Structural Engineering Commons^™

Performance Based Analysis Of A Steel Braced Frame Building With Buckling Restrained Braces, Margaux Claire Burkholder

Master's Theses

This paper provides an assessment of the seismic performance of a code-designed buckling restrained braced frame building using the performance-based analysis procedures prescribed in ASCE 41-06. The building was designed based on the standards of the ASCE 7-05 for a typical office building located in San Francisco, CA. Nonlinear modeling parameters and acceptance criteria for buckling restrained brace components were developed to match ASCE 41-06 design standards for structural steel components, since buckling restrained braces are not currently included in ASCE 41-06. The building was evaluated using linear static, linear dynamic, nonlinear static and nonlinear dynamic analysis procedures. This study …

Concurrent Engineering Of Tolerance Synthesis And Process Selection For Products With Multiple Quality Characteristcs Considering Process Capability, Mohamad Imron Mustajib

Makara Journal of Technology

The existences of variances that are very difficult to be removed from manufacturing processes provide significance of tolerance to the product quality characteristics target of customer functional requirement. Furthermore, quality loss incurred due to deviation of quality characteristics of the target with a specified tolerance. This article discusses the development of concurrent engineering optimization model of tolerance design and manufacturing process selection on product with multiple quality characteristics by minimizing total costs in the system, namely total manufacturing cost and quality loss cost as functions of tolerance, also rework and scrap costs. The considered multiple quality characteristics have interrelated tolerance …

Pineapple Liquid Waste As Nata De Pina Raw Material, Agus Sutanto

Makara Journal of Technology

This research aims to study the quantity, quality, ecological and economic feasibility of nata de pina production (NP) from pineapple liquid waste (PLW). The design of the study employs complete random design (CRD) with three treatments: PLW without nutrients addition (A), PLW nutrients addition (B), and PLW stored for six months with nutrients addition (C). The nata de pina’s production factors measured were weight, thickness, fiber content, color, brightness, and residual waste. The highest weight was reached in treatment B (899 grams), followed by treatment A (616.4 grams), and C (477.8 grams). The thickness of NP of the height and …

Modeling Of A New Structure Of Precision Air Conditioning System Using Secondary Condenser For Rh Regulation, Aries Subiantoro, Nasruddin Nasruddin, Feri Yusivar, Muhammad Idrus Al-Hamid, Bagio Budiardjo

Makara Journal of Technology

A dynamic mathematical model for a new structure of precision air conditioning (PAC) has been developed. The proposed PAC uses an additional secondary condenser for relative humidity regulation compared to a basic refrigeration system. The work mechanism for this system and a vapour-compression cycle process of the system are illustrated using psychrometric chart and pressure-enthalpy diagram. A non-linear system model is derived based on the conservation of mass and energy balance principles and then linearized at steady state operating point for developing a 8th-order state space model suited for multivariable controller design. The quality of linearized model is analyzed in …

Optimizing Fermentation Medium To Produce Cyclosporin A Using Response Surface Methodology, Rofiq Sunaryanto

Makara Journal of Technology

Response surface methodology (RSM) is a three factorial model which illustrates the relationship between one or more independent variables. RSM can be used to optimize the fermentation medium for the production of Cyclosporin A from the isolate Tolypocladium inflatum. The optimal point of the response surface area is predicted by using a seconddegree polynomial model and applying the statistic model obtained from the central composite design (CCD). The results of optimizing the fermentation medium for Cyclopsorin using the three independent variables of glucose, casein, and KH2PO4 show that all three of the independent variables affect the production of Cyclosporin A. …

Use Of Mill Certficates To Establish Material Properties In Testing Of Colf-Formed Steel Compoenents, Tim Stauffer, Paul Mcentee

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

Testing is often used to establish the available strength of cold-formed steel components. The evaluation of this test data requires adjustment based on the material properties of the tested components to account for values that exceed the minimum specified values. Currently, it is required that this adjustment be based on samples taken from the tested specimen or the flat sheet used to form the test specimen. However, in many cases it is not practical to obtain these samples. Instead, it is desired to permit an alternate that allows the use of mechanical properties reported by the steel supplier. The purpose …

Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Of Alternative Reinforcement Materials For Bridge Superstructures Considering Cost And Maintenance Uncertainties, Christopher D. Eamon, Elin A. Jensen, Nabil F. Grace, Xiuwei Shi

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research Publications

A life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) was conducted on prestressed concrete bridges using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars and strands. Traditional reinforcement materials of uncoated steel with cathodic protection and epoxy-coated steel were also considered for comparison. A series of deterministic LCCAs were first conducted to identify a range of expected cost outcomes for different bridge spans and traffic volumes. Then, a probabilistic LCCA was conducted on selected structures that included activity timing and cost random variables. It was found that although more expensive initially, the use of CFRP reinforcement has the potential to achieve significant reductions in life …

