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2022

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Articles 181 - 210 of 257

Full-Text Articles in Construction Engineering and Management

A Case Study Comparing Panelization And Modularization Construction Methods, Tuukka Juhani Jaakkola Mar 2022

A Case Study Comparing Panelization And Modularization Construction Methods, Tuukka Juhani Jaakkola

Construction Management

Construction industry is notoriously inefficient industry with a lot of room for improvement. Construction companies are constantly looking to increase their efficiency. NCC Finland decided to explore the method of modular construction as part of the efforts to increase production. NCC also happened to build a similarly sized project with the more traditional method of panelization and tilt-up construction. This Case study explores the experience of NCC as the general contractor of both projects. The aim is to understand the differences of the challenges and benefits experienced by the team from NCC. The findings show that Modular construction offers wide …

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The Development And Evaluation Of A New Trench Safety Equipment, Joshua D. Clesi Mar 2022

The Development And Evaluation Of A New Trench Safety Equipment, Joshua D. Clesi

Construction Management

One of the most dangerous works in construction is trench work and excavation. Fatalities that range from permanent injuries to death happen to construction workers every day, not having a lot of alternatives to prevent unfortunate incidents such as cave-ins and shoring failures. What this paper is proposing is a new invention that may solve this ongoing problem with trench safety. The idea is a crane-like lift attached to the back of a pick-up truck that will vertically lift people out of the trenches in a matter of seconds before shoring collapses or the trench caves in. This project primarily …

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Analysis Of The Potential Structure Of A Peer Mentorship Program For The Construction Management Department At Cal Poly, Slo, Jane C. Runte Mar 2022

Analysis Of The Potential Structure Of A Peer Mentorship Program For The Construction Management Department At Cal Poly, Slo, Jane C. Runte

Construction Management

The Construction Management Department at Cal Poly, SLO has no structured peer mentorship program as of 2022. The department has attempted to implement a peer mentoring program in the past but none with longevity. This paper analyzes data collected from the students of the CM Department through a qualitative and quantitative survey regarding the need and structure of a peer mentorship program to begin again. The survey’s main goal was to gain an understanding of whether or not the students think the department should implement a peer mentorship program and the structure that the student body would find most beneficial …

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Creating A Demolition Topic Course, Eli Jeremiah Lipton Mar 2022

Creating A Demolition Topic Course, Eli Jeremiah Lipton

Construction Management

Demolition is as old as construction itself and has always played an integral role in the construction process. That is, however, not the reality of the Construction Management (CM) program at California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly). The current curriculum covers a wide range of topics and prepares students to be able to join any residential, commercial, and heavy civil projects. These projects all have something in common, the demolition process. Undergraduates are not prepared with the basic demolition knowledge to be successful in the industry. Demolition is overlooked at Cal Poly and is not a primary focus in any …

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The Preconstruction Of Sustainable Housing In Muhanga, Rwanda, Rachael Worstman Mar 2022

The Preconstruction Of Sustainable Housing In Muhanga, Rwanda, Rachael Worstman

Construction Management

This project involved the designing and building process of a sustainable, environmentally sound housing option designed for the people of Muhanga, Rwanda. This project was initially inspired by the Earthships built in New Mexico. During the design process the Earthships' design and materials used was evaluated, then altered to better suit Rwanda based on the available natural resources and needs of the people. Rwandans have endured a traumatic history and still experiences struggle today. An example of this is the anti-thatching campaign in 2011 that left thousands of people homeless as they were forced out of their unsafe homes. One …

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Living Off The Grid With Renewable Energy: A Case Study, Jake Reid O'Balle Mar 2022

Living Off The Grid With Renewable Energy: A Case Study, Jake Reid O'Balle

Construction Management

The trend towards green, sustainable living is on the rise and the benefits are continuing to make noise in the world of homeowners. In this project, the benefits of renewable energy and consumer preferences were analyzed and applied to off-grid living in the form of a case study. It was found that the majority of homebuyers are concerned about the environment and wanted an environmentally friendly home but are not willing to pay more in order to achieve these desires. This information spurred the need for a detailed assessment of the feasibility of sustainable off-grid living. After conducting extensive research, …

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Introduction To A Demolition Topics Course, Scott Martin Mar 2022

