Structural Engineering Commons^™

Cold-Formed Steel Bolted Moment-Resisting Connections With Friction-Slip Mechanism For Seismic Areas, Marzie Shahini, Alireza Bagheri Sabbagh

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents investigation on cold-formed steel (CFS) beam-to-column moment-resisting (MR) bolted connections with high energy dissipation capacity suitable for seismic areas. Bolting friction-slip mechanism of the introduced CFS MR connection is developed as its main seismic energy dissipation fuse aiming to postpone or eliminate local buckling and yielding in the CFS MR connections. Finite Element (FE) modelling techniques are employed to effectively simulate the connections with an activated friction-slip mechanism. Hysteretic energy dissipation response of the connections with circular bolting (CB) arrangement designed to slip at 0.5Mp are presented. Based on the obtained FE results, full-scale physical tests on …

Biaxial Bending Of Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack Uprights – Part I: Parametric Studies And Response, Nima Talebian, Benoit P. Gilbert, Cao Hung Pham, Romain Chariere, Hassan Karampour

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper first introduces an advanced finite element model to determine the biaxial bending capacity of cold-formed steel storage rack upright sections. The model is found to accurately predict published experimental results with an average predicted to experimental capacity ratio of 1.02. Second, the validated model is used to run parametric studies and analyse the biaxial response of slender, semi-compact and compact unperforated storage rack upright cross-sections. Analyses are run for local and distortional buckling failure modes only. Ten and four different cross-sectional shapes are analysed for local and distortional buckling, respectively, and nine biaxial bending configurations are considered per …

Biaxial Bending Of Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack Uprights – Part Ii: Design Methods, Nima Talebian, Benoit P. Gilbert, Cao Hung Pham, Hassan Karampour

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper uses the results from the parametric studies reported in the companion paper to verify the accuracy of different forms of published direct strength method (DSM) equations. They consist of the classical DSM equations and considering the inelastic reserve capacity into these equations, with and without an extended range of the cross-sectional slenderness. The verifications are made for local and distortional buckling modes. Results show that for all investigated buckling modes, the DSM results in better predictions when the inelastic reserve capacity is considered. The appropriate form of the DSM to predict the biaxial capacity of unperforated cold-formed steel …

Behavior Of Cold-Formed Steel Metal Industrial Buildings, Adrianna M. Early, M. Ebrahim Mohammadi, Richard L. Wood, Kara D. Peterman

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents research focused on understanding the observed behavior of cold-formed steel (CFS) metal buildings during Hurricane Harvey, which made landfall Friday, August 25, 2017 between Port Aransas and Port O’Connor, Texas. Through the Geotechnical Extreme Event Reconnaissance (GEER) association (funded by the National Science Foundation) a team of structural engineers and researchers performed rapid and detailed assessments of structural damage caused by the hurricane. The National Science Foundation gathered photographs, damage assessments sheets, and three-dimensional laser point cloud data of severely damaged cold-formed steel industrial buildings. The Port Aransas County Airport experienced severe damage to several cold-formed steel …

Sustainability Of Modular Lightweight Steel Building From Design To Construction, Ornella Iuorio, Loredana Napolano, Luigi Fiorino, Raffaele Landolfo

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The increasing concerns over population growth, depletion of natural resources and global warming as well as catastrophic natural events is leading the international scientific community to envisage sustainability as a crucial goal. The built environment plays a key role on the triple bottom line of the sustainable development -- Planet, People, Profit -- because of several environmental, social and economic impacts produced by the construction sector. The acknowledged need to promote a sustainable building market is an international high-priority issue as underlined by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Indeed one of its strategic objectives highlights to make cities and …

Influence Of Fire On The Shear Capacity Of Cold-Formed Steel Framed Shear Walls, M. S. Hoehler, B. Andres