Bridge Design For Earthquake Fault Crossings – Synthesis Of Design Issues And Strategies, Osmar Rodriguez

Master's Theses

This research evaluates the seismic demands for a three-span curved bridge crossing fault-rupture zones. Two approximate procedures which have been proved adequate for ordinary straight bridges crossing fault-rupture zones, i.e., the fault-rupture response spectrum analysis (FR-RSA) procedure and the fault-rupture linear static analysis (FR-LSA) procedure, were considered in this investigation. These two procedures estimate the seismic demands by superposing the peak values of quasi-static and dynamic bridge responses. The peak quasi-static response in both methods is computed by nonlinear static analysis of the bridge under the ground displacement offset associated with fault-rupture. In FR-RSA and FR-LSA, the peak dynamic responses …

Quantifying The Life Cycle Benefits Of Performance-Based Design In Sustainable Design, David Isaac Carmona

Master's Theses

ABSTRACT

Quantifying the Life Cycle Benefits of Performance-Based Design in Sustainable Design

David Carmona

For this thesis, a method is developed and tested for use with performance based design to quantify the sustainable and financial benefits of designing buildings to a structural performance level higher than Life-Safety. This paper starts to answer the question, “which would be a better investment: build structures to a performance level of Immediate Occupancy (IO) with the likelihood of less damage and downtime after an earthquake or continue to build to the building code’s implied minimum performance level of Life-Safety (LS)?”

An ASCE 7-05 designed …

Strength And Fatigue Of Three Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Bridge Decks With Mechanical Deck To Stringer Connections, Andrew Gleason, Peter Dusicka

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Replacement of the steel grating deck on the lift span of the Morrison Bridge in Portland, OR, will utilize glass fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) panels to address ongoing maintenance issues of the deteriorated existing deck, improve driver safety and introduce bridge water runoff treatment. This report outlines the testing methods and results of an experimental program aimed primarily at evaluating a new open cell deck. While most FRP panels are connected via shear studs that are grouted within isolated pockets, the panels in this case were bolted directly to the steel stringers. Two different FRP deck options were evaluated for …

Steel Building Assessment In Post-Earthquake Fire Environments With Fiber Optical Sensors, Genda Chen, Ying Huang, Hai Xiao

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

North American Standard For Cold-Formed Steel Framing -- Nonstructural Members, 2011 Edition, American Iron And Steel Institute

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)

No abstract provided.

Review Of Fracture Toughness (G, K, J, Ctod, Ctoa) Testing And Standardization, Xian-Kui Zhu, James A. Joyce

United States Navy: Publications

The present paper gives a technical review of fracture toughness testing, evaluation and standardization for metallic materials in terms of the linear elastic fracture mechanics as well as the elastic–plastic fracture mechanics. This includes the early investigations and recent advances of fracture toughness test methods and practices developed by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The review describes the most important fracture mechanics parameters: the elastic energy release rate G, the stress intensity factor K, the J-integral, the crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) and the crack-tip opening angle (CTOA) from the basic concept, definition, to experimental estimation, …

Nonlinear Response Of Structures To Characteristic Loading Scenarios, Donya Hajializadeh, Eugene J. Obrien, Bernard Enright, Emma Sheils

Conference papers

To assess the safety of an existing bridge, the traffic loads to which it may be subjected in its lifetime need to be accurately quantified. In this paper the 75 year characteristic maximum traffic load effects are found using a carefully calibrated traffic load simulation model. To generate the bridge loading scenarios, an extensive weigh in motion (WIM) database, from three different European countries, is used. Statistical distributions for vehicle weights, inter-vehicle gaps and other characteristics are derived from the measurements, and are used as the basis for Monte Carlo simulations of traffic representing many years. An advantage of this …

The Effect Of Lane Changing On Long-Span Highway Bridge Traffic Loading, Bernard Enright, Colm Carey, Colin C. Caprani

Conference papers

Maximum loading on long-span bridges typically occurs in congested traffic conditions. As traffic becomes congested car drivers may change lane, increasing the tendency for trucks to travel in platoons. For long-span bridges this phenomenon may increase the regularity and severity of bridge repair programs, with potential significant associated costs. This research investigates the effect of lane changing by car drivers on bridge loading. A Monte Carlo simulation model in which individual car drivers probabilistically decide, based on a lane-changing bias probability, whether or not to change lane has been developed. The sensitivity of bridge loading to this factor is investigated …

Estimating Characteristic Bridge Loads On A Non-Primary Road Network, Eugene J. Obrien, Bernard Enright, Brendan Williams, Cathal Leahy

