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Articles 631 - 660 of 693

Full-Text Articles in Electrical and Computer Engineering

Calibration Of Spaceborne Scatterometers Using Tropical Rain Forests, David G. Long, Gary B. Skouson Mar 1996

Calibration Of Spaceborne Scatterometers Using Tropical Rain Forests, David G. Long, Gary B. Skouson

Faculty Publications

Wind scatterometers are radar systems designed specifically to measure the normalized radar backscatter coefficient (O) of the ocean's surface in order to determine the near-surface wind vector. Postlaunch calibration of a wind scatterometer can be performed with an extended-area natural target such as the Amazon tropical rain forest. Rain forests exhibit a remarkably high degree of homogeneity in their radar response over a very large area though some spatial and temporal variability exist. The authors present a simple technique for calibrating scatterometer data using tropical rain forests, Using a polynomial model for the rolloff of O with incidence angle, the …

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Variable-Complexity Trellis Decoding Of Binary Convolutional Codes, David W. Matolak, S. G. Wilson Feb 1996

Variable-Complexity Trellis Decoding Of Binary Convolutional Codes, David W. Matolak, S. G. Wilson

Faculty Publications

Considers trellis decoding of convolutional codes with selectable effort, as measured by decoder complexity. Decoding is described for single parent codes with a variety of complexities, with performance "near" that of the optimal fixed receiver complexity coding system. Effective free distance is examined. Criteria are proposed for ranking parent codes, and some codes found to be best according to the criteria are tabulated, Several codes with effective free distance better than the best code of comparable complexity were found. Asymptotic (high SNR) performance analysis and error propagation are discussed. Simulation results are also provided.

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Coded Modulation For Satellite Broadcasting, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Oscar Y. Takeshita, Hideki Imai, Marc P. C. Fossorier, Shu Lin Jan 1996

Coded Modulation For Satellite Broadcasting, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Oscar Y. Takeshita, Hideki Imai, Marc P. C. Fossorier, Shu Lin

Faculty Publications

In this paper, three-level block coded 8-PSK modulations, suitable for satellite broadcasting of digital TV signals, are presented. A design principle to achieve unequal error protection is introduced. The coding scheme is designed in such a way that the information bits carrying the basic definition TV signal have a lower error rate than the high definition information bits. The large error coefficients, formally associated with standard mapping by set partitioning, are reduced by considering a nonstandard partition of an 8-PSK signal set. The bits-to-signal mapping induced by this partition allows the use of suboptimal low-complexity soft-decision decoding of binary block …

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A Massively Parallel Computation Strategy For Fdtd: Time And Space Parallelism Applied To Electromagnetics Problems, Michael A. Jensen, Amir Fijany, Yahya Rahmat-Samii, Jacob Barhen Dec 1995

A Massively Parallel Computation Strategy For Fdtd: Time And Space Parallelism Applied To Electromagnetics Problems, Michael A. Jensen, Amir Fijany, Yahya Rahmat-Samii, Jacob Barhen

Faculty Publications

We present a novel strategy for incorporating massive parallelism into the solution of Maxwell's equations using finite-difference time-domain methods. In a departure from previous techniques wherein spatial parallelism is used, our approach exploits massive temporal parallelism by computing all of the time steps in parallel. Furthermore, in contrast to other methods which appear to concentrate on explicit schemes such as Yee's (1966) algorithm, our strategy uses the implicit Crank-Nicolson technique which provides superior numerical properties. We show that the use of temporal parallelism results in algorithms which offer a massive degree of coarse grain parallelism with minimum communication and synchronization …

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Integrating Reconstructed Scatterometer And Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Data For Tropical Forest Inventory, David G. Long, Perry J. Hardin Nov 1995

Integrating Reconstructed Scatterometer And Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Data For Tropical Forest Inventory, David G. Long, Perry J. Hardin

