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Air Force Institute of Technology

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Articles 151 - 180 of 349

Full-Text Articles in Electrical and Electronics

Analysis Of Photoconductive Properties In Ge2Sb2Te5 (Gst) Chalcogenide Films For Applications In Novel Electronics, John R. V. Chezem Mar 2006

Analysis Of Photoconductive Properties In Ge2Sb2Te5 (Gst) Chalcogenide Films For Applications In Novel Electronics, John R. V. Chezem

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis investigated the thermal phase-change properties in Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) chalcogenide-based films and determined the feasibility of coupling the GST with photosensitive DNA material for novel optical device applications. Modeling and testing of GST were researched with the approach that GST would react as a resistive mechanism through thermal manipulation. A test structure was fabricated with a 2-micronmeter MEMS fabrication process. GST material was deposited (by RF sputtering) on the surface of the test structures. The GST was analyzed primarily in the amorphous to crystalline transition states due to more distinct changes in the resistance …

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An Airborne Radar Model For Non-Uniformly Spaced Antenna Arrays, Matthew V. Young Mar 2006

An Airborne Radar Model For Non-Uniformly Spaced Antenna Arrays, Matthew V. Young

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis presents an airborne radar model for non-uniformly spaced antenna arrays. Non-uniform arrays potentially possess advantages unobtainable by uniformly spaced arrays. An element position matrix is defined to accommodate arbitrary element locations. The new element position matrix affects the time/phase delay to each element, spatial frequencies, steering vectors, space-time snapshots, and covariance matrices. The joint domain localized and factored time-space-time adaptive processing algorithms are also updated so they are compatible with the new model. The non-uniformly spaced array radar model is verified with previous models presented by Jaffer, Ward, and Hale. The model for non-uniform arrays is used to …

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Design And Characterization Of A Radiation Tolerant Triple Mode Redundant Sense Amplifier Flip-Flop For Space Applications, Mark E. Martin Mar 2006

Design And Characterization Of A Radiation Tolerant Triple Mode Redundant Sense Amplifier Flip-Flop For Space Applications, Mark E. Martin

Theses and Dissertations

One of the more recently proposed flip-flop designs has been the sense amplifier flip-flop. It has gained acceptance in the commercial realm because of its power consumption, speed, setup time, clock line loading, and data line loading characteristics. In this thesis, a recently designed RADHARD version of D sense amplifier flip-flop was taken and a triple mode redundant version for space and radiation environment use was created. The design was created with valuable options to increase radiation hardness and to give end users greater flexibility in realizing their own radiation hardened version of flip-flop. In addition, a methodology for using …

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Multi-Dimensional Wave Front Sensing Algorithms For Embedded Tracking And Adaptive Optics Applications, Christopher C. Wood Mar 2006

Multi-Dimensional Wave Front Sensing Algorithms For Embedded Tracking And Adaptive Optics Applications, Christopher C. Wood

Theses and Dissertations

Current tracking and adaptive optics techniques cannot compensate for fast-moving extended objects, which is important for ground-based telescopes providing space situational awareness. To fill this need, a vector-projection maximum-likelihood wave-front sensing algorithm development and testing follows for this application. A derivation and simplification of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound for wavefront sensing using a laser guide star bounds the performance of these systems and guides implementation of a vastly optimized maximum-likelihood search algorithm. A complete analysis of the bias, mean square error, and variance of the algorithm demonstrates exceptional performance of the new sensor. A proof of concept implementation shows feasibility …

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Lqg/Ltr Tilt And Tip Control For The Starfire Optical Range 3.5-Meter Telescope's Adaptive Optics System, Neil D. Paris Mar 2006

Lqg/Ltr Tilt And Tip Control For The Starfire Optical Range 3.5-Meter Telescope's Adaptive Optics System, Neil D. Paris