Conference papers

When collecting truck loading data on a primary road network a common approach is to install a large network of permanent pavement-based Weigh-In-Motion systems. An alternative to this approach would be to use one or more portable Bridge Weigh-In-Motion systems which could be moved between bridges at regular intervals to determine the traffic loading throughout the network. A data collection strategy is needed to put such a system to best use. This paper details the data collection strategies which were examined for the National Roads Authority in Ireland. The use of urban economic concepts including Central Place Theory are discussed …

Reliability Analysis Of Footbridge Serviceability Considering Crowd Loading, Joe Keogh, Colin C. Caprani, Paul Archbold, Paul Fanning

Conference papers

The characteristic vertical response of flexible footbridges subjected to single pedestrian and crowd loading is examined in this paper. Typically, bridge vibrations produced from a crowd of pedestrians are estimated by using an enhancement factor applied to the effect caused by a single pedestrian. In this paper a moving force model is used in Monte Carlo simulations of a non-homogeneous sample of single pedestrians and crowds to estimate characteristic vertical vibration levels. Also in this work, statistical distributions of the bridge parameters are considered, these include flexural rigidity, mass and rotational stiffness at the supports. It was previously proven by …

The Effect Of Clusters Within Crowds Of Pedestrians On The Vertical Response Of A Flexible Footbridge, Joe Keogh, Colin C. Caprani, Paul Archbold, Paul Fanning

Conference papers

The issue of excessive vibrations of footbridges due to the passage of pedestrians has been well documented in the past decade. Despite this there still remains great uncertainty as to how to predict the acceleration response of a footbridge due to crowd loading. This paper investigates the vibration response of a flexible footbridge subjected to crowd loading. Using a statistical model which caters for the variability of pedestrians, the vibration response of the footbridge is obtained. In this work, the effect of social groups or clusters of pedestrians in a crowd is investigated. Herein a cluster is defined as two …

Probabilistic Study Of Lifetime Load Effect Distribution Of Bridges, Donya Hajializadeh, Eugene J. Obrien, Bernard Enright, Colin C. Caprani, Emma Sheils, Simon Wilson

Conference papers

Assessment of highway bridge safety requires a prediction of the probability of occurrence of extreme load effects during the remaining life of the structure. While the assessment of the strength of an existing bridge is relatively well understood, the traffic loading it is subject to, has received less attention in the literature. The recorded traffic data are often limited to a number of days or weeks due to the cost of data collection. Studies in the literature have used many different methods to predict the lifetime maximum bridge load effect using a small amount of data, including fitting block maximum …

Resilience Of Bridges Following Aftershocks, Diego Francisco Espinosa

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The ability to predict the reduction in capacity of a structure after an earthquake is vital in the process of assessing a structure after a main-shock or an after-shock. Main-shocks are normally followed by a few aftershocks in a short period of time. Researchers in the past have focused for the most part on the effects of main-shocks on buildings. Very little research has been performed on the ability to predict the reduction in capacity of bridges in aftershocks. This thesis focuses on providing a way of assessing the reduction in capacity for main-shocks as compared to aftershocks and the …

Performance Of Mechanical And Non-Mechanical Connections To Gfrp Components, Nnadozie N. Dike

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

There are presently many solutions to dealing with aging or deteriorated structures. Depending on the state of the structure, it may need to be completely over-hauled, demolished and replaced, or only specific components may need rehabilitation. In the case of bridges, rehabilitation and maintenance of the decks are critical needs for infrastructure management. Viable rehabilitation options include replacement of decks with aluminum extrusions, hybrid composite and sandwich systems, precast reinforced concrete systems, or the use of pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) shapes. Previous research using pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) decks, focused on behaviour under various strength and serviceability loading conditions. …

Monte Carlo Simulation Of Extreme Traffic Loading On Short And Medium Span Bridges, Bernard Enright, Eugene J. Obrien

Articles

The accurate estimation of site-specific lifetime extreme traffic load effects is an important element in the cost-effective assessment of bridges. A common approach is to use statistical distributions derived from weigh-in-motion measurements as the basis for Monte Carlo simulation of traffic loading. However, results are highly sensitive to the assumptions made, not just with regard to vehicle weights but also to axle configurations and gaps between vehicles. This paper presents a comprehensive model for Monte Carlo simulation of bridge loading for free-flowing traffic, and shows how the model matches results from measurements on five European highways. The model has been …

A Study Of Creep And Shrinkage In Concrete With A Consideration Of Its Effects On Curved Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridges, William O'Sullivan

Theses

The first objective of the project was to explore the differences between Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) cement. The use of GGBS cement concrete is increasing in industry due to the environmental and durability benefits it gives compared with OPC concrete. Data on the creep properties of GGBS cement concrete is limited compared with the data that is available for OPC concrete. Laboratory testing was undertaken to determine the different effects of creep on OPC concrete and GGBS concrete.