Faculty Publications

A scientific effort is currently underway to assess tropical forest degradation and its potential impact on Earth's climate. Because of the large continental regions involved, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery and its derivative vegetation index products with resolutions between 1 and 12 km are typically used to inventory the Earth's equatorial vegetation. Archival AVHRR imagery is also used to obtain a temporal baseline of historical forest extent. Recently however, 50-km Seasat-A Scatterometer (SASS) Ku-band imagery (acquired in 1978) has been reconstructed to = 4-km resolution, making it a supplement to AVHRR imagery for historical vegetation assessment. In order …

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A Pixel Scale Digital-To-Analog Converter Array For Liquid Crystal On Vlsi Displays, Gregory P. Nordin, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist, P. J. Nasiatka, A. Thomsen Sep 1995

A Pixel Scale Digital-To-Analog Converter Array For Liquid Crystal On Vlsi Displays, Gregory P. Nordin, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist, P. J. Nasiatka, A. Thomsen

Faculty Publications

A pixel scale digital to analog converter and driver for liquid crystal (LC) cells is presented. The circuit is a compact CMOS logic gate that sums pulse density modulation (pdm) signals. Low pass filtering of the pdm signal is 'done by the LC material. The circuit is suitable to implement large arrays of converters as, for example, in display applications. It is applicable in LC on silicon displays where gray scale data are stored and converted at each pixel site. Advantages over the commonly used active matrix technology include the removal of all analog circuitry, no need for refresh, reduced …

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Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions And Differential Forms, Karl F. Warnick, Richard H. Selfridge, David V. Arnold Aug 1995

Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions And Differential Forms, Karl F. Warnick, Richard H. Selfridge, David V. Arnold

Faculty Publications

A new representation for electromagnetic boundary conditions involving a boundary projection operator defined using the interior and exterior products of the calculus of differential forms is developed. This operator expresses boundary conditions for fields represented by differential forms of arbitrary degree. With vector analysis, the field intensity boundary conditions require the cross product, whereas the flux boundary conditions use the inner product. With differential forms, the field intensity and flux density boundary conditions are expressed using a single operator. This boundary projection operator is readily applied in practice, so that this work extends the utility of the calculus of differential …

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Liquid Crystal-On-Silicon Implementation Of The Partial Pixel Three-Dimensional Display Architecture, M. W. Jones, Gregory P. Nordin, M. Friends, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist, P. J. Nasiatka Jul 1995

Liquid Crystal-On-Silicon Implementation Of The Partial Pixel Three-Dimensional Display Architecture, M. W. Jones, Gregory P. Nordin, M. Friends, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist, P. J. Nasiatka

Faculty Publications

We report the implementation of a liquid crystal-on-silicon, three-dimensional 13-D2 diffractive display based on the partial pixel architecture. The display generates multiple stereoscopic images that are perceived as a static 3-D scene with one-dimensional motion parallax in a manner that is functionally equivalent to a holographic stereogram. The images are created with diffraction gratings formed in a thin liquid crystal layer by fringing electric fields from transparent indium tin oxide interdigitated electrodes. The electrodes are controlled by an external drive signal that permits the 3-D scene to be turned on and off. The display has a contrast ratio of 5.8, …

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Real-Time Three-Dimensional Display Based On The Partial Pixel Architecture, Gregory P. Nordin, M. W. Jones, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist Jun 1995

Real-Time Three-Dimensional Display Based On The Partial Pixel Architecture, Gregory P. Nordin, M. W. Jones, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist

Faculty Publications

We previously reported several static three-dimensional (3-D) display implementations of the partial pixel architecture [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 73 (1995)]. We report herein our f irst real-time 3-D display based on this architecture. The display is functionally equivalent to a real-time holographic stereogram. It is autostereoscopic and provides horizontal motion parallax. The display device is composed of a diffractive optical element (fabricated with standard photolithographic techniques) and a separate conventional liquidcrystal display. The display has been used to play back a precomputed animated 3-D scene at video frame rates using a standard VGA video output.

