-methane admixture plasma. The studies carried out include the observation of intensity of light emission from the plasma, the power transferred at different pressures, the concentration of …

Studies Related To The Design And Implementation Of A Magnetic Suspension And Balance System, Syed Adeel Akhtar Jafri

Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations

This thesis presents studies related to the magnetic suspension and balance system (MSBS) of the Princeton/ONR High Reynolds Number Testing Facility (HRTF). The main motivation for developing the MSBS is to provide interference free aero/hydrodynamic testing of submersible models, which will lead to more accurate measurements. From the controls point of view, the main specification of the MSBS is to robustly control the position of a submersible model in five degrees of freedom (DOF), including three translational as well as pitching and yawing positions. The MSBS should not only regulate the submersible model's position but should also allow for small …

Rotation-Invariant Synthetic Discriminant Function Filter For Pattern Recognition, Vahid R. Riasati, Partha P. Banerjee, Mustafa A. G. Abushagur, Kenneth B. Howell

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The ring synthetic discriminant function (RSDF) filter for rotation-invariant response is discussed for pattern recognition. This method uses one half of a slice of the Fourier transform of the object to generate the transfer function of the filter. This is accomplished by rotating the one half of a slice in the Fourier domain through 2π rad about the zero-frequency point of the Fourier plane. This filter has the advantage of always matching at least one half of a slice of the Fourier transform of any rotation of the image. An analytical discussion of the filter construction and correlation results are …

Characterization Of Poly-Si Thin Films Deposited By Magnetron Sputtering Onto Ni Prelayers, Elena A. Guliants, Wayne A. Anderson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

A method of producing a polycrystalline silicon thin film on a foreign substrate without subsequent annealing has been developed. Thermally evaporated 5–100 nm thick Nifilms served as prelayers for magnetron sputtered Si thin films. A continuous film was obtained as a result of metal induced growth of polysilicon during low temperature (below 600 °C) deposition. The film uniformity is promising for large area device applications. The influence of the Ni prelayer thickness on the grain size of thus obtained films was investigated. Atomic force microscopy and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy studies revealed features in the 150–600 nm size range while …

Erbium-Ytterbium Codoped Fiber Amplifiers, Wai Yee Chan

Student Works (2000-2009)

The amplification characteristics of an Erbium/Ytterbium codoped fiber amplifier(EYDFA) pumped in both the 800nm and 980nm pump bands is reported. With -3m long Er-Yb fiber, the 813nm pumped-EYDFA shows small-signal gain exceeding 20dB over a 20nm bandwidth in the l.Sµm region where the peak gain of 38.4dB is achieved at 1535nm. A low noise figure of ~3.6d8 is also achieved at 1550nm. However, it is found that 980nm pumped­EYDF A suffers lower gain due to the effect of nonsaturable absorption by Yb³⁺ ions which causes high pump poWer loss, thus degrades the signal amplification in Er³⁺ system. Compared to the …

Nonlinear Self-Organization In Photorefractive Materials, Partha P. Banerjee, Nickolai Kukhtarev, John O. Dimmock

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

This chapter discusses self-organization and its effects in optics. One of the most exciting and potentially useful areas of current research in optics involves the understanding and exploitation of self-organization in nonlinear optical systems. This self-organization may sometimes lead to the evolution of complex spatial patterns that can be regarded as the nonlinear eigenmodes of the system. Generation of these patterns is characteristically marked by the presence of intensity thresholds. In a nonlinear system with complicated temporal dynamics, it turns out that one cannot retain purity in spatial dimensionality. It is therefore equally important to investigate the dynamics of the …

New Free-Space Multistage Optical Interconnection Network And Its Matrix Theory, Fengguang Luo, Mingcui Cao, Anjun Wan, Jun Xu, Xinjun Zhou, Cong Deng

Electro-Optics and Photonics Faculty Publications

A new free-space multistage optical interconnection network which is called the Comega interconnection network is presented. It has the same topological construction for the cascade stages of the Comega interconnection. The concept of the left Comega and the right Comega interconnection networks are given to describe the whole Comega interconnection network. The matrix theory for the Comega interconnection network is presented. The route controlling of the Comega interconnection network is decided based on the matrix analysis. The node switching states in cascade stages of the 8 by 8 Comega interconnection network for the route selection are given. The data communications …

