Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons^™

Small-And Large-Scale Strain Sensing Using Frequency Selective Surfaces, Swathi Muthyala Ramesh, Kristen M. Donnell

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are arrays of conductive elements or patches that have specific reflection and transmission responses. In this work, an FSS sensor designed to measure small (0% - 0.5%) and large (0% - 5%) scale strain is presented. The proposed unit cell of the sensor consists of two passive dipoles (of different dimensions) arranged normal to one another. This was done to reduce the error of small-scale strain on the large-scale strain measurement, and vice versa. Strain sensing is achieved by monitoring the change in the resonant frequencies of the two dipoles using an interrogating signal linearly polarized …

Multidimensional Extensions To Generalized Averaged Models For Multi-Frequency-Excited Dynamic Systems, Kartikeya Jayadurga Prasad Veeramraju, Jonathan W. Kimball

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, a novel Harmonic Axis Decoupling (HAD) method is proposed for extending the capabilities of the Generalized Averaged Modeling (GAM) technique. The conventional GAM technique is first revisited, and the problems encountered in the multiplication of two Double Fourier Series (DFS) signals in the time domain are investigated. The method of translating Fourier vectors to Discrete Fourier Images (DFI) in the frequency plane is proposed, and the ramifications of this conversion on DFS product terms in the time domain are investigated. The two-dimensional DFI convolution technique resulting from HAD is used for the dynamic modeling of power converters …

Developing Optimal Energy Arbitrage Strategy For Energy Storage System Using Reinforcement Learning, Haotian Chen, Rui Bo, Waqas Ur Rehman

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper introduced a reinforcement learning based method for developing operational strategy for an energy storage system (ESS) to achieve energy arbitrage in a microgrid or power system. In comparison to conventional energy resources such as gas turbines units or wind plant, it is more challenging to design an optimal strategy for ESS because of their limited energy and the impact of future electricity prices. The energy arbitrage problem also presents unique challenges than the economic dispatch problem because the ESS owner has very limited information of the system compared to those available to grid operators. In this work, reinforcement …

On The Effect Of Design Parameters On Fringing Fields Of A Loop-Based Fss, Swathi Muthyala Ramesh, Mahboobeh Mahmoodi, Kristen M. Donnell

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are periodic arrays of conductive elements that act as spatial filters of electromagnetic energy. FSSs have found recent application as sensors, filters, reflectors and radomes, amongst others. Often miniaturization techniques are used to improve the stability of the FSS to incident angle (of the excitation). However, due to the type of coupling (internal/self-vs. external/mutual with adjacent elements), some designs are more responsive to miniaturization techniques than others. Hence, this paper quantifies the effect of the ratios of inter-element spacing-to-substrate thickness (S/h) and side length-to-substrate thickness (SL/h) on fringing fields (and hence coupling and potential for miniaturization) …

Detection Of Gaussian Attacks In Power Systems Under A Scalable Kalman Consensus Filter Framework, Arnold Fernandes, Rui Bo, Jonathan W. Kimball, Bruce M. Mcmillin

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The dynamic non-linear state-space model of a power-system consisting of synchronous generators, buses, and static loads has been linearized and a linear measurement function has been considered. A distributed dynamic framework for estimating the state vector of the power system has been designed here. This framework employs a type of distributed Kalman filter (DKF) known as a Kalman consensus filter (KCF) which is located at distributed control centers (DCCs) that fuse locally available noise ridden measurements, state vector estimates of neighboring control centers, and a prediction obtained by the linearized model to obtain a filtered state vector estimate. Further, the …