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On Primitive Bch Codes With Unequal Error Protection Capabilities, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Shu Lin May 1995

On Primitive Bch Codes With Unequal Error Protection Capabilities, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Shu Lin

Faculty Publications

Presents a class of binary primitive BCH codes that have unequal-error-protection (UEP) capabilities. The authors use a previous result on the span of their minimum weight vectors to show that binary primitive BCH codes, containing second-order punctured Reed-Muller (RM) codes of the same minimum distance, are binary-cyclic UEP codes. The values of the error correction levels for this class of binary LUEP codes are estimated.

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Pulse Width Modulation Drive Technique For High Resolution Liquid Crystal Gratings, Gregory P. Nordin, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist, P. J. Nasiatka, A. Thomsen Mar 1995

Pulse Width Modulation Drive Technique For High Resolution Liquid Crystal Gratings, Gregory P. Nordin, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist, P. J. Nasiatka, A. Thomsen

Faculty Publications

We report the use of a pulse-width modulation drive technique for high-resolution liquid-crystal gratings and show how the grating diffraction efficiency depends on the duty cycle of the drive signal. We identify a regime in which the diffraction efficiency is linearly proportional to the duty cycle, thereby providing a linear drive characteristic.

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Multilevel Block Coded 8-Psk Modulations Using Unequal Error Protection Codes For The Rayleigh Fading Channel, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Tadeo Kamasi, Shu Lin Jan 1995

Multilevel Block Coded 8-Psk Modulations Using Unequal Error Protection Codes For The Rayleigh Fading Channel, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Tadeo Kamasi, Shu Lin

Faculty Publications

This paper introduces new block coded 8-PSK modulations with unequal error protection (UEP) capabilities for Rayleigh fading channels. The design of efficient block coded modulations (BCM) over 8-PSK signal sets, for the specific purpose of UEP, over Rayleigh fading channels is considered. UEP is desirable in communications systems where part of the source information is more important, or error sensitive, such as the transmission of coded speech and data broadcasting. The proposed block modulation codes are based on the multilevel construction of Imai and Hirakawa (1977). It is shown that the use of binary linear UEP (LUEP) codes as component …

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Qpsk Block-Modulation Codes For Unequal Error Protection, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Shu Lin Jan 1995

Qpsk Block-Modulation Codes For Unequal Error Protection, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Shu Lin

Faculty Publications

Unequal error protection (UEP) codes find applications in broadcast channels, as well as in other digital communication systems, where messages have different degrees of importance. Binary linear UEP (LUEP) codes combined with a Gray mapped QPSK signal set are used to obtain new efficient QPSK block-modulation codes for unequal error protection. Several examples of QPSK modulation codes that have the same minimum squared Euclidean distance as the best QPSK modulation codes, of the same rate and length, are given. In the new constructions of QPSK block-modulation codes, even-length binary LUEP codes are used. Good even-length binary LUEP codes are obtained …

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Partial Pixels: A Three-Dimensional Diffractive Display Architecture, Gregory P. Nordin, M. W. Jones, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist, P. J. Nasiatka, A. Parker Jan 1995

Partial Pixels: A Three-Dimensional Diffractive Display Architecture, Gregory P. Nordin, M. W. Jones, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist, P. J. Nasiatka, A. Parker

Faculty Publications

We describe in detail the partial pixel architecture that permits the realization of three-dimensional (3-D) displays that are functionally equivalent to a real-time holographic stereogram. This architecture permits the simultaneous presentation of multiple stereoscopic images so that motion parallax is discernible in the resultant 3-D scene. The key innovation of the architecture is that each pixel is subdivided into partial pixels, which in turn can be implemented as individual diffraction gratings. We describe a static display that exhibits a 3-D image with one-dimensional motion parallax, thereby demonstrating key features of the architecture. A variety of partial pixel implementations are discussed …

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Em Interaction Of Handset Antennas And A Human In Personal Communications, Michael A. Jensen, Yahya Rahmat-Samii Jan 1995

Em Interaction Of Handset Antennas And A Human In Personal Communications, Michael A. Jensen, Yahya Rahmat-Samii