Theses and Dissertations

The Air Force Research Laboratory has sponsored research on the tracking control loop portion of the adaptive optics system in the Starfire Optical Range 3.5-meter telescope at Kirtland Air Force Base. The control loop includes two steering mirrors (Coarse Steering Mirror and Fine Steering Mirror) used to remove wavefront tilt and tip phase distortion from light entering the telescope. The objective of this research is to design a single Linear Quadratic Gaussian controller to control both steering mirrors in order to eliminate wavefront tilt and tip distortions induced by the earth's atmosphere, and to evaluate the stability robustness and performance …

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Comparison Of Ray Tracing Through Ionospheric Models, Shayne C. Aune Mar 2006

Comparison Of Ray Tracing Through Ionospheric Models, Shayne C. Aune

Theses and Dissertations

A comparison of ray tracing predictions for transionospheric electromagnetic wave refraction and group delays through ionospheric models is presented. Impacted applications include over-the-horizon RADAR, high frequency communications, direction finding, and satellite communications. The ionospheric models used are version 2.1 of Utah State University's Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (USU GAIM) model and the 2001 version of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model. In order to provide ray tracing results applicable to satellite communications for satellites at geosynchronous orbit (GEO), a third ionospheric model is used to extend the sub-2000-km USU GAIM and IRI ionospheric specifications to 36540 km in altitude. …

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A Minimum Effort Control Approach To Guided Munition Path Planning, Jeffrey M. Borkowski Mar 2006

A Minimum Effort Control Approach To Guided Munition Path Planning, Jeffrey M. Borkowski

Theses and Dissertations

An advance in the development of smart munitions entails autonomously modifying target selection during flight to maximize the value of the target being destroyed. Target identification and classification provides a basis for target value, which is used in conjunction with multi-target tracks to determine an optimal aim point for the munition. A unique guidance law can be constructed that exploits attribute and kinematic data from an onboard video sensor. This thesis develops an innovative path planning algorithm that provides an obstacle avoidance function while navigating the munition toward the highest value target. The foundation of this path planning method is …

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Doppler-Only Multistatic Radar, Dustin G. Mixon Mar 2006

Doppler-Only Multistatic Radar, Dustin G. Mixon

Theses and Dissertations

In order to estimate the position and velocity of a target, most multistatic radar systems require multiple independent target measurements, such as angle-of-arrival, time-of-arrival, and Doppler information. Though inexpensive and reliable, Doppler-only systems have not been widely implemented due to the inherent nonlinear problem of determining a target’s position and velocity from their measurements. We solve this problem. In particular, we first establish the lack of observability in the Doppler-only bistatic system, thereby demonstrating the need for multiple transmitters and/or receivers. Next, for a multistatic system with a sufficient number of transmitter-receiver pairs, we invoke classical optimization techniques, such as …

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A Platform For Antenna Optimization With Numerical Electromagnetics Code Incorporated With Genetic Algorithms, Timothy L. Pitzer Mar 2006

A Platform For Antenna Optimization With Numerical Electromagnetics Code Incorporated With Genetic Algorithms, Timothy L. Pitzer

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis investigation presents a unique incorporation of the Method of Moments (MoM) with a Genetic Algorithm (GA). A GA is used in accord with the Numerical Electromagnetics Code, Version 4 (NEC4) to create and optimize typical wire antenna designs, including single elements and arrays. Design parameters for the antenna are defined and encoded into a chromosome composed of a series of numbers. The cost function associated with the specific antenna of interest is what quantifies improvement and, eventually, optimization. This cost function is created and used by the GA to evaluate the performance of a population of antenna designs. …

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Effects Of Piconet Saturation On A Bluetooth Streaming Audio Channel, Theodore L. Josue Jun 2005

Effects Of Piconet Saturation On A Bluetooth Streaming Audio Channel, Theodore L. Josue

Theses and Dissertations

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless personal area networks (WPAN) that eliminates the need for cables, standardizes interfaces, and can automate many standard office processes such as sending and receiving email, synchronizing schedules, or exchanging business cards. With each workstation creating its own Bluetooth network, called a piconet, different Air Force environments have the potential, in some cases, to create more than 50 overlapping piconets, which significantly increases the potential for inter-piconet interference. This research investigates the effects of inter-piconet interference on a Bluetooth channel, streaming audio, offered at 24, 40, and 64 Kbps. It shows that as the number …

