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Articles 181 - 210 of 402
Full-Text Articles in Electrical and Electronics
Characterization Of Hardening By Design Techniques On Commercial, Small Feature Sized Field-Programmable Gate Arrays, Thomas E. Simmons
Characterization Of Hardening By Design Techniques On Commercial, Small Feature Sized Field-Programmable Gate Arrays, Thomas E. Simmons
Theses and Dissertations
In this thesis, a methodology is developed to experimentally test and evaluate a programmable logic device unde r gamma irradiation. The purpose of which is to determine the radiation effects and characterize the improvements of various hardening by design techniques. The techniques analyzed in this thesis include Error Correction Coding (ECC) and Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR). The TMR circuit includes three different functional implementations of adders compared to TMR voted circuits of those same adders. The TMR is implemented with the same functional adders and as a Functional TMR (FTMR) with three different function adders that are voted on. The …
Full-Wave Based Validation Of Stripline Field Applicator For Low Frequency Material Measurements, James H. Crane Ii
Full-Wave Based Validation Of Stripline Field Applicator For Low Frequency Material Measurements, James H. Crane Ii
Theses and Dissertations
This research presents the analysis and verification of a stripline designed by Air Force Research Laboratory for use in measuring the electrical properties of materials at low frequencies and high temperature. It is designed to operate in the TEM mode up to 4 Ghz and have a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. A full wave base method is used to analyze the structure. The parallel plate waveguide dyadic Green's function is developed for a current immersed in a PEC parallel plate environment. It is used to formulate a pair of coupled electric field integral equations (CIE). These CIEs are solved …
Implementation Of Collaborative Rf Localization Using A Software-Defined Radio Network, Augustine A. Honore
Implementation Of Collaborative Rf Localization Using A Software-Defined Radio Network, Augustine A. Honore
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates the use of collaboration between sensor nodes that were tasked with localizing a radio frequency emitter. Localization is a necessary component for dynamic spectrum access. Using a set of software-defined radios as our sensors and a received signal strength-based maximum likelihood localization algorithm, we successfully localized transmitting nodes based on their received signal strength. Our experiment was conducted outdoors using a flexible topology that could be shaped into 21 sub-topologies that varied in size, and orientation with respect to the transmitters. This was made possible through application of a time shift concept and a post-processing technique. We …
Using Shadows To Detect Targets In Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery, Brian P. Donnell
Using Shadows To Detect Targets In Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery, Brian P. Donnell
Theses and Dissertations
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can generate high resolution imagery of re- mote scenes by combining the phase information of multiple radar pulses along a given path. SAR based Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) has the advantage over optical ISR that it can provide usable imagery in adverse weather or nighttime conditions. Certain radar frequencies can even result in foliage or limited soil penetration, enabling imagery to be created of objects of interest that would otherwise be hidden from optical surveillance systems. This thesis demonstrates the capability of locating stationary targets of interest based on the locations of their shadows and …
Electron Multipactor: Theory Review, Comparison And Modeling Of Mitigation Techniques In Icepic, Neil G. Rogers
Electron Multipactor: Theory Review, Comparison And Modeling Of Mitigation Techniques In Icepic, Neil G. Rogers
Theses and Dissertations
Mitigation approaches for single surface multipactor at dielectric windows are investigated using Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations. Initially baseline susceptibility diagrams are constructed analytically and compared with self-consistent, dynamic system trajectories. The power deposited on the surface of a dielectric window in an HPM system is considered using three different methods and the results of PIC simulations. Geometric mitigation is then considered by varying the window orientation with respect to the HPM electric held. Small angular deviations, less than 20 degrees, from the nominal case of normal incidence show dramatic changes in the susceptibility diagram. A materials approach to mitigation is then …
Surface Acoustic Wave Devices As Chemical Vapor Sensors, Daniel Gallagher
Surface Acoustic Wave Devices As Chemical Vapor Sensors, Daniel Gallagher
Theses and Dissertations
In order to effectively neutralize non-traditional threats to US forces and population such as improvised explosive devices (IED) and chemical, biological, radio- logical, nuclear, and explosive (CBNRE) weapons, a flexible vapor sensor platform is proposed. This work involves the design, fabrication, and testing of coated surface acoustic wave devices for vapor sensing ability. Devices were fabricated in-house using MEMS fabrication techniques, then coated with a thin layer of a Nafion polymer. The frequency response of coated devices displayed 2 MHz frequency shifts around the resonance frequency upon introduction of ethanol vapors into the nitrogen vapor stream. This indicates strong sensing …