Artificial Neural Networks For Asymmetric Selective Harmonic Current Mitigation-Pwm In Active Power Filters To Meet Power Quality Standards, Amirhossein Moeini, Morteza Dabbaghjamanesh, Jonathan W. Kimball, Jie Zhang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The main objective of an active power filter (APF) is to control the harmonics of nonlinear loads in power systems. In addition, the reactive power (fundamental component of the AC power) at the point of common coupling (PCC) can be compensated by using an APF. This paper investigates a technique for the modulation technique of the active power filters. Using the artificial neural network (ANN) technique, real-time fundamental and harmonic compensations can be achieved for the low-frequency modulation techniques such as asymmetric selective harmonic elimination/mitigation-pulse width modulation (ASHE/ASHM-PWM) and asymmetric selective harmonic current mitigation-PWM (ASHCM-PWM). This means that different phases …

An Interleaved Quadratic High Step-Up Dc-Dc Converter With Coupled Inductor, Ramin Rahimi, Saeed Habibi, Mehdi Ferdowsi, Pourya Shamsi

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A new high step-up DC-DC converter for renewable energy applications is proposed in this paper. Employing an interleaved quadratic structure, two two-winding coupled inductors (CIs), and voltage multiplier cells (VMCs), the proposed converter can provide high-voltage gains, continuous input current with low ripple, reduced voltage stresses on semiconductors, common ground between input and output sides, and low numbers of components. In addition, diode-capacitor lossless clamp circuits are utilized to limit the voltage stresses of the power switches and further extend the voltage gain. The operating and steady-state analyses, design considerations, and a comparison with other previously published high step-up converters …

A Time-Domain Computing-In-Memory Micro Using Ring Oscillator, Yixuan He, Minsu Choi, Kyung Ki Kim, Yong Bin Kim

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper proposes a novel time-domain computing-in-memory core that implements XNOR-And-Accumulate (XAC) of XNOR network in 8T SRAM cell. This new technique uses an inverter-based ring oscillator to generate periodic waves whose period represents the accumulation result of the input XNOR values. The circuit is built and simulated using PTM16_HP 16nm CMOS model with a 0.7V power supply. The results show correct functionality, a large signal margin and 463 TOPS/W efficiency. With further exploration, the time-domain computation could be a new candidate for in-memory computing since it has its own superiorities in comparison to mixed-signal or digital methods.

Sizing Energy Storage System For Energy Arbitrage In Extreme Fast Charging Station, Waqas Ur Rehman, Rui Bo, Hossein Mehdipourpicha, Jonathan W. Kimball

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper proposes a non-linear programming (NLP) model to optimally size the energy storage system (ESS) and obtain an optimal energy management for energy arbitrage of an extreme fast charging station (XFCS) for electric vehicles (EVs), with minimized total cost of XFCS operation and ESS investment. Different from most reported work on sizing the ESS for EV charging stations, this paper proposes a pragmatic approach to model the ESS life degradation and accurately count the ESS cycles. Moreover, this work incorporates the peak demand charges in the operational cost of the charging station which are often overlooked in the literature. …

Stochastic Edge Detection For Fine-Grained Progressive Precision, Youngwook Lee, Kyung Ki Kim, Yong Bin Kim, Minsu Choi

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Stochastic Computing (SC) is a method of performing an operation by expressing a probability in a bitstream. This format is simpler than the format of conventional binary computing and can be implemented in hardware with fewer resources. In addition, by using a Low-Discrepancy (LD) sequence, faster convergence can be derived. This paper shows the experimental results of applying SC using LD sequence to edge detection algorithms including Sobel and Roberts Cross to analyze the progressive precision performance and scalability.

Fpga-Based Scalable Road Image Stochastic Denosing Approach, Cheolhyeong Park, Kyung Ki Kim, Yong Bin Kim, Minsu Choi

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This work proposes FPGA-based stochastic computing for efficient and scalable road image stochastic denoising. Stochastic number generators were compared for fields requiring data reliability such as automotive vehicles. The denoising performance of PRNG (Pseudo-Random Number Generator) and LDSG (Low Discrepancy Sequence Generator) are showed in noised KETTI dataset with filtering algorithms. The proposed approach is expected to be easily applied to SoCs with embedded FPGA for lightweight embedded implementation of image denoising algorithms.