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Insulator Charging In Rf Mems Capacitive Switches, Jay F. Kucko Jun 2005

Insulator Charging In Rf Mems Capacitive Switches, Jay F. Kucko

Theses and Dissertations

While capacitive radio frequency microelectromechanical (RF MEM) switches are poised to provide a low cost, high isolation, low power alternative to current RF switch technologies, there are still reliability issues limiting switch lifetime. Previous research identified insulator charging as a primary cause of switch failure. Changes in switch pull-in and release voltages were measured to provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for charging and switch failure. A spatial and temporal dependent model was developed to describe silicon nitride's time-dependent charging as a function of applied bias. This model was verified by applying constant biases to metal-silicon nitride-silicon capacitors and tracking …

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Capacitance-Voltage Study On The Effects Of Low Energy Electron Radiation On Al0.27Ga0.73N/Gan High Electron Mobility Transistor, Thomas D. Jarzen Mar 2005

Capacitance-Voltage Study On The Effects Of Low Energy Electron Radiation On Al0.27Ga0.73N/Gan High Electron Mobility Transistor, Thomas D. Jarzen

Theses and Dissertations

The effects of radiation on semiconductors are extremely important to the Department of Defense since the majority of the defense informational, navigational and communications systems are now satellite-based. Due to the high radiation tolerance of gallium nitride and a plethora of high temperature, high power and high frequency applications, the prospect that gallium nitride based devices will become key components in a multitude of military satellite-based systems is highly probable. AlGaN/GaN HEMTs were irradiated at low temperature (~80 K) by 0.45 – 0.8 MeV electrons up to fluences of 1×1015 e-/cm2. Following irradiation, low temperature capacitance-voltage measurements …

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Modification Of A Modulation Recognition Algorithm To Enable Multi-Carrier Recognition, Angela M. Waters Mar 2005

Modification Of A Modulation Recognition Algorithm To Enable Multi-Carrier Recognition, Angela M. Waters

Theses and Dissertations

Modulation recognition is important for both military and commercial communication applications, particularly in cases where enhanced situation awareness and/or channel assessment is required to mitigate intentional or collateral interference. Modulation recognition via template matching or statistical analysis is a key aspect of non-cooperative (nonmatched filtering) signal interception, classification, and exploitation. This research concerns the evaluation and modification of a conventional Digitally Modulated Signal Recognition Algorithm (DMRA) to enable multi-carrier, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), waveform recognition. The original DMRA architecture was developed to classify communication signals for three fundamental data modulations, i.e., Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), …

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Head Tracking For 3d Audio Using A Gps-Aided Mems Imu, Jacque M. Joffrion Mar 2005

Head Tracking For 3d Audio Using A Gps-Aided Mems Imu, Jacque M. Joffrion

Theses and Dissertations

Audio systems have been developed which use stereo headphones to project sound in three dimensions. When using these 3D audio systems, audio cues sound like they are originating from a particular direction. There is a desire to apply 3D audio to general aviation applications, such as projecting control tower transmissions in the direction of the tower or providing an audio orientation cue for VFR pilots who find themselves in emergency zero-visibility conditions. 3D audio systems, however, require real-time knowledge of the pilot's head orientation in order to be effective. This research describes the development and testing of a low-cost head …

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Finite Difference Time Domain (Fdtd) Analysis Of A Leaky Traveling Wave Microstrip Antenna, Gregory M. Zelinski Mar 2005

Finite Difference Time Domain (Fdtd) Analysis Of A Leaky Traveling Wave Microstrip Antenna, Gregory M. Zelinski

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis provides the groundwork that will enable the development of a lightweight, inexpensive, aerodynamic, and broadband antenna. Whether for radar or communication, an antenna with these properties would be a force multiplier for the smaller, limited payload air vehicles the United States Air Force will pursue in the coming years. Several microstrip antennas using the first higher order mode were simulated with the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The propagation constant of each antenna was extracted from the resulting field distribution for comparison with a transverse resonance approximation, measured far-field patterns, and other simulated antennas. Variations of the geometry were …