Faculty Publications

In personal communications, the electromagnetic interaction between handset-mounted antennas and the nearby biological tissue is a key consideration. This paper presents a thorough investigation of this antenna-tissue interaction using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) electromagnetic simulation approach with detailed models of real-life antennas on a transceiver handset. The monopole, side-mounted planar inverted F, top-mounted bent inverted F, and back-mounted planar inverted F antennas are selected as representative examples of external and internal configurations. Detailed models of the human head and hand are implemented to investigate the effects of the tissue location and physical model on the antenna performance. Experimental results are …

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Low Cost Schottky Barrier Solar Cells Fabricated On Cdse And Sb2S3 Films Chemically Deposited With Silicotungstic Acid, O. Savadogo, K. C. Mandal Oct 1994

Low Cost Schottky Barrier Solar Cells Fabricated On Cdse And Sb2S3 Films Chemically Deposited With Silicotungstic Acid, O. Savadogo, K. C. Mandal

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Performance Analysis Of Antennas For Hand-Held Transceivers Using Fdtd, Michael A. Jensen, Yahya Rahmat-Samii Aug 1994

Performance Analysis Of Antennas For Hand-Held Transceivers Using Fdtd, Michael A. Jensen, Yahya Rahmat-Samii

Faculty Publications

The design of antennas for hand-held communications devices depends on the implementation of simulation tools that can accurately model general topologies. The paper presents the analysis of small antennas mounted on hand-held transceivers using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The key features of the FDTD implementation are discussed, with particular emphasis placed upon modeling of the source region. The technique is used to predict the gain patterns and broadband input impedance behavior of monopole, planar inverted F, and loop antenna elements mounted on the handset. Effects of the conducting handset chassis, the plastic casing around the device, and lumped elements …

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Demonstration Of A Novel 3-D Autostereoscopic Display, M. W. Jones, Gregory P. Nordin, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist, P. J. Nasiatka Jun 1994

Demonstration Of A Novel 3-D Autostereoscopic Display, M. W. Jones, Gregory P. Nordin, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, R. G. Lindquist, P. J. Nasiatka

Faculty Publications

We report what we believe is the first static implementation of the partial-pixel architecture, which provides a conceptual framework for the construction of real-time three-dimensional displays that are functionally equivalent to holographic stereograms (i.e., the simultaneous display of a series of stereoscopic images). The device is physically realized as a set of amplitude diffraction gratings on a chrome mask that was fabricated by standard photolithographic techniques. The intended three-dimensional object encoded in the display was strikingly visible on readout with an incoherent illumination source.

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High Resolution Liquid Crystal Phase Grating Formed By Fringing Fields From Interdigitated Electrodes, Gregory P. Nordin, M. Friends, J. M. Jarem, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, T. Leslie, R. G. Lindquist May 1994

High Resolution Liquid Crystal Phase Grating Formed By Fringing Fields From Interdigitated Electrodes, Gregory P. Nordin, M. Friends, J. M. Jarem, S. T. Kowel, J. H. Kulick, T. Leslie, R. G. Lindquist

Faculty Publications

We report the formation of thin anisotropic phase gratings in a nematic liquid-crystalline film by use of lateral (fringing) electric fields induced by transparent interdigitated electrodes. These gratings yield high diffraction efficiency (>30%) with a strong dependence on the readout beam incidence angle. In addition, the formation of a defect wall is observed that has a significant effect on the diffraction properties of the phase grating.

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Characterization Of Electromagnetically Coupled Superquadric Loop Antennas For Mobile Communications Applications, Michael A. Jensen, Yahya Rahmat-Samii Apr 1994

Characterization Of Electromagnetically Coupled Superquadric Loop Antennas For Mobile Communications Applications, Michael A. Jensen, Yahya Rahmat-Samii

Faculty Publications

Analysis of two mutually coupled loop antennas with arbitrary relative orientation and position and possibly different geometries is presented. The antennas are represented by generalised superquadric curves, which include circular, elliptical, and rectangular loop geometries, and they may be located either in a homogeneous region or next to an infinite ground plane. A Galerkin-type moment method with piecewise sinusoidal subsectional basis and weighting functions is used. Special consideration is given to implement the solution using curved wire segments instead of the commonly employed linear segments to improve computational efficiency. This very general computational tool is used to investigate the behaviour …