Using Gated Recurrent Units For Selective Harmonic Current Mitigation-Pwm In Grid-Tied Cascaded H-Bridge Converters, Morteza Dabbaghjamanesh, Amirhossein Moeini, Jonathan Kimball, Jie Zhang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Grid-tied converters become more popular for electric vehicle, renewable energy, and energy storage systems applications. Different modulation techniques such as low-frequency (e.g., selective harmonic elimination-PWM, selective harmonic mitigation-PWM, and selective harmonic current mitigation-PWM (SHCM-PWM)) and high-frequency modulation techniques (e.g., phase shift-PWM and space vector modulation) are used in the literature for grid-tied converters. Low-frequency modulation techniques have a high-efficiency due to the low-switching power losses. One of the main challenges of low-frequency modulation techniques such as SHCM-PWM is how to implement the proposed technique in real-time, due to the transcendental Fourier equations of SHCM-PWM. In this paper, a deep learning …

Package Power Distribution Current Density In Applications With Large Transient Currents, Matthew Doyle, Wiren D. Becker, Matteo Cocchini, Kyle Schoneck, Samuel Connor, Layne Berge, Siqi Bai, James L. Drewniak

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A method to model, measure, and characterize a high-transient current in an electrical packaging solution is described herein. These methods help overcome the challenge of generating model to hardware correlation in high current applications. A specialized test platform is developed and used to characterize current density in test hardware. The measurements are used to characterize a custom power distribution network and verify validity of current density predictions. This data is critical in high-current applications for finding and measuring current density through plane pinch points that can cause early failures in the field due to electromigration and delamination.

Automated Cervical Digitized Histology Whole-Slide Image Analysis Toolbox, Sudhir Sornapudi, Ravitej Addanki, R. Joe Stanley, William V. Stoecker, Rodney Long, Rosemary Zuna, Shellaine R. Frazier, Sameer Antani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Background: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is regarded as a potential precancerous state of the uterine cervix. Timely and appropriate early treatment of CIN can help reduce cervical cancer mortality. Accurate estimation of CIN grade correlated with human papillomavirus type, which is the primary cause of the disease, helps determine the patient's risk for developing the disease. Colposcopy is used to select women for biopsy. Expert pathologists examine the biopsied cervical epithelial tissue under a microscope. The examination can take a long time and is prone to error and often results in high inter-and intra-observer variability in outcomes. Methodology: We propose …

High-Frequency Modeling Of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Considering Internal Imbalances, Yuandong Guo, Muqi Ouyang, Zhifei Xu, Minho Kim, Junesang Lee, Jungrae Ha, Hyewon Lee, Sangwon Yun, Jun Fan, Hongseok Kim

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, an accurate high-frequency modeling methodology for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in a vehicular electrical braking system is presented, which is suitable for analyzing various electromagnetic interference problems caused by a motor drive system. The proposed modeling approach is established according to the vector fitting technique and based on the S-parameter measurements of the PMSM. The equivalent circuit model of the PMSM converted from a measured S-parameter matrix can better describe the impedance characteristics of the three-phase PMSM under study compared to the existing equivalent circuit models because the imbalances inside the motor are taken into …

Hard Hat Ambient Liability Observer (Halo), Hunter Hykes, Nathan Kish, Brian Thomson

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

Capturing workplace incident information is a growing area of concern for most companies. To assist with this, the design team proposed the H.A.L.O. This design uses time-of-flight sensors connected to LEDs to create a proximity-based hazard warning system. It also records incident data using an accelerometer and micro-SD card. This helps workers avoid some of the most common workplace injuries, slips, trips, and falls and accidental collisions.