Crossover Photonic Switching Network With Cmos/Seed Smart Pixel Device And 2d Optical Fiber Bundle Array, Fengguang Luo, Mingcui Cao, Qiaoyan Hu, Anjun Wan, Jun Xu, Cong Deng, Deming Liu

Electro-Optics and Photonics Faculty Publications

A 16 X 16 Crossover photonic switching network with hybrid integrated CMOS/SEED smart pixel device and 2D optical fiber bundle array I/O access device is reported in this paper. SEEd array devices ar used as light receivers and transmitters, while CMOS devices make efficient logical processing. 4 X 40 2D multilayer optical fiber bundle arrays are fabricated and are used as I/O access devices in the crossover photonic switching network. The center to center spacing between adjacent optical fibers in the same layer of the fiber array is 125micrometers , and the spacing between adjacent layers is 250micrometers . Displacing …

Optoelectronic Switching Network With 2d Optical Fiber Bundle Array I/O Access Device, Fengguang Luo, Mingcui Cao, Qiaoyan Hu, Anjun Wan, Jun Xu, Cong Deng, Yuan-Zhong Xu

Electro-Optics and Photonics Faculty Publications

An optoelectronic switching network with 2-D optical fiber bundle arrays I/O access device is presented in this paper. An optoelectronic recirculating Banyan network based on CMOS/SEED smart pixel device is used in this configuration. Thirty-two X two single-mode fiber bundle array and 32 X 2 multi- mode fiber bundle array are fabricated respectively based on the features of high density, high precision and array permutation of the CMOS/SEED optoelectronic integrated devices. The measuring results show that the center to center spacing between adjacent optical fibers in the same layer of the fiber array is 125 micrometer, and the spacing between …

Guest Editorial: Special Section On Acousto-Optic Devices And Optical Information Processing: Research And Developments, Partha P. Banerjee, Ting-Chung Poon

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

This guest editorial provides an overview of the topical area and an introduction to the articles featured in the special section.

Laser Beam Profile Deformation Effect During Bragg Acousto-Optic Interaction: A Non-Paraxial Approximation, Ray S. Huang, Chen-Wen Tarn, Partha P. Banerjee, Doungchin Cao

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

It is commonly known that the spatial profiles of the diffracted light beams during Bragg acousto-optic interaction are distorted due to the Bragg angle selection mechanism. All the conventional studies on this effect use the paraxial approximation. But this approximation should be amended when the incident angle of the light is large enough that the diffracted light waves do not propagate closely along the optic axis of the acousto-optic diffraction system. By using a spatial Fourier transform approach, we rigorously study the light beam profile deformation effect of the diffracted light during the Bragg acousto-optic interaction beyond the paraxial approximation. …

Examination Of Beam Propagation In Misaligned Holographic Gratings And Comparison With The Acousto-Optic Transfer Function Model For Profiled Beams, Monish Ranjan Chatterjee, David D. Reagan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

A transfer function formalism developed earlier for the propagation of profiled optical beams through acousto-optic Bragg cells is revisited and applied to a thick holographic grating. The results based on the holographic coupled wave model and the acousto-optic multiple scattering model are shown to be compatible, and equivalent parameters such as the Q and grating strength are defined for the two systems. Results for a Gaussian spatial profile are numerically computed and compared. For the holographic grating, a profiled beam may be interpreted as an angular misalignment or Bragg-angle mismatch problem. The case of Bragg-wavelength mismatch is also investigated for …

Space Charge Structure Of A Glow Discharge In The Presence Of A Longitudinal Inhomogeneity, Frank A. Tersigni

Theses and Dissertations

A survey of space charge structures arising due to inhomogeneities in glow discharges was conducted. Space charge structures associated with tube geometries, the cathode sheath, striations, and shockwaves were examined. Space charge effects on the Electron Energy Distribution Function (EEDF) were explored for a geometric inhomogeneity using an approximate nonlocal solution to the one dimensional Boltzmann equation after Godyak. The approximate solution partially captured qualitative aspects of space charge effects on the EEDF. Simplification of collisional effects and adaptation of an approximate electric field restricted quantitative comparisons with experimental data. It is recommended that any future analysis of space charge …

Surface Resistance Measurements Of Superconducting Niobium Samples With A Triaxial Cavity, Paul Martin Boccard

Physics Theses & Dissertations

This experimental study has revealed and investigated many of the physical issues that affect accurate measurement of the surface resistance for small samples consisting of superconducting niobium films on copper substrates. It is believed that this work provides the groundwork for future research directed towards solving this important problem. Accurate measurement of surface resistance for such samples is needed to allow the rapid evaluation and optimization of the deposition parameters necessary for manufacturing low-loss superconducting niobium films.