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Vegetation Studies Of The Amazon Basin Using Enhanced Resolution Seasat Scatterometer Data, David G. Long, Perry J. Hardin, Peter T. Whiting Mar 1994

Vegetation Studies Of The Amazon Basin Using Enhanced Resolution Seasat Scatterometer Data, David G. Long, Perry J. Hardin, Peter T. Whiting

Faculty Publications

The Seasat-A scatterometer (SASS) was designed to measure the near-surface wind field over the ocean by inferring the wind from measurements of the surface radar backscatter. While backscatter measurements were also made over land, they have been primarily used for the calibration of the instrument. This has been due in part to the low resolution of the scatterometer measurements (nominally 50 km). In a separate paper the present authors introduced a new method for generating enhanced resolution radar measurements of the Earth's surface using spaceborne scatterometry. In the present paper, the method is used with SASS data to study vegetation …

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Epistemic Decision Theory Applied To Multiple-Target Tracking, Wynn C. Stirling, T. K. Moon, S. E. Budge, J. B. Thompson Feb 1994

Epistemic Decision Theory Applied To Multiple-Target Tracking, Wynn C. Stirling, T. K. Moon, S. E. Budge, J. B. Thompson

Faculty Publications

A decision philosophy that seeks the avoidance of error by trading off belief of truth and value of information is applied to the problem of recognizing tracks from multiple targets (MTT). A successful MTT methodology should be robust in that its performance degrades gracefully as the conditions of the collection become less favorable to optimal operation. By stressing the avoidance, rather than the explicit minimization, of error, the authors obtain a decision rule for trajectory-data association that does not require the resolution of all conflicting hypotheses when the database does not contain sufficient information to do so reliably. This rule, …

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Electromagnetic Characteristics Of Superquadric Wire Loop Antennas, Michael A. Jensen, Yahya Rahmat-Samii Feb 1994

Electromagnetic Characteristics Of Superquadric Wire Loop Antennas, Michael A. Jensen, Yahya Rahmat-Samii

Faculty Publications

The analysis of antenna configurations in the form of a generalized superquadric loop, which includes circular, elliptical and rectangular loop geometries, is presented in this paper. Use of a Galerkin form of the moment method with piecewise sinusoidal subsectional basis and testing functions provides rapid numerical convergence and accurate representation of the antenna current. A convenient parametric representation for the superquadric curve is developed to allow a subsectional formulation using curved wire segments, rather than the commonly employed piecewise linear segments, to construct the geometry. Both magnetic frill and delta gap source models are implemented to allow a detailed study …

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Block Qpsk Modulation Codes With Two Levels Of Error Protection, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Shu Lin Jan 1994

Block Qpsk Modulation Codes With Two Levels Of Error Protection, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Shu Lin

Faculty Publications

A class of block QPSK modulation codes for unequal error protection (UEP) is presented. These codes are particularly suitable either for broadcast channels or for communication systems where parts of the information messages are more important than others. An example of the latter is coded speech transmission. Not much is known on the application of block UEP codes in combined coding and modulation schemes. We exhibit a method to combine binary linear UEP (LUEP) block codes of even length, using a Gray mapping, with a QPSK signal set to construct efficient block QPSK modulation codes with nonuniform error protection capabilities …

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On A Class Of Optimal Nonbinary Linear Unequal-Error-Protection Codes For Two Sets Of Messages, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Shu Lin Jan 1994

On A Class Of Optimal Nonbinary Linear Unequal-Error-Protection Codes For Two Sets Of Messages, Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza, Shu Lin