Students have created a design with engineering, and marketing requirements that accomplish this task. The proposed design allows for this monitoring and mitigation systems to be attached to hard hats. Team members developed …

Longboard With Automatic Braking, Benjamin Roter, Logan Mashchak

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The automatic longboard anti-lock braking system is a system designed to prevent a longboard from exceeding 12 mph while considering slipping and skidding, making it safer to ride a longboard. Speed limiting will be accomplished through wheel speed and incline angle measurements and brakes engaging or disengaging depending on internal decisions. Excess energy will be removed from the ABS as heat. Wheel speed and incline angle testing were done with a wheel speed sensor and an inertial measurement unit, respectively. Internal decisions were tested with programming a microcontroller, and braking was tested with motors. The wheel speed sensor yielded measurements …

Electronic Locking Mechanism, Nicholas Tamburrino

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The electronic locking mechanism project will include an Arduino microcontroller to control inputs and outputs such as a keypad, an RFID reader, a stepper motor, and an LCD screen. The keypad and RFID reader will be used to verify the authorization for anyone coming through the locked door, the stepper motor will be used to physically lock and unlock the door, and the LCD screen will display the state of the locking mechanism.

Human Body–Electrode Interfaces For Wide-Frequency Sensing And Communication: A Review, Kurian Polachan, Baibhab Chatterjee, Scott Weigand, Shreyas Sen

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Several on-body sensing and communication applications use electrodes in contact with the human body. Body–electrode interfaces in these cases act as a transducer, converting ionic current in the body to electronic current in the sensing and communication circuits and vice versa. An ideal body–electrode interface should have the characteristics of an electrical short, i.e., the transfer of ionic currents and electronic currents across the interface should happen without any hindrance. However, practical body–electrode interfaces often have definite impedances and potentials that hinder the free flow of currents, affecting the application’s performance. Minimizing the impact of body–electrode interfaces on the application’s …

Common-Mode Capacitance Of Bus-Bar-Based Common-Mode Inductors, Harshita Singh, Scott D. Sudhoff, Robert R. Swanson

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Prediction of the common-mode self-capacitance of common-mode inductors is essential to their design in order to ensure effective operation over the frequency range of interest. This paper presents a model for the calculation of common-mode capacitance of a bus-bar-based common-mode inductor. An equivalent circuit of the inductor that accounts for high-frequency effects such as eddy currents in nanocrystalline cores is also set forth. The predicted and measured capacitances are compared for three such inductors.

Design Project: Smart Headband, John Michel, Jack Durkin, Noah Lewis

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

Concussion in sports is a prevalent medical issue. It can be difficult for medical professionals to diagnose concussions. With the fast pace nature of many sports, and the damaging effects of concussions, it is important that any concussion risks are assessed immediately. There is a growing trend of wearable technology that collects data such as steps and provides the wearer with in-depth information regarding their performance. The Smart Headband project created a wearable that can record impact data and provide the wearer with a detailed analysis on their risk of sustaining a concussion. The Smart Headband uses accelerometers and gyroscopes …

Automated Blind Control, Daniel Nahra, Matthew Lacek, Timothy Kurczewski, William Daulton Baksa

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The objective of this project would be to design and prototype an automated, light and temperature sensing window blinds system. The device would detect temperature, both inside and outside, and incoming sunlight to determine proper window blind position for maximum energy savings. The user would also have the ability to change the settings of the blind from a remote device to a setting that they desire at any given time

Investigation Of Surface Charge Using Faraday Bucket Measurements: Analysis On Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride Fiber Mats, Ryan Kantenwein

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

Piezoelectric polymer materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride exhibit beneficial properties for use in personal protective equipment (PPE) against viral contaminants and other foreign microparticles. The electrospinning process of this material allows for surface charge to develop over a controlled surface area. Kynar 761 at 10 wt% demonstrates increased surface charge after withstanding a flow of aerated NaCl particles from a TSI 8130 instrument. Utilizing voltage measurements from a Faraday bucket, 18 wt% Kynar 761 and MG-15 exhibit surface charge when undergoing an electrospinning process; however, Kynar MG-15 displays lower charge values than that of Kynar 761. Several critical factors such …