A Mems Multi-Cantilever Variable Capacitor On Metamaterial, Luke A. Rederus
A Mems Multi-Cantilever Variable Capacitor On Metamaterial, Luke A. Rederus
Theses and Dissertations
Negative refractive index materials are an example of metamaterials that are becoming increasingly popular. Research into these metamaterials could possibly be the first steps toward bending electromagnetic radiation (i.e., microwaves, light, etc.) around an object or person. Split ring resonators (SRR) are classified as metamaterials that create an artificial magnetic response from materials with no inherent magnetic properties. Once fabricated, an SRR has a specific resonant frequency due to its permanent geometry. This research introduces a new concept of using a variable capacitive micro- electro-mechanical system (MEMS) device located at the gap of an SRR to mechanically alter the capacitance …
Power Generation By Harvesting Ambient Energy With A Micro-Electromagnetic Generator, James H. Shields
Power Generation By Harvesting Ambient Energy With A Micro-Electromagnetic Generator, James H. Shields
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigated the potential power output of a micro-electromagnetic generator fabricated using typical microfabrication materials and techniques. The design was based on a desire to free bio-implanted or remote electronic devices from batteries and their finite power supplies. A micro-electromagnetic generator could harvest energy from the ambient environment and power such devices indefinitely. Designs for the stator coil and rotor magnet components of the generator were optimized to produce maximum current density based upon electromagnetic theory. The relative orientation of the coil to the rotor and material selection for each component were considered. Coils were fabricated using low-resistance gold. …
Sub-Circuit Selection And Replacement Algorithms Modeled As Term Rewriting Systems, Eric D. Simonaire
Sub-Circuit Selection And Replacement Algorithms Modeled As Term Rewriting Systems, Eric D. Simonaire
Theses and Dissertations
Intent protection is a model of software obfuscation which, among other criteria, prevents an adversary from understanding the program’s function for use with contextual information. Relating this framework for obfuscation to malware detection, if a malware detector can perfectly normalize a program P and any obfuscation (variant) of the program O(P), the program is not intent protected. The problem of intent protection on programs can also be modeled as intent protection on combinational logic circuits. If a malware detector can perfectly normalize a circuit C and any obfuscation (variant) O(C) of the circuit, the circuit is not intent protected. In …
Limitations Of A True Random Number Generator In A Field Programmable Gate Array, Jennifer L. Brady
Limitations Of A True Random Number Generator In A Field Programmable Gate Array, Jennifer L. Brady
Theses and Dissertations
Random number generators are used in many areas of engineering, computer science, most notably in simulations and cryptographic applications. There are true random number generators (TRNG) and pseudo random number generators (PRNG). Only a true random number generator is secure because the output bits are non-repeating and nonreproducible. As society has become more dependent on electronic technology the need for true random number generators has increased due to processes that require encryption in everyday use. A fast true random number generator on a field programmable gate array presents digital designers with the ability to have the generator on chip. Since …
Range Precision Of Ladar Systems, Steven E. Johnson
Range Precision Of Ladar Systems, Steven E. Johnson
Theses and Dissertations
A key application of Laser Detection and Ranging (LADAR) systems is measurement of range to a target. Many modern LADAR systems are capable of transmitting laser pulses that are less than a few nanoseconds in duration. These short-duration pulses provide excellent range precision. However, randomness in the detected laser signals places limits on the precision. The goal of this dissertation is to quantify the range precision limits of LADAR systems. The randomness in the time between photon arrivals, which is called shot noise, is discussed in depth. System-dependent noise sources such as dark current and detector gain variation are considered. …
Statistical Methods For Polarimetric Imagery, Daniel A. Lemaster
Statistical Methods For Polarimetric Imagery, Daniel A. Lemaster
Theses and Dissertations
Estimation theory is applied to a physical model of incoherent polarized light to address problems in polarimetric image registration, restoration, and analysis for electro-optical imaging systems. In the image registration case, the Cramer-Rao lower bound on unbiased joint estimates of the registration parameters and the underlying scene is derived, simplified using matrix methods, and used to explain the behavior of multi-channel linear polarimetric imagers. In the image restoration case, a polarimetric maximum likelihood blind deconvolution algorithm is derived and tested using laboratory and simulated imagery. Finally, a principal components analysis is derived for polarization imaging systems. This analysis expands upon …
Material Perturbations To Enhance Performance Of The Theile Half-Width Leaky Mode Antenna, Jason A. Girard
Material Perturbations To Enhance Performance Of The Theile Half-Width Leaky Mode Antenna, Jason A. Girard
Theses and Dissertations