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Multiple Model Adaptive Estimator Target Tracker For Maneuvering Targets In Clutter, Brian D. Smith Mar 2005

Multiple Model Adaptive Estimator Target Tracker For Maneuvering Targets In Clutter, Brian D. Smith

Theses and Dissertations

The task of tracking a target in the presence of measurement clutter is a two-fold problem: one of handling measurement association uncertainty (due to clutter), and poorly known or significantly varying target dynamics. Measurement association uncertainty does not allow conventional tracking algorithms (such as Kalman filters) to be implemented directly. Poorly known or varying target dynamics complicate the design of any tracking filter, and filters using only a single dynamics model can rarely handle anything beyond the most benign target maneuvers. In recent years, the Multiple Hypothesis Tracker (MHT) has gained acceptance as a means of handling targets in a …

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Trade Space Analysis Of Antenna Array Architecture Using System Modeling Tools, Eugene Johnson Dec 2004

Trade Space Analysis Of Antenna Array Architecture Using System Modeling Tools, Eugene Johnson

Theses and Dissertations

This trade study has two objectives. The first provides a trade space analysis of differing array architectures and associated radio frequency components using system-modeling tools. The second objective develops system modeling tools aiding similar analysis by other users. These objectives were accomplished by evaluating a selected group of output parameters to include overall system cost, mass, and power consumption, as well as the minimum detectable input level, system spurious free dynamic range, and selected beam spoilage parameters caused by the use of discrete phase shifters. A fixed number of designs were evaluated using simulation. The evaluation process examined input parameter …

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Electrostatic Radio Frequency (Rf) Microelectromechanical Systems (Mems) Switches With Metal Alloy Electric Contacts, Ronald A. Coutu Jr. Sep 2004

Electrostatic Radio Frequency (Rf) Microelectromechanical Systems (Mems) Switches With Metal Alloy Electric Contacts, Ronald A. Coutu Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

RF MEMS switches are paramount in importance for improving current and enabling future USAF RF systems. Electrostatic micro-switches are ideal for RF applications because of their superior performance and low power consumption. The primary failure mechanisms for micro-switches with gold contacts are becoming stuck closed and increased contact resistance with increasing switch cycles. This dissertation reports on the design, fabrication, and testing of micro-switches with sputtered bi-metallic (i.e., gold (Au)-on-Au-(6.3at%)platinum (Pt)), binary alloy (i.e., Au-(3.7at%)palladium (Pd) and Au-(6.3at%)Pt), and ternary alloy (i.e., Au-(5at%)Pt-(0.5at%)copper (Cu)) contact metals. Performance was evaluated, in-part, using measured contact resistance and lifetime results. The micro-switches with …

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A Tightly-Coupled Ins/Gps Integration Using A Mems Imu, Jonathan M. Neu Sep 2004

A Tightly-Coupled Ins/Gps Integration Using A Mems Imu, Jonathan M. Neu

Theses and Dissertations

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology holds great promise for future navigation systems because of the reduced size and cost of MEMS inertial sensors relative to conventional devices. Current MEMS devices are much less accurate than standard inertial sensors, but they can still be useful. In this thesis, data was recorded from an inexpensive MEMS inertial measurement unit and integrated with GPS measurements using a tightly-coupled Kalman filter. The overall goal of this research is to investigate the usefulness of MEMS sensors for a small, real-time, low-cost INS/GPS integration. A golf cart was used to collect dynamic data, along with a commercial …

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Implementing Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers (Ieee) 802.11 Standard Medium Access Control Protocol For Wireless Local Area Networks (Lans) On A Laboratory Hardware Prototype, Joshua D. Green Jun 2004

Implementing Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers (Ieee) 802.11 Standard Medium Access Control Protocol For Wireless Local Area Networks (Lans) On A Laboratory Hardware Prototype, Joshua D. Green

Theses and Dissertations

Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs) are extremely convenient, flexible, and easy to deploy. All LANs in which multiple hosts must access the same medium use a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol to coordinate channel access. The MAC is part of the Data Link Layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model. One MAC protocol in extensive use today is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard. Since IEEE 802.11 devices are so prevalent in today s world, many researcher are exploring modifications and enhancements to the protocol. There are several well developed analytical and simulation models …