Introduction To A Demolition Topics Course, Scott Martin

Construction Management

The California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) Construction Management (CM) program was created to allow graduates the opportunity to work effectively in practically every part of the construction industry. The curriculum covers a wide range of topics and prepares students with the ability to join various projects, such as residential, commercial, and heavy civil projects. What these projects all have in common, a topic almost entirely ignored at Cal Poly but nonetheless very important and relevant, is demolition in the construction industry. By offering a course focused entirely on the demolition process, principles, and safety, students will be better prepared …

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The Integration Of Virtual Reality In The Commercial Construction Industry, Justin T. Gin Mar 2022

The Integration Of Virtual Reality In The Commercial Construction Industry, Justin T. Gin

Construction Management

Virtual reality has recently been spreading throughout the commercial construction industry rapidly. Some of its capabilities are safety training, helping spot Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) issues, logistics planning, and virtual walkthroughs. Many construction companies were starting to utilize virtual reality's advantages until COVID-19 hit. The initial wave of COVID slowed down construction in general as well as the need or use of virtual reality. Now, some companies are worried about the health risks and implementation issues that virtual reality headsets might bring while other companies are optimistic about the future of virtual reality. This report will explore the different …

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Gnss Construction Surveying, Jake C. Carter Mar 2022

Gnss Construction Surveying, Jake C. Carter

Construction Management

This Senior Project examines world of cutting-edge surveying technology which will be implemented into Cal Poly’s Construction Management 239 Construction Surveying course. It creates a field exercise for student learning that mimics the application the of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and how they are used in the construction industry. The new exercise includes the use of GNSS receivers, base hubs, field computers, and a Topcon MAGNET Field application. From the research phase to the training/learning phase to the implementation of the assignment into the course this project embodied the “Learn-By-Doing” philosophy. This project was successful in demonstrating how GNSS …

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Sustainability Within Asphalt And Concrete Paving Systems, Matthew Clapp Mar 2022

Sustainability Within Asphalt And Concrete Paving Systems, Matthew Clapp

Construction Management

The construction industry is continually determining ways to make the building process more streamlined, cost efficient and, more recently, sustainable. As the commercial construction industry becomes more structured, industry leaders are looking for new ways to make installation of materials and cleanup more environmentally friendly. Construction is responsible for a large portion of the overall harm toward the environment. Although the commercial sector has made great strides toward this effort in the last fifty years with programs such as LEED, there is still much to be taken into consideration. The goal of this research is to analyze the current trends …

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Using Project Production Methodology To Compare Onsite Prefabrication Steel Erection To Traditional Stick-Built, Corinne R. Nalder Mar 2022

Using Project Production Methodology To Compare Onsite Prefabrication Steel Erection To Traditional Stick-Built, Corinne R. Nalder

Construction Management

Project production management provides continuity, predictability, and optimization of a process in comparison to the traditional approach of project management. Prefabrication is an example of project production management in which there is continuity of the product, reduced variability, and where the assembly process can be altered for best results. This paper will examine the benefits of project production management and compare two methods of steel erection in which one method performs an onsite prefabrication process while the other method employs the traditional stick-built process. The two methods will be modeled by a tool that replicates a repetitive process similar to …

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Construction Management Students Using Technology In The Field, Anthony D. Bongi Mar 2022

Construction Management Students Using Technology In The Field, Anthony D. Bongi

Construction Management

This research paper examines the affect technology has had on the desire for college graduates to pursue a career in the field. The idea of college graduates entering directly into a field leadership position was contemplated and discussed. Historically, soft skills such as leadership and communication have been the predominate attributes of any worker expected to run construction in the field. While the importance of these skills hasn’t changed, the importance of technological skills has increased to be considered alongside soft skills. Through an anonymous survey of industry professionals with 10+ years of experience as well as interviews of two …

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Proposal For Adobe Earthbag Disaster-Relief Structure, John Camacho Mar 2022

Proposal For Adobe Earthbag Disaster-Relief Structure, John Camacho

Construction Management

The science behind creating an adobe house has been around for thousands of years; the primitive mixture contains only dirt, water, and straw. Left to cure in bricks or as a single cast-in-place system, the structure will provide long-lasting protection from the elements. Science has taken this a step further with the introduction of cementitious admixtures and reinforcement. The result is an adobe structure with exemplary thermo-retentive properties and load-bearing capabilities. This project provides an analysis on the “SuperAdobe” earthbag system that has been put into practice by independent contractors and housing-relief initiatives. The goal of the project was to …