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents experimental investigations of the performance of common lateral force-resisting systems used in cold-formed steel construction under sequential thermal (fire) and mechanical (earthquake) loading. Wall specimens with gypsum-sheet steel composite sheathing, Oriented Strand Board (OSB) sheathing, or steel strap bracing were tested. The results demonstrate that the lateral capacity of wall systems can be reduced by exposure to fire. Additionally, fire performance of wall systems can be affected by pre-damage to the fire-resistive components that provide fire protection to these walls. The results are useful for fire compartmentation design when significant lateral deformation of a building is anticipated …

Cold-Formed Steel Framed Shear Wall Database, Deniz Ayhan, Samuel Baer, Zhidong Zhang, Colin A. Rogers, Benjamin W. Schafer

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The objective of this paper is to provide an introduction to a recently compiled database of cold-formed steel framed shear wall tests and demonstrate the application of this database for improving the understanding and modeling of cold-formed steel framed shear walls. Over the last 20 years a substantial number of cold-formed steel framed shear walls have been tested under monotonic and cyclic conditions. These tests provide the support for the cold-formed steel framed shear wall provisions provided in the North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Framing (AISI S240-15), the North American Standard for Seismic Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural …

Seismic Behavior Of Cold-Formed Steel Shear Walls During Full-Scale Building Shake Table Tests, X. Wang, Tara C. Hutchinson, G. Hegemier, Colin A. Rogers

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cold-formed steel sheathed shear walls are now emerging as a strategic vertical lateral load resisting component in seismic design. However, although a number of component cyclic test programs have been conducted in recent years to characterize their hysteretic behavior and guide design, system-level test programs to investigate their performance are so far lacking in the literature. To this end, a unique full-scale CFS-framed mid-rise building shake table test program was conducted to contribute to understanding the behavior of mid-rise cold-formed steel (CFS) wall-braced buildings under a multi-hazard scenario. The centerpiece of this project involved earthquake and live fire testing of …

Performance Of Cold-Formed Steel Shear Walls With Frame Blocking And Double-Sheathing, Robert Rizk, Vincent Briere, Veronica Santos, Colin A. Rogers

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper summarizes a laboratory based research program on blocked and double-sheathed cold-formed steel framed shear walls. The intent was to develop walls whose in-plane shear resistance exceeds that of configurations currently listed in the AISI S400 Standard. The results showed that the frame blocking can be used in the construction of walls whose resistance is at the limit of that found in AISI S400; however, the blocking will not adequately restrain the framing members if thicker sheathing is used. An approach was needed to minimize the effect of the eccentric loading caused by the sheathing and to account for …

Proposal To Improve The Dsm Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Angle Columns: Need, Background, Quality Assessment And Illustration, Pedro Borges Dinis, Dinar Camotim

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents a proposal for the codification of an efficient design approach, based on the Direct Strength Method (DSM), for cold-formed steel equal-leg angle columns with short-to-intermediate lengths, i.e., those buckling in flexural-torsional modes. Initially, the available experimental failure load data, comprising fixed-ended and pin-ended (“cylindrical hinges”) columns with several geometries (cross-section dimensions and lengths) and tested by various researchers, are collected and used to show that the currently codified DSM design provisions are not able to handle adequately short-to- intermediate angle columns and that a specific DSM-based design approach is needed to estimate the failure loads of such …

The Design And Development Of Lightweight Composite Panels For Rigid Wall Structures, Jeremy J. Artman, Cheng Yu

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The paper presents a research effort aimed at developing a stronger, lighter, and more economic shelter for both military and civilian use. Reported herein are the research results on developing solid wall panels using cold-formed steel corrugated sheathing and members, as well as polyurethane spray foam for insulation. This research includes calculating uniform load density, determining the overall strength of the panel, and investigating the flexural strength of the roof panels. Research incorporated different connection methods, with varied stud spacing, to determine the safest design for the new mobile facilities. Previous research has shown that cold-formed steel corrugated sheathing performs …

Web Crippling Behavior Of Cold-Formed Ferritic Stainless Steel Unlipped Channels Under Interior-One-Flange And End-One-Flange Loadings, Amir M. Yousefi, James B. P. Lim, G. Charles Clifton