The second project objective was to research the effects of creep on post - tensioned curved …

The Response Of A Footbridge To Pedestrians Carrying Additional Mass, Darragh O'Sullivan, Colin Caprani, Joe Keogh

Conference papers

Footbridges with low natural frequency are susceptible to excessive vibration serviceability problems if the pedestrian pacing frequency matches the bridge natural frequency. Much research has been done into describing the response of a footbridge to single pedestrian loading. However, many pedestrians carry additional mass such as shopping bags and backpacks, and this has generally not been accounted for in previous research. This work examines this problem using an experimental bridge excited with many single pedestrian events, both with and without additional mass. The vertical acceleration response is measured and compared to moving force, moving mass, and moving spring-mass-damper models. The …

Lane Changing Control To Reduce Traffic Load Effect On Long-Span Bridges, Colin C. Caprani, Bernard Enright, Colm Carey

Conference papers

Long span bridges are critical parts of a nation’s infrastructure network and congested traffic loading is the governing form of traffic loading. Groups of trucks travelling in conveys are created when fast-er moving vehicles, such as cars, change lane. In this research the authors investigate how the control of these lane-changing events can help reduce the traffic load effects on long span bridges. Real traffic data is used to simulate a traffic stream on a virtual road and bridge using a microsimulation model. Various lane-changing restrictions are examined and compared to the typical case of free lane changing. It is …

Estimation Of Lifetime Maximum Distributions Of Bridge Traffic Load Effects, Eugene J. Obrien, Donya Hajializadeh, Emma Sheils, Bernard Enright

Conference papers

This paper considers the problem of assessing traffic loading on road bridges. A database of European WIM data is used to determine accurate annual maximum distributions of load effect. These in turn are used to find the probability of failure for a number of load effects. Using the probability of failure as the benchmark, traditional measures of safety – factor of safety and reliability index – are reviewed. Both are found to give inconsistent results, i.e., a given factor of safety or reliability index actually corresponds to a range of different probabilities of failure.

Effects Of Cyclic Loading On Offshore Foundation Systems, Shane Browne

Theses

A brief description of the various offshore foundation systems currently available is provided in this report, including the advantages and disadvantages for each system and water depth in which they can be used. These foundation types include floating structures, jacket structures, gravity base structures and the monopile foundation, on which this research specifically focuses.

The monotonic lateral loading of the monopile structure is also examined and the reasons why monotonic testing is required are highlighted, along with the potential analysis that can be generated to improve the design of the monopile foundation. A review of previous test programmes for monopiles …

Optimisation Of Cold-Formed Steel Purlin Cross-Sections, Matt Clifford

Theses

The subject of buckling of steel members is introduced and the critical nature of local buckling in slender members is highlighted.

The main thrust of work this semester is an investigation into the following buckling modes:

Flexural buckling;

Lateral torsional buckling;

Torsional buckling;

Shear buckling;

Web buckling;

Distortional buckling;

Local buckling.

This investigation has three main components:

1. Review of theory, books and appropriate published work;

2. Investigation into the relevant parts of Eurocode 3;

3. Finite element analysis using the LUSAS FE program to illustrate the various buckling modes.

Finally, the areas to be covered in the Realisation Stage …

Flexural Behavior Of Laterally Damaged Full-Scale Bridge Girders Through The Use Of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (Cfrp), Nicholas James Alteri

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

ABSTRACT

The repair and strengthening of concrete bridge members with CFRP has become increasingly popular over recent years. However, significant research is still needed in order to develop more robust guidelines and specifications. The research project aims to assist with improving design procedures for damaged concrete members with the use of CFRP.

This document summarizes the analysis and testing of full-scale 40’ foot long prestressed concrete (PSC) bridge girders exposed to simulated impact damage and repaired with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) materials. A total of five AASHTO type II bridge girders fabricated in the 1960’s were taken from an …

Failure Analysis Of Impact-Damaged Metallic Poles Repaired With Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites, Robert Arthur Slade

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Metallic utility poles, light poles, and mast arms are intermittently damaged by vehicle collision. In many cases the vehicular impact does not cause immediate failure of the structure, but induces localized damage that may result in failure under extreme service loadings or can promote degradation and corrosion within the damaged region. Replacement of these poles is costly and often involves prolonged lane closures, service interruption, and temporary loss of functionality. Therefore, an in situ repair of these structures is required. This thesis examines the failure modes of damaged metallic poles reinforced with externally-bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Several FRP …