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Essai Sur Le Terrain Du Mini Pipe Strain Meter Du Jniosh Comme Système D’Alerte De Sécurité Lors Des Travaux En Tranchée, André Lan, Bertrand Galy, Satoshi Tamate, Tomohito Hori, Nabutaka Hiraoka Jan 2022

Essai Sur Le Terrain Du Mini Pipe Strain Meter Du Jniosh Comme Système D’Alerte De Sécurité Lors Des Travaux En Tranchée, André Lan, Bertrand Galy, Satoshi Tamate, Tomohito Hori, Nabutaka Hiraoka

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Les travaux en tranchée exposent les travailleurs à de nombreux risques. Le risque d'effondrement est le plus important et le plus fréquent lors de tels travaux, mais il est malheureusement très souvent sous-estimé, car même un effondrement mineur ou partiel de moins de 1 m3 de sol peut mortellement blesser un travailleur. L'analyse de 59 rapports de la Commission des normes, de l'équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CNESST) concernant des accidents graves et mortels survenus lors de travaux d'excavation et en tranchée réalisés entre juin 1973 et mai 2015 montre qu'il y a eu 51 …

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Field Test Of The Jniosh Mini Pipe Strain Meter As A Safety Alert System During Trench Work, André Lan, Bertrand Galy, Satoshi Tamate, Tomohito Hori, Nabutaka Hiraoka Jan 2022

Field Test Of The Jniosh Mini Pipe Strain Meter As A Safety Alert System During Trench Work, André Lan, Bertrand Galy, Satoshi Tamate, Tomohito Hori, Nabutaka Hiraoka

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Les travaux en tranchée exposent les travailleurs à de nombreux risques. Le risque d'effondrement est le plus important et le plus fréquent lors de tels travaux, mais il est malheureusement très souvent sous-estimé, car même un effondrement mineur ou partiel de moins de 1 m3 de sol peut mortellement blesser un travailleur. L'analyse de 59 rapports de la Commission des normes, de l'équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CNESST) concernant des accidents graves et mortels survenus lors de travaux d'excavation et en tranchée réalisés entre juin 1973 et mai 2015 montre qu'il y a eu 51 …

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Mathematical Modeling And Optimization Of Water Efficiency In Residential Buildings, Mahmoud Amin Jan 2022

Mathematical Modeling And Optimization Of Water Efficiency In Residential Buildings, Mahmoud Amin

Theses and Dissertations

Water scarcity is a global issue that is rapidly worsening. The domestic sector is one of the fastest-growing segments of world water usage. Many researchers have explored various approaches to promote sustainable uses of water, with Greywater (GW) recycling and utilization of innovative plumbing fixtures among the methods presented to reduce freshwater consumption for domestic usage. Nonetheless, previous studies have dealt with both means independently, with limited analysis of the integrated effect of utilizing GW recycling with innovative plumbing fixtures, both on quality of supplied water, as well as on cost of the integrated system. Accordingly, this research aims at …

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Final Bid Price Estimation For Negotiated Contracts: Bargaining Game Theory Approach, Amr El Mahallaoui Jan 2022

Final Bid Price Estimation For Negotiated Contracts: Bargaining Game Theory Approach, Amr El Mahallaoui

Theses and Dissertations

The wide use of the low bid method by employers for awarding construction contracts has created an aggressively competitive environment among contractors in the construction industry. As a result, a contractor may resort to use a low mark-up percentage for his bid to increase his chances of winning, which may lead to losses and conflicts in case he is awarded the project. Additionally, a contractor who reaches the final negotiations stage for a certain project is faced by the dilemma of the minimum discount percentage he may need to offer to the employer that maximizes his chance to win the …

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Rework Prediction On A Construction Site Through Bim & Ann Integration, Raghda Attia Jan 2022

Rework Prediction On A Construction Site Through Bim & Ann Integration, Raghda Attia

Theses and Dissertations

Construction Rework is a common and widespread issue in the construction industry that has a detrimental impact on the project performance, whether in terms of schedule delay or cost overrun. Developments in Building Information Modelling (BIM) have aided in the resolution of coordination issues, which are thought to be one of the leading sources of rework particularly during the construction stage. Nevertheless, the majority of research has focused on resolving coordination issues during the design stage with minimum regard to the coordination issues that occur during the construction stage. In a BIM environment, the goal of this research is to …

