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Articles 10081 - 10110 of 13564

Full-Text Articles in Computer Engineering

Broken Rotor Bar Fault Detection In Inverter-Fed Squirrel Cage Induction Motors Using Stator Current Analysis And Fuzzy Logic, Mehmet Akar, İlyas Çankaya Jan 2012

Broken Rotor Bar Fault Detection In Inverter-Fed Squirrel Cage Induction Motors Using Stator Current Analysis And Fuzzy Logic, Mehmet Akar, İlyas Çankaya

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper presents the implementation of broken rotor bar fault detection in an inverter-fed induction motor using motor current signal analysis (MCSA) and prognosis with fuzzy logic. Recently, inverter-fed induction motors have become very popular because of their adjustable speed drive. They have been used in many vital control applications such as rolling mills, variable speed compressors, pumps, and fans. The condition monitoring of these motors can significantly reduce the cost of maintenance in the early detection of faults. In this study, MCSA is applied to an inverter-fed induction motor to detect broken rotor bar faults. The diagnosis of a …

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Fractional Pid Controllers Tuned By Evolutionary Algorithms For Robot Trajectory Control, Zafer Bi̇ngül, Oğuzhan Karahan Jan 2012

Fractional Pid Controllers Tuned By Evolutionary Algorithms For Robot Trajectory Control, Zafer Bi̇ngül, Oğuzhan Karahan

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The aim of this paper is to compare the performances of a fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller tuned with evolutionary algorithms for robot trajectory control. In order to make this comparison, a 2-degrees-of-freedom planar robot was controlled by a FOPID controller tuned with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a real coded genetic algorithm (GA). In order to see the effects of the cost functions on the optimum parameters of the FOPID controller, 3 different cost functions were used: the root mean squared error (MRSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean minimum fuel and absolute error (MMFAE). In order …

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Identification Of Linear Dynamic Systems Using The Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm, Özden Erçi̇n, Ramazan Çoban Jan 2012

Identification Of Linear Dynamic Systems Using The Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm, Özden Erçi̇n, Ramazan Çoban

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper presents an investigation into the development of system identification using the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. A system identification task can be formulated as an optimization problem where the objective is to obtain a model and a set of parameters that minimize the prediction error between the measured plant outputs and the model outputs. The most common existing system identification approaches, such as the recursive least squares method and autoregressive exogenous method, are substantially analytical and based on a mathematical derivation of the system's model. Evolutionary computation, which seems to be a very promising approach, is an alternative …

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Abstract Feature Extraction For Text Classification, Göksel Bi̇ri̇ci̇k, Banu Di̇ri̇, Ahmet Coşkun Sönmez Jan 2012

Abstract Feature Extraction For Text Classification, Göksel Bi̇ri̇ci̇k, Banu Di̇ri̇, Ahmet Coşkun Sönmez

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Feature selection and extraction are frequently used solutions to overcome the curse of dimensionality in text classification problems. We introduce an extraction method that summarizes the features of the document samples, where the new features aggregate information about how much evidence there is in a document, for each class. We project the high dimensional features of documents onto a new feature space having dimensions equal to the number of classes in order to form the abstract features. We test our method on 7 different text classification algorithms, with different classifier design approaches. We examine performances of the classifiers applied on …

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Pi And Pid Stabilization Of Neutral And Retarded Systems With Time Delay, Serdar Ethem Hamamci Jan 2012

Pi And Pid Stabilization Of Neutral And Retarded Systems With Time Delay, Serdar Ethem Hamamci

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Stabilization using fixed-order controllers is one of the key topics in control system design for the linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. In this paper, the stabilization of LTI neutral and retarded time-delay systems by means of PI and PID controllers is investigated in detail. The basic theme of the presented approach is to obtain a global stability region in the 2-dimensional (2-D) (k_p, k_i)-plane for the PI controller and in the 3-dimensional (3-D) (k_p, k_i, k_d)-space for the PID controllers. This region is formed by stability boundaries that are defined as the real root boundary, infinite root boundary, and complex root …