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The web crippling strength of cold-formed ferritic stainless steel unlipped channels subject to interior-one-flange and end-one-flange loading is considered in this paper. A total of 144 results are presented, comprising 36 laboratory and 108 numerical results. These results cover the cases of both flanges restrained and unrestrained to the load and reaction plates. Unlike other work in the literature, the numerical analysis in this paper uses nonlinear quasi-static finite element analysis with an implicit integration scheme, which has advantages over static and quasi-static with an explicit integration scheme analyses, particularly for post buckling predictions of unlipped channels subject to web …

Experimental And Analytical Studies Of Cold-Formed Steel Sections With Edge-Stiffened Circular Holes Subjected To Web Crippling, Asraf Uzzaman, James B. P. Lim, David Nash, Amir M. Yousefi, Benjamin Young

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cold-formed steel sections are often used as wall studs or floor joists and such sections often include web holes for ease of installation of services. The holes are normally punched or bored and are unstiffened; when the holes are near to points of concentrated load, web crippling can be the critical design consideration. Recently, a new generation of cold-formed steel channel sections with edge-stiffened circular holes has been developed. The web holes are stiffened through a continuous edge stiffener/lip around the perimeter of the hole. In this paper, a combination of experimental investigations and non-linear finite element analyses are used …

On The Effect Of Web Stiffening Of Cold-Formed Steel Thin-Walled Lipped Sigma Sections In Compression Members, Rashideddin Cheraghi, Hamidreza Mohammadzadeh

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cold-formed steel cross sections are high strength thin-walled profiles which are highly prone to local and distortional instabilities. Stiffening techniques are utilized in the industry as a solution to enhance local and distortional buckling strengths. The sigma section is that channel section which its web pushed inward for the stiffening reason. In this research, the effect of side sway of the web (dx) on the buckling behavior of lipped sigma sections is investigated. The results demonstrate that stiffening inclined components of the web in lipped sigma sections for dx up to 0.5512”(14 mm) act as a stiffener and change the …

The Impact Of Bearing Conditions On The Behavior Of Cold-Formed Steel Stud Assemblies, Abbas Joorabchian, Zhanjie Li, Kara D. Peterman

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The objective of this study is to explore the structural response of cold-formed steel stud assemblies (i.e., stud and track) with partial bearing conditions. It is hypothesized that studs bearing under partial bearing conditions (i.e., not fully bearing on a concrete slab) may result in reduced axial capacities. Currently, the behavior of these systems on concrete slabs due to member instabilities is not well-understood, and cold-formed steel design specifications provide no guidance. This study provides an integral experimental and numerical investigation of the stability response of the studs under partial bearing conditions in order to quantify the reduction of their …

Shear Resistance Mechanisms On Steel Sheet Shear Walls With Burring Holes And Cross-Rails, Yoshimichi Kawai, Kazunori Fujihashi, Shigeaki Tohnai, Atsushi Sato, Tetsuro Ono

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Steel sheet shear walls with burring holes are employed in low and mid-rise buildings in seismically active regions. A configuration with burrs on the inside enables the thinner wall and omitting the machining of equipment holes. The effects of cross-rails which are generally designed to strengthen the bearing capacities of the studs, on 2.73~4.53m height shear walls were clarified by finite element analysis and experiments. Post-buckling behavior depends on tension fields restrained by the cross-rails. The formulas of the allowable strengths and the indexes of ultimate strengths were developed using the mechanisms.

Web Bearing Capacity Of Cold-Formed Ferritic Stainless Steel Unlipped Channels With Web Perforations Under The End-Two-Flange (Etf) Loading, Amir M. Yousefi, James B. P. Lim, G. Charles Clifton

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Laboratory and numerical evaluations on the web bearing capacity of unlipped cold-formed ferritic stainless steel channels are described in this paper. The channels considered have circular perforations in the web and are loaded under the end-two-flange (ETF) load case. A total of 387 results comprising 27 laboratory and 360 numerical results are presented. A nonlinear quasi-static finite element (FE) model was developed for the numerical investigation. An extensive parametric study is described to determine web bearing capacity reduction factors for different sizes of circular web perforations and cross-section dimensions; the circular web perforations are either centred or offset to the …