Soil Sensor Network, Andrea Wyder, Ross Klonowski, Alexis Alves, Luke Farnsworth

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

Water management during crop irrigation is a problem for the agricultural industry. To help farmers better maintain water usage, a wireless soil sensor network comprised of a sensor pod and wireless communication has been designed and implemented. It was proven that the sensor pod can be installed 6-8 inches below the ground and communicate up to at least a 6km distance back to the gateway. The senor pod shells have a 2 mm thick shell to prevent the pod from shattering when coming into contact with the ground after being released from the planter, as calculated through the force of …

Door Barricade, Alex Cerino

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

My senior capstone project will be a door barricade. The main idea for the use of the door barricade is for schools in the case of an intruder. The barricade that I will be designing is a solution to the inefficient barricades that I saw at my high school. It could also be used at businesses and homes. My design would be easy to use and have a fail-safe option. The two areas of mechanical engineering technology that my capstone project will focus on are stress analysis and electronics. Every part for my door barricade is drawn in SolidWorks. All …

Light Loaded Automated Guided Vehicle, Marcus Radtka, Nazar Paramashchuk, Lawrence Shevock

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The objective of the locomotion system was to design and implement the mechanical, electrical, and software related functions to ensure the LLAGV had the capability of maneuvering its surroundings. The LLAGV’s motors were represented in an open loop transfer function to utilize RPM feedback and a compensator when needed. The modeled compensator helped control the LLAGV’s speed and acceleration, enabling further control of the LLAGV. The internal circuitry has the means to properly distributed power to all components and allowed the user to control the LLAGV to their desire. The application software within the LLAGV locomotion system (LLAGV-LS) had consideration …

Obstructive Wiring Patterns To Circular Planarity In Electrical Networks, Hannah Lebo

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

In order for an electrical network to be printed on a flat surface without changing the network’s input or output, it is important to consider if any wires will cross and if this problem can be avoided. If a circular network can be printed so that no wires cross, the network is said to be circular planar. In this paper, we identify a number of wiring patterns that make circular planarity impossible. We find exactly 3 wiring patterns using circular pairs with sets of two nodes, and we find exactly 78 wiring patterns using circular pairs with sets of three …

Analysis And Dynamic Dispatch Of Energy Storage Systems In Electricity Markets Under Uncertainty, Tingli Hu

Wayne State University Dissertations

With the increasing penetration levels of renewable energy resources in power systems, to realize efficient energy management, energy storage systems have become indispensable. This research aims at analyzing the impact of energy storage systems on electricity markets, especially the impact on electricity prices, and developing strategies to dynamically dispatch the available storage resources for energy management. Marginal generation units as the generators that determine the system-wide electricity prices are theoretically analyzed in this research. The electricity price of any node in the system is approximately an affine combination of the bidding prices of the marginal generation units if the power …

Secure Automatic Speaker Verification Systems, Muteb Aljasem

Wayne State University Dissertations

The growing number of voice-enabled devices and applications consider automatic speaker verification (ASV) a fundamental component. However, maximum outreach for ASV in critical domains e.g., financial services and health care, is not possible unless we overcome security breaches caused by voice cloning, and replayed audios collectively known as the spoofing attacks. The audio spoofing attacks over ASV systems on one hand strictly limit the usability of voice-enabled applications; and on the other hand, the counterfeiter also remains untraceable. Therefore, to overcome these vulnerabilities, a secure ASV (SASV) system is presented in this dissertation. The proposed SASV system is based on …

Testing And Validation Framework For Autonomous Aerial Vehicles, Mustafa I. Akbas

Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research

Autonomous aerial vehicles (AAV) have the potential to have market disruptions for various industries such as ground delivery and aerial transportation. Hence, the USAF has called for increased level of autonomy. There has been a significant progress in artificial intelligence engines, complex and non-deterministic system components, which are at the core of the autonomous aerial platforms. Traditional testing and validation methods fall short of satisfying the requirement of testing such complex systems. Therefore, to achieve highly or fully autonomous capabilities, a major leap forward in the validation is required. The key challenges are the localization of problems, development of object …