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An Implementation Of Modified Scatter Search Algorithm To Transmission Expansion Planning, Majid Zeinaddini Maymand, Masoud Rashidinejad, Hamid Khorasani, Mohsen Rahmani, Amin Mahmoudabadi Jan 2012

An Implementation Of Modified Scatter Search Algorithm To Transmission Expansion Planning, Majid Zeinaddini Maymand, Masoud Rashidinejad, Hamid Khorasani, Mohsen Rahmani, Amin Mahmoudabadi

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) is one of the most important tasks in the field of power systems, especially in deregulated power system environments. TNEP is a nonlinear mixed integer programming problem that can be solved via hybrid heuristic algorithms. This paper presents a modified scatter search algorithm (MSSA) to reinforce the ordinary scatter search algorithm (SSA) to be equipped for handling large scale transmission expansion planning (TEP) problems. The proposed methodology is based on the SSA, incorporating some improved strategies so as to decrease the number of linear programming problems required to be solved iteratively. In this study, it …

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Dynamic Stability Enhancement Of A Multimachine Electric Power System Using Statcom, Hasan Fayazi Boroujeni, Reza Hemmati, Sayed Mojtaba Shirvani Boroujeni Jan 2012

Dynamic Stability Enhancement Of A Multimachine Electric Power System Using Statcom, Hasan Fayazi Boroujeni, Reza Hemmati, Sayed Mojtaba Shirvani Boroujeni

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

With the expansion of electric power systems, the size and complexity of the network is increased. One of the most important drawbacks of network expansion is the reduction in the damping torque of the whole system. The lack of damping torque can lead to fluctuations and instability in the power system. With regard to this problem, power system stabilizers (PSSs) have been widely utilized to improve power system stability. However, due to some drawbacks of the conventional PSSs, the need for finding a better substitution still remains. Therefore, in this paper, the application of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to …

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A Neural-Based Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Approach To The Detection Of A Conducting Cylinder Coated With A Dielectric Material, Senem Makal, Ahmet Kizilay Jan 2012

A Neural-Based Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Approach To The Detection Of A Conducting Cylinder Coated With A Dielectric Material, Senem Makal, Ahmet Kizilay

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this study, a radial basis function neural network approach is applied for the estimation of the localization and the radius of a conducting cylinder with a circular cross-section coated with a dielectric material. A set of features, the radar cross-section (RCS) values, are derived from scattered fields, which are calculated using the surface equivalence principle and the method of moment. RCS values are obtained using 10 different scattering angles that are fed into the network. The outputs of the network are the location (x_0, y_0) and the radius (r_p) of the conducting cylinder. This is an application of the …

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Resolution Enhancement Of Video Sequences By Using Discrete Wavelet Transform And Illumination Compensation, Sara Izadpanahi, Çağri Özçinar, Gholamreza Anbarjafari, Hasan Demirel Jan 2012

Resolution Enhancement Of Video Sequences By Using Discrete Wavelet Transform And Illumination Compensation, Sara Izadpanahi, Çağri Özçinar, Gholamreza Anbarjafari, Hasan Demirel

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This research paper proposes a new technique for video resolution enhancement that employees an illumination compensation procedure before the registration process. After the illumination compensation process, the respective frames are registered using the Irani and Peleg technique. In parallel, the corresponding frame is decomposed into high-frequency (low-high, high-low, and high-high) and low-frequency (low-low) subbands using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The high-frequency subbands are superresolved using bicubic interpolation. Afterwards, the interpolated high-frequency subbands and superresolved low-frequency subband obtained by registration are used to construct the high-resolution frame using inverse DWT. The superiority of the proposed resolution enhancement method over well-known video …

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Model Selection And Score Normalization For Text-Dependent Single Utterance Speaker Verification, Osman Büyük, Mustafa Levent Arslan Jan 2012

Model Selection And Score Normalization For Text-Dependent Single Utterance Speaker Verification, Osman Büyük, Mustafa Levent Arslan