Finite-Element Analysis Of The Eaves Joint Of Cold-Formed Steel Portal Frames Having Single Channel-Sections, Pouya Pouladi, John Ronaldson, George Charles Clifton, Jason Maxwell Ingham, Andrzej M. Wrzesien, Paul Milewski, James B. P. Lim

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A finite element model is described for the eaves joint of a cold-formed steel portal frame that comprises a single channel section for the column and rafters eaves connections. The members are connected to the brackets through both screws and bolts. Such a joint detail is commonly used in practice in New Zealand and Australia, where the function of the screws is to prevent slip of the joint during frame erection since the bolt holes are detailed for nominal clearance. The results of the finite element model are compared against two experimental test results. In both, the critical mode of …

Column-Footing Connection Evaluation Of Hollow-Core Composite Bridge Columns, Mohanad M. Abdulazeez, Mohamed Elgawady

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the seismic behavior of two large-scale hollow-core fiber-reinforced polymer-concrete-steel (HC-FCS) precast columns having two different footing connections. The precast HC-FCS column consists of a concrete shell sandwiched between an outer fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tube and an inner steel tube. The steel tube was embedded 635 mm (25 inches) into a reinforced concrete footing, while the outer FRP tube confined the concrete shell only i.e. it was truncated at the top surface of the footing. One connection included embedding the steel tube into the footing. The other one included using a corrugated steel pipe (CSP) embedded into the …

Feasibility Of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor For Corrosion Monitoring Of Steel Bars In Reinforced Concrete, Liang Fan, Yi Bao, Genda Chen

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This study investigates the feasibility of distributed fiber optic sensor for corrosion monitoring of steel bars embedded in concrete. Two sensor installation methods are compared: (1) attaching the sensor along the bar and (2) winding the sensor on the bar. For the second method, optical fibers were winded spirally on steel bars with different spacings: 0 mm, 2 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm. Steel bar pull-out testing was conducted to evaluate the effect of presence of distributed sensor on the bond strength of steel—concrete interface. Electrochemical testing was carried out to assess the influence of the installation methods on …

Program Progress Performance Report #3, Missouri University Of Science And Technology. Inspire - University Transportation Center

Semi-Annual Progress Reports

No abstract provided.

Load Bearing Clip Angle Design -- Phase Ii, Cheng Yu, Zhishan Yan, Wenying Zhang, Lanping Qian

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)

The report presents the second phase of a research project aimed at developing design methods for three limit states of CFS clip angles: shear, compression, and pull-over of the screw connections. In the Phase II work, the research focus was on investigating (1) the fastener pattern effects on the behavior and strength of clip angles; (2) the serviceability of clip angles subjected to tension; (3) the strength and behavior of clip angles subjected to combined shear and bending. Based on the research findings, revision to the Phase I method was proposed to account for the impact of the fastener spacing. …

Sensor-Enhanced Analysis And Behavior Of Steel Beams In Fire, Genda Chen

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Traditionally, strain data are difficult, if not impossible, to obtain from steel structures in fire due to their harsh environment and temperature measurements are limited to the locations of thermocouples. This paper presents high-temperature measurements using a Brillouin scattering based (distributed) fiber optic sensor and the application of the measured temperatures and material parameters recommended in building codes into the enhanced thermo-mechanical analysis of simply-supported steel beams subjected to combined thermal and loading effects. The distributed temperature sensor captures detailed, non-uniform temperature distributions that are compared locally with thermocouple measurements by less than 5% at a 95% confidence level. The …

Toward Autonomous Wall-Climbing Robots For Inspection Of Concrete Bridges And Tunnels, Jizhong Xiao

INSPIRE Archived Webinars

In addition to visual inspection for surface flaws, inspectors are often required to detect subsurface defects (e.g., delamination and voids) using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) instruments, such as ground penetration radar (GPR) and impact sounding device, in order to determine the structural integrity of bridges and tunnels. In these cases, access to critical locations for reliable and safe inspections is a challenge.