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Evaluating The Navigation Potential Of The National Television System Committee Broadcast Signal, Ryan J. Eggert Mar 2004

Evaluating The Navigation Potential Of The National Television System Committee Broadcast Signal, Ryan J. Eggert

Theses and Dissertations

The accuracy and worldwide availability of the Global Positioning System (GPS) make it the dominant system for navigation and precise positioning. Unfortunately, many situations arise in which GPS may not be adequate, e.g., urban navigation. This research evaluates the navigation potential of the National Television System Committee (NTSC) broadcast signal using a time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) algorithm. TDOA measurements are made using NTSC broadcast signals collected from low and high multipath environments. These measurements are then used to evaluate the severity and dynamic effects of NTSC broadcast multipath signals. Three data reduction algorithms were developed--one that modifies the classical cross-correlation TDOA approach, …

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Simulating A Chromotomographic Sensor For Hyperspectral Imaging In The Infrared, Anthony J. Dearinger Mar 2004

Simulating A Chromotomographic Sensor For Hyperspectral Imaging In The Infrared, Anthony J. Dearinger

Theses and Dissertations

Hyperspectral imaging systems passively sense radiant electromagnetic energy from a remote scene to form a three dimension profile of the remote scene. The data contained in this profile describes real images of the remote scene for a certain number of spectral wavelength bands across a finite spectral range of electromagnetic radiation. Typical grating type hyperspectral imaging systems collect spectral electromagnetic radiation in the visible and near infrared spectral range, by incrementally scanning across the spatial extent of the remote scene. The legacy of low optical throughput because of the optical scanning techniques employed in these systems means adapting these systems …

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Multiple Access Interference Characterization For Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Communications Using Chip Waveform Shaping, Matthew G. Glen Mar 2004

Multiple Access Interference Characterization For Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Communications Using Chip Waveform Shaping, Matthew G. Glen

Theses and Dissertations

This research characterizes MAI effects on DS/SSMA system performance through simulation in Matlab , and explores the impact of multiple access code selection, chip waveform shaping, and multiple access code length on BER for both synchronous and asynchronous multiple access networks. In addition, the simulated DS/SSMA model permits rapid research into the effects of additional factors on BER. Prior to experimental testing, model validation is conducted through single user trials and by comparison with existing research for similar system designs. For synchronous and asynchronous networks, Gold coding improves BER by 7.5 and 4.0 dB, respectively, relative to aperiodic random spreading …

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Discovering The Merit Of The Wavelet Transform For Object Classification, Matthew D. Eyster Mar 2004

Discovering The Merit Of The Wavelet Transform For Object Classification, Matthew D. Eyster

Theses and Dissertations

Vision is the primary sense by which most biological systems collect information about their environment. Computer vision is a branch of artificial intelligence concerned with endowing machines with the ability to understand images. Object recognition is a key part of machine vision with far reaching benefits ranging from target recognition, surveillance systems, to automation systems. Extraction of salient features from an image is one of the key steps in object recognition. Typically, geometric primitives are extracted from an image using local analysis. However, the wavelet transform provides a global approach with good locality. Additionally, the directional and multiresolution properties may …

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Characterization Of Ultra Wideband Multiple Access Performance Using Time Hopped-Biorthogonal Pulse Position Modulation, Donald J. Clabaugh Mar 2004

Characterization Of Ultra Wideband Multiple Access Performance Using Time Hopped-Biorthogonal Pulse Position Modulation, Donald J. Clabaugh

Theses and Dissertations

The FCC's release of its UWB First Report and Order in April 2002 spawned renewed interest in impulse signaling research. This work combines Time Hopped (TH) multiple access coding with 4-ary UWB Biorthogonal Pulse Position Modulation (TH-BPPM). Multiple access performance is evaluated in a multipath environment for both synchronous and asynchronous networks. Fast time hopping is implemented by replicating and hopping each TH-BPPM symbol NH times. Bit error expressions are derived for biorthogonal TH-BPPM signaling and results compared with previous orthogonal TH-PPM work. Without fast time hopping (NH = 1), the biorthogonal TH-BPPM technique provided gains equivalent to Gray-coded QPSK; …