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this paper, we investigate model selection and channel variability issues on a text-dependent single utterance (TDSU) speaker verification application. Due to the lack of an appropriate database for the task, a multichannel speaker recognition database, which consists of multiple recordings of a single Turkish utterance, is collected. The first set of experiments is devoted to model selection. Phonetic hidden Markov model (HMM)-based, sentence HMM-based, and Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based methods are compared to find the most appropriate modeling approach for the target application. Based on the experimental results, the HMM-based methods outperform the GMM. The sentence HMM yields the …

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Hybrid Feature Selection For Text Classification, Serkan Günal Jan 2012

Hybrid Feature Selection For Text Classification, Serkan Günal

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Feature selection is vital in the field of pattern classification due to accuracy and processing time considerations. The selection of proper features is of greater importance when the initial feature set is considerably large. Text classification is a typical example of this situation, where the size of the initial feature set may reach to hundreds or even thousands. There are numerous research studies in the literature offering different feature selection strategies for text classification, mostly focused on filters. In spite of the extensive number of these studies, there is no significant work investigating the efficacy of a combination of features, …

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Using A Game-Based Learning Model As A New Teaching Strategy For Computer Engineering, Kristijan Kuk, Dragica Jovanovic, Dusan Jokanovic, Petar Spalevic, Marko Caric, Stefan Panic Jan 2012

Using A Game-Based Learning Model As A New Teaching Strategy For Computer Engineering, Kristijan Kuk, Dragica Jovanovic, Dusan Jokanovic, Petar Spalevic, Marko Caric, Stefan Panic

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Interactive multimedia simulations and computer game elements can be successfully combined in order to create new advanced educational resources for teaching today's generation of students. Such a learning environment, a game-based learning model (GBLm), has been designed as a research prototype. This paper describes one type of GBLm for computer engineering, which we have used in the subject of computer graphics for the teaching unit Z-buffer algorithm, in order to facilitate the learning process. The implementation of a GBLm for graphical algorithms (GBL4CAl) is presented in detail as a multimedia interactive learning module designed to motivate students by making learning …

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On The Degradation Of Ota-C--Based Cmos Low-Power Filter Circuits For Biomedical Instrumentation, Yasi̇n Özçelep, Ayten Kuntman, Hulusi̇ Hakan Kuntman Jan 2012

On The Degradation Of Ota-C--Based Cmos Low-Power Filter Circuits For Biomedical Instrumentation, Yasi̇n Özçelep, Ayten Kuntman, Hulusi̇ Hakan Kuntman

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this work, we propose a degraded transistor-based circuit degradation simulation method to investigate the degradation effect in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) biomedical devices. The method is demonstrated on an operational transconductance amplifier and capacitor (OTA-C)-based CMOS filter structure. First, we simulate the degradation of the symmetrical CMOS OTA by determining the degraded transistors in the structure. The simulation results are compared with the experimental results of our previous study. First- and second-order low-pass filter degradations are also simulated to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method. Finally, the degradation in the electroencephalogram band-pass filter and its effect on the …

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Adaptive Optimization Of Edca Parameters For Improved Qos In Multi-Media Applications, Alparslan Çi̇l, Mehmet Akar, Emi̇n Anarim Jan 2012

Adaptive Optimization Of Edca Parameters For Improved Qos In Multi-Media Applications, Alparslan Çi̇l, Mehmet Akar, Emi̇n Anarim

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

IEEE 802.11e Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) has been incorporated into the standard as an effective medium access mechanism in order to provide the desired QoS for multimedia applications such as VoIP and IPTV. This paper presents an adaptive optimization algorithm in EDCA which strives to provide improved QoS from both delay and throughput perspectives. As a first step towards this goal, a Markov model of the EDCA mechanism has been introduced, which is subsequently used to compute the estimates of throughput and delay. Based on the analytical model that is validated via real-time simulations in OPNET, a new algorithm …

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Hybrid Mpi+Upc Parallel Programming Paradigm On An Smp Cluster, Zeki̇ Bozkuş Jan 2012