Faculty Publications

Several authors have addressed the problem of designing good linear unequal error protection (LUEP) codes. However, very little is known about good nonbinary LUEP codes. We present a class of optimal nonbinary LUEP codes for two different sets of messages. By combining t-error-correcting ReedSolomon (RS) codes and shortened nonbinary Hamming codes, we obtain nonbinary LUEP codes that protect one set of messages against any t or fewer symbol errors and the remaining set of messages against any single symbol error. For t ≥ 2, we show that these codes are optimal in the sense of achieving the Hamming lower bound …

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Coordinated Intelligent Control Via Epistemic Utility Theory, Wynn C. Stirling Oct 1993

Coordinated Intelligent Control Via Epistemic Utility Theory, Wynn C. Stirling

Faculty Publications

An approach to local reactive coordinated intelligent control based on the concept of an epistemic system, together with a principle of action that may be exercised locally, is presented. An epistemic system provides a mechanism for agents to characterize their knowledge corpora, options, goals, and beliefs. Levi's rule of epistemic utility provides a principle of action for decision making by comparing the informational value of rejection with the belief of correctness. Decisions are made locally and reactively, rather than globally. Coordination is implemented between agents by sharing and learning the epistemic systems of other agents. The resulting coordination model is …

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Low‐Cost Technique For Preparing N‐Sb2S3/P‐Si Heterojunction Solar Cells, O. Savadogo, K. C. Mandal Jul 1993

Low‐Cost Technique For Preparing N‐Sb2S3/P‐Si Heterojunction Solar Cells, O. Savadogo, K. C. Mandal

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Effects Of Crosstalk On Fidelity In Page-Oriented Volume Holographic Optical Data Storage, Gregory P. Nordin, P. Asthana May 1993

Effects Of Crosstalk On Fidelity In Page-Oriented Volume Holographic Optical Data Storage, Gregory P. Nordin, P. Asthana

Faculty Publications

Using numerical simulation, we quantitatively examine the effects of cross talk on the recall fidelity of stored binary data in a page-oriented volume holographic memory system. We discuss the trade-off between the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed bits and the optical throughput of the system (i.e., the fraction of the incident beam that is diffracted to the detector plane). We show that significant gains in the signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved with modest decreases in optical throughput in the region where the highest throughput occurs. The magnitude of this trade-off is influenced by both beam degeneracy and coherent recording cross …

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Resolution Enhancement Of Spaceborne Scatterometer Data, David G. Long, Perry J. Hardin, Peter T. Whiting May 1993

Resolution Enhancement Of Spaceborne Scatterometer Data, David G. Long, Perry J. Hardin, Peter T. Whiting

Faculty Publications

A method for generating enhanced resolution radar images of the Earth's surface using spaceborne scatterometry is presented. The technique is based on an image reconstruction technique that takes advantage of the spatial overlap in scatterometer measurements made at different times to provide enhanced imaging resolution. The reconstruction algorithm is described, and the technique is demonstrated using both simulated and actual Seasat-A Scatterometer (SASS) measurements. The technique can also be used with ERS-1 scatterometer data. The SASS-derived images, which have approximately 4-km resolution, illustrate the resolution enhancement capability of the technique, which permits utilization of both historic and contemporary scatterometer data …

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Analysis Of Weighted Fan-Out/Fan-In Volume Holographic Interconnections, Gregory P. Nordin, P. Asthana, B. Keith Jenkins, A. R. Tanguay Mar 1993

Analysis Of Weighted Fan-Out/Fan-In Volume Holographic Interconnections, Gregory P. Nordin, P. Asthana, B. Keith Jenkins, A. R. Tanguay

Faculty Publications

The feasibility of employing volume holographic techniques for the implementation of highly multiplexed weighted fan-out/fan-in interconnections is analyzed on the basis of interconnection fidelity, optical throughput, and complexity of recording schedule or implementation hardware. These feasibility criteria were quantitatively evaluated using the optical beam propagation method to numerically simulate the diffraction characteristics of volume holographic interconnections recorded in a linear holographic material. We find that conventional interconnection architectures (that are based on a single coherent optical source) exhibit a direct trade-off between interconnection fidelity and optical throughput on the one hand, and recording schedule or hardware complexity on the other. …

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