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Atmospheric Simulation Using A Liquid Crystal Wavefront Controlling Device, Matthew R. Brooks Mar 2004

Atmospheric Simulation Using A Liquid Crystal Wavefront Controlling Device, Matthew R. Brooks

Theses and Dissertations

Test and evaluation of laser warning devices is important due to the increased use of laser devices in aerial applications. In this thesis, an atmospheric aberrating system is developed to enable in-lab testing of laser warning devices. This system employs laser light at 632.8nm from a Helium-Neon source and a spatial light modulator (SLM) to cause phase changes using a birefringent liquid crystal material. Before the system can be used, the SLM phase response must be quantified to ensure proper manipulation of index of refraction. Additionally, diffraction from the SLM and real-world system scaling are addressed. Once completed, the atmospheric …

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Cross Range Smear Characterization In Xpatch Isar Images, Peter E. Muend Mar 2004

Cross Range Smear Characterization In Xpatch Isar Images, Peter E. Muend

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis investigates a cross range smear phenomenon seen in far field, frequency domain Xpatch calculations. The phenomenon is very subtle, manifesting itself in 2-D ISAR images as a low-level scatterer response smeared in the cross range direction. This cross range smear occurs only using complex target models with certain characteristics. It is also a mathematical construct, not occurring in physical SAR systems. Using a carefully constructed scattering target set, Xpatch-generated ISAR images are used to characterize cross range smear in terms of its input parameters. The characterization is done as a DOE-based polynomial approximation to the observed smear levels. …

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Target Recognition Using Linear Classification Of High Range Resolution Radar Profiles, Ricardo A. Diaz Mar 2004

Target Recognition Using Linear Classification Of High Range Resolution Radar Profiles, Ricardo A. Diaz

Theses and Dissertations

High Range Resolution (HRR) radar profiles map three-dimensional target characteristics onto one-dimensional signals that represent reflected radar intensity along target extent. In this thesis, second through fourth statistical moments are extracted from HRR profiles and input to Fisher Linear Discriminant (FLD) classifiers. An iterative classification process is applied that gradually minimizes required a priori knowledge about the target data. It is found that the second through fourth statistical moments of HRR profiles are useful features in the FLD classification of dissimilar targets and they provide reasonable discrimination of similar targets. Greater than 69% correct classification for two-target scenarios and greater …

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Microprocessor-Based Systems Control For The Rigidized Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment, David C. Moody Mar 2004

Microprocessor-Based Systems Control For The Rigidized Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment, David C. Moody

Theses and Dissertations

As the demand for space based communications and faster data throughput increase, satellites are becoming larger. Larger satellite antennas help to provide the needed gain to increase communications in space. Compounding the performance and size trade-offs are the payload weight and size limit imposed by the launch vehicles. Inflatable structures offer a cost saving opportunity since the structure is significantly lighter and has a reduced storage volume. This allows for smaller launch vehicles and for increased performance capabilities. Inflatable structures offer possibilities for increased satellite lifetimes, increased communications capacity, and reduce launch costs. This thesis develops and implements the computer …

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Demonstrating Optothermal Actuators For An Autonomous Mems Microrobot, Francis R. Szabo Mar 2004

Demonstrating Optothermal Actuators For An Autonomous Mems Microrobot, Francis R. Szabo

Theses and Dissertations

There are numerous applications for microrobots which are beneficial to the Air Force. However, the microrobotics field is still in its infancy, and will require extensive basic research before these applications can be fielded. The biggest hurdle to be solved, in order to create autonomous microrobots, is generating power for their actuator engines. Most present actuators require orders of magnitude more power than is presently available from micropower sources. To enable smaller microrobots, this research proposed a simplified power concept that eliminates the need for on-board power supplies and control circuitry by using actuators powered wirelessly from the environment. This …

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