Hybrid Mpi+Upc Parallel Programming Paradigm On An Smp Cluster, Zeki̇ Bozkuş

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) cluster system, which consists of shared memory nodes with several multicore central processing units connected to a high-speed network to form a distributed memory system, is the most widely available hardware architecture for the high-performance computing community. Today, the Message Passing Interface (MPI) is the most widely used parallel programming paradigm for SMP clusters, in which the MPI provides programming both for an SMP node and among nodes simultaneously. However, Unified Parallel C (UPC) is an emerging alternative that supports the partitioned global address space model that can be again employed within and across the nodes …

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Improved Computerized Evaluation Of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, Semi̇h Utku, Hulusi̇ Baysal, Reyat Yilmaz, Aytaç Gülcü, Recep Alp Kut, Ahmet Yi̇ği̇t Göktay Jan 2012

Improved Computerized Evaluation Of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, Semi̇h Utku, Hulusi̇ Baysal, Reyat Yilmaz, Aytaç Gülcü, Recep Alp Kut, Ahmet Yi̇ği̇t Göktay

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Accurate measurements of arterial anatomy are emerging as the most important determinants of endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair. It is quite difficult to define and measure arterial anatomy features quantitatively due to the complex structure of the aneurysm and insufficient visual feedback. During decision making, to assist operators in diagnosing abdominal aortic aneurysms, a specialized preprocessing Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Measurement and Evaluation Tool (AMET) was developed. AMET provides visual interfaces with broad measurement capabilities to generate a 3D model of the aorta for a better diagnosis and accurate stent selection. The accuracy and usability of the tool was tested with a …

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Real-Time Scheduling Of Parallel Tasks Under A General Dag Model, Abusayeed Saifullah, David Ferry, Chenyang Lu, Christopher Gill Jan 2012

Real-Time Scheduling Of Parallel Tasks Under A General Dag Model, Abusayeed Saifullah, David Ferry, Chenyang Lu, Christopher Gill

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Due to their potential to deliver increased performance over single-core processors, multi-core processors have become mainstream in processor design. Computation-intensive real-time systems must exploit intra-task parallelism to take full advantage of multi-core processing. However, existing results in real-time scheduling of parallel tasks focus on restrictive task models such as the synchronous model where a task is a sequence of alternating parallel and sequential segments, and parallel segments have threads of execution that are of equal length. In this paper, we address a general model for deterministic parallel tasks, where a task is represented as a DAG with different nodes having …

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Accounting For Failures In Delay Analysis For Wirelesshart Networks , Abusayeed Saifullah, Paras Babu Tiwari, Bo Li, Chenyang Lu [email protected] Jan 2012

Accounting For Failures In Delay Analysis For Wirelesshart Networks , Abusayeed Saifullah, Paras Babu Tiwari, Bo Li, Chenyang Lu [email protected]

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

WirelessHART networks are gaining ground as a real-time communication infrastructure in industrial wireless control systems. Because wireless communication is often susceptible to transmission failures in industrial environments, it is essential to account for failures in the delay analysis for realtime flows between sensors and actuators in process control. WirelessHART networks handle transmission failures through retransmissions using dedicated and shared time slots through different paths in the routing graphs. While these mechanisms for handling transmission failures are critical for process control requiring reliable communication, they introduce substantial challenges to worst-case end-to-end delay analysis for real-time flows. This paper presents the first …

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Specializing Interfaces For Citizen Science Segmentation Of Volumetric Data, Michelle Vaughan, Cindy Grimm, Ruth Sowell, Robert Pless, Stephen Kobourov Jan 2012

Specializing Interfaces For Citizen Science Segmentation Of Volumetric Data, Michelle Vaughan, Cindy Grimm, Ruth Sowell, Robert Pless, Stephen Kobourov