Microstrip traveling-wave antennas, often referred to as leaky-wave antennas, have been shown to radiate when the dominant or fundamental mode is suppressed and the first higher-order mode is excited. One such microstrip variation is the Thiele Half-Width (THW) antenna, which operates from 5.9 - 8.2 GHz for this research. Increasing the bandwidth over which the THW antenna radiates is desired, as is a fundamental understanding of the propagation characteristics over this region. This dissertation seeks to vary or perturb the material and physical properties of the THW antenna, including strip-width variations and modifications of the substrate layer, to achieve these …
Performance Analysis Of Effective Range And Orientation Of Uhf Passive Rfid, Paul N. Roque
Performance Analysis Of Effective Range And Orientation Of Uhf Passive Rfid, Paul N. Roque
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this research is to characterize the performance of UHF passive RFID tags. Factors of importance are the impact of tag orientation and distance from the RFID reader. Within this study, a comprehensive literature review of RFID technology is presented as well as the methodology used for the research. Furthermore, an analysis of RFID tag experiments is discussed and the results reviewed. To accomplish this task, two main objectives have been established as goals for the study. The first objective is to determine an optimum tag orientation within the RFID reader’s normal read range. Once the optimum tag …
Applying Frequency-Domain Equalization To Code-Division Multiple Access And Transform-Domain Communications Systems, Alfred A. Tamayo Iii
Applying Frequency-Domain Equalization To Code-Division Multiple Access And Transform-Domain Communications Systems, Alfred A. Tamayo Iii
Theses and Dissertations
This research examined the theory and application of using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), or discrete multi-tone (DMT), frequency domain equalization (FEQ) with two communications systems that inherently possess unused carrier frequencies, or null-tones, in their respective transmission frequencies. The fundamental DMT-FEQ property relies on null-tones to equalize a non-ideal channel and mitigate the effects of interchannel interference (ICI), intersymbol interference (ISI), and noise. The two communications systems investigated were a Hadamard encoded code division multiple access (CDMA) communications system with up to 32 synchronous users and a transform domain communications system (TDCS) with only one user. Both communications systems …
Anti-Tamper Method For Field Programmable Gate Arrays Through Dynamic Reconfiguration And Decoy Circuits, Samuel J. Stone
Anti-Tamper Method For Field Programmable Gate Arrays Through Dynamic Reconfiguration And Decoy Circuits, Samuel J. Stone
Theses and Dissertations
As Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) become more widely used, security concerns have been raised regarding FPGA use for cryptographic, sensitive, or proprietary data. Storing or implementing proprietary code and designs on FPGAs could result in the compromise of sensitive information if the FPGA device was physically relinquished or remotely accessible to adversaries seeking to obtain the information. Although multiple defensive measures have been implemented (and overcome), the possibility exists to create a secure design through the implementation of polymorphic Dynamically Reconfigurable FPGA (DRFPGA) circuits. Using polymorphic DRFPGAs removes the static attributes from their design; thus, substantially increasing the difficulty …
Increasing Combat Aircraft Survivability Through Coherent Self-Protection Jammers, Soner Ozer
Increasing Combat Aircraft Survivability Through Coherent Self-Protection Jammers, Soner Ozer
Theses and Dissertations
When the battlefields were within the visual range, the objective of deception tactics in warfare was to deceive the human senses. In the battlefield of electromagnetic spectrum, the objective of deception is to deceive the sensors of the enemy weapon systems. The survivability of the aircraft operating in hostile environment is of prime importance to the mission planner. If the aircraft can deny its location information to the tracking radar of the radar guided threat missile system, this, in return, may increase its survivability. The deception, a tactic which stems from the wisdom of ancient battles, incarnated in the form …
Improvement Of Ecm Techniques Through Implementation Of A Genetic Algorithm, James D. Townsend
Improvement Of Ecm Techniques Through Implementation Of A Genetic Algorithm, James D. Townsend
Theses and Dissertations
This research effective effort develops the necessary interfaces between the radar signal processing components and an optimization routine, such as genetic algorithms, to develop Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) waveforms under a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HILS) architecture. The various ECM waveforms are stored in an ECM library, where an operator selects the desired function to use against a particular system. This optimization works with modular components, compared to previous research that embedded a genetic algorithm into the Range Gate Pull-off (RGPO) waveform optimization loop, which can be interchanged based upon the operator's desired hardware/ software testing setup. The ECM library's first entries contain the …
Electrically Steerable Diffraction Gratings For Hyperspectral Imaging: A Microelectromechanical System Design And Fabrication, Saban Atinc Delican