A superconducting niobium triaxial cavity was investigated to determine its suitability for measuring the residual surface resistance of copper samples that were sputter-coated …

Mössbauer Effect Determination Of Relative Recoilless Fractions For Iron Oxides, Sei J. Oh, Desmond C. Cook

Physics Faculty Publications

The relative recoilless fraction (F-value) of each of six iron oxides, defined as the ratio of the recoil-free fractions of two different materials, was experimentally determined relative to hematite at 300 K and 77 K by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Using the relative recoil-free fractions compared to that of hematite, the relative recoilless fractions between all pairs of the seven iron oxides were determined. The F-values can allow conversion of Mössbauer subspectral areas to the relative atomic, molecular, or weight fractions of each iron oxide present in a mixed oxide phase sample.

Self-Enhancement Of Dynamic Gratings In Photogalvanic Crystals, Nickolai Kukhtarev, Sergei F. Lyuksyutov, Preben Buchhave, Tatiana Kukhtareva, K. Sayano, Partha P. Banerjee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

We have developed a compact closed-form solution of the band transport model for high-contrast gratings in photogalvanic crystals. Our solution predicts the effect of the photoconductivity and the electric field grating enhancement due to the photogalvanic effect. We predict a pronounced dependence of the steady-state photogalvanic current on the contrast of the interference pattern and an increase of holographic storage time due to the enhancement of the photoconductivity grating contrast. In the high contrast limit and a large photogalvanic effect the refractive index grating will be shifted from the position of the intensity modulation pattern, contrary to the usually adopted …

Experimental Investigations Of Wavelength And Angular Errors In Holographic Gratings With Non-Bragg-Matched Read Beams, Monish Ranjan Chatterjee, Vivek Ray

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Perfect Bragg matching is generally desirable for accurate optical interconnections with holographic gratings. In reality, however, gratings may be illuminated by READ beams with non-Bragg-matched angles, or wavelengths, or both. In such cases, the scattered beams are generally misdirected, and may suffer loss of efficiency and possibly more serious errors such as crosstalk noise or missed connections. A conventional wave-vector triad method of analyzing the scattered beam errors leads readily to near-Bragg estimates of the output angular misalignment. However, the READ wave-vector triads appear to indicate a possible wavelength shift in the output beam even with a Bragg-matched READ wavelength, …

Coupled Electrodynamic-Monte Carlo Simulations Of Nanoscale Gaas Terahertz Optical Mixers, Jiang Li

Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations

The concept of mixing or heterodyning has traditionally been used for microwaves and for radio frequency communications. However, the concept can easily be extended into the optical frequency regime. By doing so, the photomixing process can serve as a very versatile tool for both the generation of ultrahigh frequency (terahertz) and the detection of weak optical signals.

The aim of this thesis is to perform a theoretical study of the photomixing process inside GaAs devices as the non-linear elements. A coupled approach which combines the Monte Carlo simulation scheme for the carrier transport, with Maxwell's equation for the electrodynamics, has …

Material Evaluation By Pulsed Diode Laser Optoacoustics, Xiaodong Xu

Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations

Pulsed diode laser optoacoustic diagnostics were carried out to characterize solid sample materials. The apparatus developed is compact, portable, cost-effective and therefore very promising for both industrial as well as laboratory applications. To our knowledge, this is the first time that optoacoustic characterization and measurement have been performed with a diode laser. The method was successfully applied to measure the thickness of a multilayer structure non-intrusively. Internal cracks of the material were detected by this technique.

A theory for optoacoustic signal generation, propagation and detection is given. A numerical analysis technique is developed to solve for the expected signal. In …

Attitude Measurement, Mark A. Stedham, Partha P. Banerjee, Seiji Nishifuji, Shogo Tanaka

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

In many practical situations, it is important to determine and measure the attitude of a particular vehicle, such as a ship, an airplane, a piece of mechanical equipment such as a, crane lifter, or a spacecraft. For this reason, many attitude sensors have been developed with advanced computer and semiconductor technologies. This section first introduces the various attitude sensors with an explanation of their operating principles and then presents several methodologies for attitude measurement and determination, including ships and crane lifters, aircraft, and spacecraft applications.