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Segmentation of 3D and time-varying volumetric (4D) image data is considered a time and resource intensive bottleneck in scientific endeavors. Automatic methods are becoming more reliable, but many data sets still require manual intervention. This can mainly be attributed to the characteristics of the image data not being amenable to automated methods, the existence of variations in or poor image quality, or the need for an expert to review and edit results from an automatic technique. Manually segmenting volumetric data is a challenge even for those more experienced. Understanding the 3D nature of the data and navigating through the 3D …

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Building A Skeleton Of A Human Hand Using Microsoft Kinect, Jed Jackoway Jan 2012

Building A Skeleton Of A Human Hand Using Microsoft Kinect, Jed Jackoway

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

The goal of the project was to reconstruct the skeleton of a Microsoft Kinect user’s hand. Out of the box, Kinect reconstruct the skeleton of users’ bodies, but it only does large joints, such that the hand is given a location on the general skeleton, but the specifics of the fingers and fist are not actually calculated.

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Self-Stabilization In The Distributed Systems Of Finite State Machines, Abusayeed Saifullah Jan 2012

Self-Stabilization In The Distributed Systems Of Finite State Machines, Abusayeed Saifullah

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

The notion of self-stabilization was first proposed by Dijkstra in 1974 in his classic paper. The paper defines a system as self-stabilizing if, starting at any, possibly illegitimate, state the system can automatically adjust itself to eventually converge to a legitimate state in finite amount of time and once in a legitimate state it will remain so unless it incurs a subsequent transient fault. Dijkstra limited his attention to a ring of finite-state machines and provided its solution for self-stabilization. In the years following his introduction, very few papers were published in this area. Once his proposal was recognized as …

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Rapid Development Environments For Therapy Games: Looking Glass Therapy Games For Cerebral Palsy Treatment Utilizing The Kinect, Melynda Eden Jan 2012

Rapid Development Environments For Therapy Games: Looking Glass Therapy Games For Cerebral Palsy Treatment Utilizing The Kinect, Melynda Eden

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Cerebral palsy is a group of neurological disorders that impair body movement, muscle coordination, hearing, vision, and cognitive function. Symptoms vary but can include muscle weakness, muscle and joint tightness, abnormal or unsteady gait, seizures, learning disabilities, speech problems, as well as hearing or vision problems [1]. Although cerebral palsy cannot be cured, treatments such as physical and occupational therapy can greatly help affected children develop motor skills needed to increase mobility and foster independence [2]. Computer based therapy games have shown promise in helping stroke survivors recover from stroke [3]. Initially, stroke therapy games developed in Looking Glass utilized …

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Implementation Of Real-Time Calibration Of Polarization Imaging Sensors, Collin Foster Jan 2012

Implementation Of Real-Time Calibration Of Polarization Imaging Sensors, Collin Foster

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Recent breakthroughs in nanofabrication techniques have led to development of sophisticated Division-of-Focal-Plane (DoFP) polarization imaging sensors. One such technique allows the fabrication of nanowire filters fabricated directly on the imaging sensor itself. This technique can be used to fabricate robust DoFP polarization imaging sensors. However, the polarization information captured by the imagers can be degraded due to imperfections in the fabrication of the nanowire filters on the imaging sensor. Polarization information can also be degraded from other sources including crosstalk between pixels. To compensate for these undesired effects, a calibration routine can be applied to each pixel after image capture. …

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An Integrated Data Mining Approach To Real-Time Clinical Monitoring And Deterioration Warning, Yi Mao, Wenlin Chen, Yixin Chen, Chenyang Lu Jan 2012

An Integrated Data Mining Approach To Real-Time Clinical Monitoring And Deterioration Warning, Yi Mao, Wenlin Chen, Yixin Chen, Chenyang Lu

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Clinical study found that early detection and intervention are essential for preventing clinical deterioration in patients, for patients both in intensive care units (ICU) as well as in general wards but under real-time data sensing (RDS). In this paper, we develop an integrated data mining approach to give early deterioration warnings for patients under real-time monitoring in ICU and RDS. Existing work on mining real-time clinical data often focus on certain single vital sign and specific disease. In this paper, we consider an integrated data mining approach for general sudden deterioration warning. We synthesize a large feature set that includes …