Electrically Steerable Diffraction Gratings For Hyperspectral Imaging: A Microelectromechanical System Design And Fabrication, Saban Atinc Delican
Theses and Dissertations
The current research is focused on the design and fabrication of an electrically programmable diffraction grating using standard micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. The goal is to design a beam steering element required to build very small hyperspectral imaging (HSI) sensors. The diffraction grating will be used to perform beam-dispersion - a critical step in the imaging process. The proposed transmissive diffraction grating based approach will minimize the overall size and the number of components in the physical design of the hyperspectral imagers, thereby enabling us to exploit the traditional advantages of MEMS such as increased reliability, smaller size, …
Digital Fingerprinting Of Field Programmable Gate Arrays, James W. Crouch
Digital Fingerprinting Of Field Programmable Gate Arrays, James W. Crouch
Theses and Dissertations
Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) component usage is becoming more prevalent in military applications due to current Department of Defense (DoD) policies. The easy accessibility of COTS will give reverse engineers a higher probability of successfully tampering, coping, or reverse engineering circuits that contain critical capabilities. To prevent this and verify the trustworthiness of hardware, circuit identification tags or serials numbers can be used. However, these values can be easily obtained and forged. To protect critical DoD technologies from possible exploitation, there is an urgent need for a reliable method to confirm a circuit’s identity using a set of unique unforgettable metrics. …
Design And Optimization Of Broadband High Impedance Ground Planes (Higp) For Surface Mount Antennas, Murat Dogrul
Design And Optimization Of Broadband High Impedance Ground Planes (Higp) For Surface Mount Antennas, Murat Dogrul
Theses and Dissertations
Gain and bandwidth metrics of broad-band low-profile antennas severely deteriorate when they are placed conformally onto the conductive skins of air, sea, and ground platforms. This detrimental effect is primarily due to out-of-phase reflections from the conductive body interfering with the antenna’s self radiation. Furthermore, lateral waves launched by the antenna couple into the thin substrate placed between the antenna and the platform, giving rise to surface waves resulting in significant diffraction from the edges of the substrate. To remedy these two major mechanisms degrading antenna performance, high impedance ground planes (HIGP) were designed. HIGPs made of a 2-dimensional periodic …
Characterization And Implementation Of A Real-World Target Tracking Algorithm On Field Programmable Gate Arrays With Kalman Filter Test Case, Benjamin D. Hancey
Characterization And Implementation Of A Real-World Target Tracking Algorithm On Field Programmable Gate Arrays With Kalman Filter Test Case, Benjamin D. Hancey
Theses and Dissertations
A one dimensional Kalman Filter algorithm provided in Matlab is used as the basis for a Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) model. The JAVA programming language is used to create the VHDL code that describes the Kalman filter in hardware which allows for maximum flexibility. A one-dimensional behavioral model of the Kalman Filter is described, as well as a one-dimensional and synthesizable register transfer level (RTL) model with optimizations for speed, area, and power. These optimizations are achieved by a focus on parallelization as well as careful Kalman filter sub-module algorithm selection. Newton-Raphson reciprocal is the …
Characterizationn Of Polumer-Based Mems Pyroelectic Infrared Detector, Mark E. Allard
Characterizationn Of Polumer-Based Mems Pyroelectic Infrared Detector, Mark E. Allard
Theses and Dissertations
AFRL/MLPJE had developed a novel thermal sensing material termed protein-impregnated-polymer (PIP). Thus far, a proof-of-concept has been demonstrated using a macro-sized pixel (0.64 mm2) as a bolometric detector. In an effort to better characterize this novel thermal sensing material, experimental data was used to determine figures of merit (FOMs) comparative to off-the-shelf thermal detectors. Microelectromechanical (MEMS) pixels were designed and used as the support structure for an inkjet-deposited droplet of the PIP. During the material characterization, two observations were made: PIP is a pyroelectric material, and the polymer (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) without the protein was found to be …
Biological Cell Identification By Integrating Micro-Fluidics, Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy And Stochastic Estimation, Karl R. Schwenn
Biological Cell Identification By Integrating Micro-Fluidics, Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy And Stochastic Estimation, Karl R. Schwenn
Theses and Dissertations
The integration of micro-fluidics, electrical impedance spectroscopy and stochastic estimation will lead to a device with enhanced detection capabilities. The goal of this thesis was to build a micro-fluidic electrical impedance measurement device that can be used in combination with a stochastic estimator to accurately identify living cells. A microdevice capable of making impedance measurements on individual living cells was designed and built using a series of standard microelectronic fabrication techniques. A microchannel was patterned in SU-8 photoresist between two gold microelectrodes on a two inch Pyrex 7740 wafer. The design process, the fabrication techniques for the microchannel, the fluid …