Joint Map Registration And High Resolution Image Estimation Using A Sequence Of Undersampled Images, Russell C. Hardie, Kenneth J. Barnard, Ernest E. Armstrong

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

n many imaging systems, the detector array is not sufficiently dense to adequately sample the scene with the desired field of view. This is particularly true for many infrared focal plane arrays. Thus, the resulting images may be severely aliased. This paper examines a technique for estimating a high-resolution image, with reduced aliasing, from a sequence of undersampled frames. Several approaches to this problem have been investigated previously. However, in this paper a maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework for jointly estimating image registration parameters and the high-resolution image is presented. Several previous approaches have relied on knowing the registration parameters …

Spontaneous Emission In Microcavity Lasers, Dustin Philip Ziegler

Theses and Dissertations

An understanding of spontaneous emission processes within microcavities is crucial in addressing the need to make tomorrow's microlasers more efficient. One approach to improving the device efficiency is to reduce the threshold input energy at which lasing begins to occur. It has been suggested that the threshold in a microcavity laser can be decreased by increasing the fraction of spontaneous emission into the lasing mode, this can be accomplished by preferentially coupling the gain medium of the laser to the electromagnetic cavity mode of interest. It therefore becomes necessary to understand the mechanism by which this coupling takes place. This …

Reflection High-Energy Electron-Diffraction Study Of Melting And Solidification Of Pb On Graphite, Z. H. Zhang, P. Kulatunga, H. E. Elsayed-Ali

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The melting and solidification of Pb thin films on pyrolytic graphite are investigated in situ by reflection high-energy electron diffraction. Thin films with thicknesses of 4-150 monolayers are investigated. The surface morphology of the thin films were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Superheating of the Pb thin films by 4±2 to 12±2 K is observed from diffraction intensity measurements. Upon cooling the substrate, the Pb on graphite is seen to supercool by ∼69±4 K.

Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy With Diode Lasers, Ying Lu

Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations

Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy is a non-intrusive technique which enables several parameters such as concentration, velocity, and temperature of a target specie to be measured. The method involves a modulation of a probe laser beam and detection at the fundamental, or any harmonic frequency, by a phase-sensitive apparatus. The theory of wavelength modulation is discussed. Effects of the finite value of the wavelength modulation index, together with the effects of any residual amplitude modulation that often occurs simultaneously in a diode laser, are included. It is shown that there are several advantages in using detection harmonics orders greater than the second. …

Translation Of 'Profiles In Faith', Monish Ranjan Chatterjee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Sarat Chandra Chatterjee (1876-1938) may be considered one of the three most significant figures of the literary component of the Bengal Renaissance, the other two being Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (1838-1894) and Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941). As much as Bankim Chandra is identified with the new age in the Bengali novel, and the development of serious vernacular journalism, and Rabindranath with modern/classical movements in Bengali poetry and music, along with novel ideas in methods of education and teaching, Sarat Chandra, as a novelist and storyteller, perfected the art of narration and critical analyses of a variety of contemporaneous social and political issues, …

Application Of Autoregressive Moving Average Linear Prediction Filters To The Characterization Of Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling, Carter N. Borst

Theses and Dissertations

Linear prediction filtering techniques have been used in studying the coupling processes between the solar wind and magnetosphere. The magnetosphere is a complex, dynamic system with at least two independent coupling methods for energy input, driven and unloading. Linear models were built and tested on the Bargatze data set, consisting of over 70 days of geomagnetic indices and solar wind data ordered in 34 intervals of increasing geomagnetic activity. Linear filtering techniques employing single-and multiple-input, autoregressive models predicted values of the magnetic index AL from solar wind data. The impulse response curves of the AL-coupling function groups showed amplitude peaks …

Surface Debye Temperature Measurement With Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction, H. E. Elsayed-Ali

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Measurement of the surface mean-square atomic vibrational amplitude, or equivalently the surface Debye temperature, with reflection high-energy electron diffraction is discussed. Low-index surfaces of lead are used as examples. Particular details are given about the temperature-dependent diffraction pattern of Pb(100) in the Debye-Waller region. The use of reflection high-energy electron diffraction for measurement of the substrate surface temperature in thin-film deposition chambers is suggested. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.