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Data Collection And Performance Monitoring Of Real-Time Parallel Systems , Mahesh Mahadevan Jan 2012

Data Collection And Performance Monitoring Of Real-Time Parallel Systems , Mahesh Mahadevan

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Instrumentation and log data monitoring are important features present in many different applications today that are used in analysis of a system behaviour. They are largely used in collection of key information from the system which might allow us to describe or establish certain facts about the behavior of the system. Instrumentation in any application usually comes along with its overheads. In some cases , code for instrumentation might become more expensive on the underlying resources than the application itself. For many applications, especially real-time applications , this overhead can cause serious and often catastrophic system failures. Collecting useful information …

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Limitations And Solutions For Real-Time Local Inter-Domain Communication In Xen, Sisu Xi, Chong Li, Chenyang Lu, Christopher Gill Jan 2012

Limitations And Solutions For Real-Time Local Inter-Domain Communication In Xen, Sisu Xi, Chong Li, Chenyang Lu, Christopher Gill

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

As computer hardware becomes increasingly powerful, there is an ongoing trend towards integrating complex, legacy real-time systems using fewer hosts through virtualization. Especially in embedded systems domains such as avionics and automotive engineering, this kind of system integration can greatly reduce system weight, cost, and power requirements. When systems are integrated in this manner, network communication may become local inter-domain communication (IDC) within the same host. This paper examines the limitations of inter-domain communication in Xen, a widely used open-source virtual machine monitor (VMM) that recently has been extended to support real-time domain scheduling. We find that both the VMM …

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A 3d Selection & Query Tool For The Geneatlas Project, Donald Mccurdy Jan 2012

A 3d Selection & Query Tool For The Geneatlas Project, Donald Mccurdy

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In this project, I present an application to view, interact with, and search 3D medical volumes as part of the GeneAtlas project.

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Correction Of An Augmentation Bound Analysis For Parallel Real-Time Tasks, Abusayeed Saifullah, Kunal Agrawal, Chenyang Lu, Christopher Gill Jan 2012

Correction Of An Augmentation Bound Analysis For Parallel Real-Time Tasks, Abusayeed Saifullah, Kunal Agrawal, Chenyang Lu, Christopher Gill

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This paper proposes some significant corrections in a recent work of Lakshmanan et al on parallel task scheduling. Lakshmanan et al have proposed a transformation of parallel tasks into sequential tasks, and have claimed a resource augmentation bound of 3:42 for partitioned deadline monotonic (DM) scheduling of the transformed tasks. We demonstrate that their analysis for resource augmentation bound is incorrect. We propose a different technique for task transformation that requires a resource augmentation bound of 5 for partitioned DM scheduling.

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Ride: A Mixed-Mode Control Interface For Mobile Robot Teams, Erik Karulf, Marshall Strother, Parker Dunton, William D. Smart Jan 2012

Ride: A Mixed-Mode Control Interface For Mobile Robot Teams, Erik Karulf, Marshall Strother, Parker Dunton, William D. Smart

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There is a growing need for robot control interfaces that allow a single user to effectively control a large number of mostly-autonomous robots. The challenges in controlling such a collection of robots are very similar to the challenges of controlling characters in some genres of video games. In this paper, we argue that interfaces based on elements from computer video games are effective tools for the control of large robot teams. We present RIDE, the Robot Interactive Display Environment, an example of such an interface, and give the results of initial user studies with the interface, which lend support to …

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Youpon, Garrison Prinslow Jan 2012

Youpon, Garrison Prinslow

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This project was motivated by two related ideas: what can be learned about the unique issues involved with developing cloud-based mobile applications; and, what application could be developed to evaluate these characteristics that would also be innovative and provide value to users. After vetting ideas for the latter objective, it was clear that a new digital coupon system could offer value and apply interesting technologies to computer science problems, such as shortest path calculation, position-aware authentication, game theory, and statistical reasoning. A brief summary of the motivation for developing the new digital coupon system follows.

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