Since 2002, Dr. Jizhong Xiao’s group has developed four generations of wall-climbing robots for NDE inspection of bridges and tunnels. These robots combine the advantages of aerodynamic attraction and suction to achieve a desirable balance of strong adhesion and …

Pedestrian Bridge Test Demonstration, Genda Chen, R. Zoughi

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

The INSPIRE UTC, with permission and the cooperation of Missouri S&T Facilities Operations, is conducting research testing on the Computer Science Pedestrian Bridge through the end of September 2018. The technologies employed in the Pedestrian Bridge test include: microwave imaging, ground penetrating radar and impact-echo tests, hyperspectral, and thermal imaging.

Developing A Robotic Simulator And Video Games For Professional And Public Training, Sushil Louis

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

Civil engineers are not educated with robotics. They need to be trained on the job with effective tools. The most recent simulation trainer that the PI has built is currently being used by the United States Navy to train surface warfare officers in decision making under stress. In a crowded in-port environment, the crew on a ship’s bridge is trained to probe and identify suspicious boat behavior within the port’s traffic pattern. Officers in charge of the simulation training lesson use software for high-level control of dozens of other ships, boats, and aircrafts that quickly react and adapt to the …

Training Framework Of Robotic Operation And Image Analysis For Decision-Making In Bridge Inspection And Preservation, Ruwen Qin

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

Inspection and preservation of existing transportation infrastructure to extend their service life is an effective way of mitigating the pressure of steadily growing transportation demands on the aging infrastructure. Their current practice, though, represents one of the most costly operations in state departments of transportation.

The INSPIRE University Transportation Center will develop a remotely-controlled robotic platform that helps with these labor-intensive tasks and allows engineers to focus on decision-making processes. An important mission of INSPIRE is to leverage users’ capability of implementing, and interacting with, the robotic platform. Therefore, a long-term plan has been made to create a framework of …

Autonomous Wall-Climbing Robots For Inspection And Maintenance Of Concrete Bridges, Jizhong Xiao

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

Since 2002, the PI’s group has developed four generations of wall-climbing robots for NDE inspection of civil infrastructure. These robots combine the advantages of aerodynamic attraction and suction to achieve a desirable balance of strong adhesion and high mobility. They don’t require perfect sealing and can thus move on smooth and rough surfaces, such as brick, concrete, stucco, wood, glass, and metal. For example, Rise-Rover uses two drive modules to carry their middle compartment with payload up to 450 N. Ground penetrating radar (GPR)-Rover and Mini GPR-Rover are custom designed to carry a GSSI’s GPR antenna for subsurface defect detection …

Climbing Robots With Automated Deployment Of Sensors And Nde Devices For Steel Bridge Inspection, Hung La

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

The PI was a research scientist/faculty at Rutgers University who successfully developed in 2014 a Robotic Assisted Bridge Inspection Tool (RABIT) for bridge deck inspections. Other bridge elements, such as girders and columns, or even underside of bridge decks are difficult to access and remain a challenge for efficient inspection. Like visual inspection, current practices for bridge maintenance are equally time consuming and expensive. Automation of simple maintenance actions such as bearing cleaning and concrete sealing with robots will lead to a leap forward to the next-generation strategy of bridge maintenance.

This project aims to develop and prototype automated climbing …

Mobile-Manipulating Uavs For Sensor Installation, Bridge Inspection And Maintenance, Paul Oh

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

Mobile manipulating UAVs have great potential for bridge inspection and maintenance. Since 2002, the PI has developed UAVs that could fly through in-and-around buildings and tunnels. Collision avoidance in such cluttered near-Earth environments has been a key challenge. The advent of light-weight, computationally powerful cameras led to breakthroughs in SLAM even though SLAM-based autonomous aerial navigation around bridges remains an unsolved problem.

In 2007, the PI integrated a mobile manipulation function into UAVs, greatly extending the capabilities of UAVs from passive survey of environments with cameras to active interaction with environments using limbs. Mobile-manipulating UAVs have since been demonstrated to …