Passive Geolocation Of Low Power Emitters In Urban Environments Using Tdoa, Myrna B. Montminy
Passive Geolocation Of Low Power Emitters In Urban Environments Using Tdoa, Myrna B. Montminy
Theses and Dissertations
Low-power devices are commonly used by the enemy to control Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), and as communications nodes for command and control. Quickly locating the source of these signals is difficult, especially in an urban environment where buildings and towers can cause interference. This research presents a geolocation system that combines several geolocation and error mitigation methods to locate an emitter in an urban environment. The proposed geolocation system uses a Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) technique to estimate the location of the emitter of interest. Using sensors at known locations, TDOA estimates are obtained by cross-correlating the signal received …
Modeling, Simulation, And Estimation Of Optical Turbulence, Byron P. Formwalt
Modeling, Simulation, And Estimation Of Optical Turbulence, Byron P. Formwalt
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation documents three new contributions to simulation and modeling of optical turbulence. The first contribution is the formalization, optimization, and validation of a modeling technique called successively conditioned rendering (SCR). The SCR technique is empirically validated by comparing the statistical error of random phase screens generated with the technique. The second contribution is the derivation of the covariance delineation theorem, which provides theoretical bounds on the error associated with SCR. It is shown empirically that the theoretical bound may be used to predict relative algorithm performance. Therefore, the covariance delineation theorem is a powerful tool for optimizing SCR algorithms. …
Active Fpga Security Through Decoy Circuits, Bradley D. Christiansen
Active Fpga Security Through Decoy Circuits, Bradley D. Christiansen
Theses and Dissertations
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) based on Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) are vulnerable to tampering attacks such as readback and cloning attacks. Such attacks enable the reverse engineering of the design programmed into an FPGA. To counter such attacks, measures that protect the design with low performance penalties should be employed. This research proposes a method which employs the addition of active decoy circuits to protect SRAM FPGAs from reverse engineering. The effects of the protection method on security, execution time, power consumption, and FPGA resource usage are quantified. The method significantly increases the security of the design with …
Analysis Of Photoconductive Properties In Ge2Sb2Te5 (Gst) Chalcogenide Films For Applications In Novel Electronics, John R. V. Chezem
Analysis Of Photoconductive Properties In Ge2Sb2Te5 (Gst) Chalcogenide Films For Applications In Novel Electronics, John R. V. Chezem
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigated the thermal phase-change properties in Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) chalcogenide-based films and determined the feasibility of coupling the GST with photosensitive DNA material for novel optical device applications. Modeling and testing of GST were researched with the approach that GST would react as a resistive mechanism through thermal manipulation. A test structure was fabricated with a 2-micronmeter MEMS fabrication process. GST material was deposited (by RF sputtering) on the surface of the test structures. The GST was analyzed primarily in the amorphous to crystalline transition states due to more distinct changes in the resistance …
An Airborne Radar Model For Non-Uniformly Spaced Antenna Arrays, Matthew V. Young
An Airborne Radar Model For Non-Uniformly Spaced Antenna Arrays, Matthew V. Young
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis presents an airborne radar model for non-uniformly spaced antenna arrays. Non-uniform arrays potentially possess advantages unobtainable by uniformly spaced arrays. An element position matrix is defined to accommodate arbitrary element locations. The new element position matrix affects the time/phase delay to each element, spatial frequencies, steering vectors, space-time snapshots, and covariance matrices. The joint domain localized and factored time-space-time adaptive processing algorithms are also updated so they are compatible with the new model. The non-uniformly spaced array radar model is verified with previous models presented by Jaffer, Ward, and Hale. The model for non-uniform arrays is used to …
Design And Characterization Of A Radiation Tolerant Triple Mode Redundant Sense Amplifier Flip-Flop For Space Applications, Mark E. Martin
Design And Characterization Of A Radiation Tolerant Triple Mode Redundant Sense Amplifier Flip-Flop For Space Applications, Mark E. Martin
Theses and Dissertations
One of the more recently proposed flip-flop designs has been the sense amplifier flip-flop. It has gained acceptance in the commercial realm because of its power consumption, speed, setup time, clock line loading, and data line loading characteristics. In this thesis, a recently designed RADHARD version of D sense amplifier flip-flop was taken and a triple mode redundant version for space and radiation environment use was created. The design was created with valuable options to increase radiation hardness and to give end users greater flexibility in realizing their own radiation hardened version of flip-flop. In addition, a methodology for using …