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A Quality Management System Implementation Framework For Contracting Companies In Egypt, Noha Elsokhn Jan 2022

A Quality Management System Implementation Framework For Contracting Companies In Egypt, Noha Elsokhn

Theses and Dissertations

Customer dissatisfaction due to low quality and performance in developing countries is more notable than technical construction failures. In order to enhance the corporate-level quality, which is reflected later in project-level metrics, quality management systems (QMS) are developed and applied. A quality management system (QMS) defines the organization's structure, processes, procedures, and responsibilities to achieve quality policies and objectives. Successful implementation of a QMS improves service quality, organization performance, and customer satisfaction. Previous research widely explored QMS implementation in different industries; only a few studies focused on the implementation and its influential factors in the construction industry, especially in developing …

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Project Leanness Score: A Machine Learning Approach, Julia Said Jan 2022

Project Leanness Score: A Machine Learning Approach, Julia Said

Theses and Dissertations

The construction industry is known to have several inadequacies in resource utilization leading to cost and schedule overruns. One of the popular recent methods that attempts to eliminate these inadequacies is lean construction principles, techniques and tools. Lean construction is a philosophy, backed with principles and tools, aiming at maximizing value, eliminating waste, optimizing efficiency, and seeking continuous improvement. Lean construction techniques (such as pull planning, just-in-time delivery, fail safe for quality, etc.) are widely researched and well developed. However, their implementation in construction sites is tricky as their success depends on several other factors such as the level of …

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Numerical Investigation On Blast Response Of Cold-Formed Steel Framing Protected With Functionally Graded Composite Material, Elias Ali Jan 2022

Numerical Investigation On Blast Response Of Cold-Formed Steel Framing Protected With Functionally Graded Composite Material, Elias Ali

Faculty Scholarship

This paper presents a numerical simulation on the blast response of cold-formed steel (CFS) structural framing system protected with a functionally graded composite material (FGM) panel. The steel frame consists of four CFS studs, which were protected by 12.5 mm thick gypsum, aluminum composite, and FGM composite materials on both sides. The numerical simulation was performed using ABAQUS on a 1.8 m × 2.4 m, overall wall panel exposed to air blast on one side. A 1.0 kg TNT explosive charge placed at four standoff distances (R) of 1.0 m, 1.5 m, 2.0 m, and 2.5 m from the framing …

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Strategic Energy Master Planning For Carbon Neutrality, Marie Patterson Jan 2022

Strategic Energy Master Planning For Carbon Neutrality, Marie Patterson

CSU Journal of Sustainability and Climate Change

Universities across the United States are generating goals to be more sustainable and carbon neutral. The energy used in existing buildings on campuses amount to a large volume of greenhouse emissions and must be reduced to help achieve neutrality goals. Strategic Energy Master Plans are instrumental to support these goals through the development of recommendations to reduce energy. Calculating the energy use intensity for existing buildings, a main component of a Strategic Energy Master Plan, can help the campus understand where energy is being used the most. With this information the highest energy consuming buildings can be the focus of …

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Generalized Cost-Effectiveness Of Residential Wind Mitigation Strategies For Wood-Frame, Single Family House In The Usa, Fatemeh Orooji, Carol J. Friedland, Rose Dominic Savio, Arash Taghinezhad, Carol C. Massarra, Nazla Bushra, Robert V. Rohli Jan 2022

Generalized Cost-Effectiveness Of Residential Wind Mitigation Strategies For Wood-Frame, Single Family House In The Usa, Fatemeh Orooji, Carol J. Friedland, Rose Dominic Savio, Arash Taghinezhad, Carol C. Massarra, Nazla Bushra, Robert V. Rohli

Faculty Publications

Wind is one of the deadliest and most expensive hazards in the United States. Wind hazards cause significant damage to buildings and economic losses to homeowners. Economic losses average approximately $3.8 billion annually from hurricane winds and are not decreasing, even despite enhanced construction practices to reduce wind damage. Thus, the effectiveness of mitigation strategies should be evaluated in order to lower the cost incurred by this hazard. Several studies have suggested building code improvements to mitigate the wind hazard, this additional comprehensive research provides selecting economically beneficial mitigation strategies to consider in building code revisions. In a step toward …

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Quality Management System Model For Design Consultants, Hisham Mohmmad Abu-Ghazala Jan 2022

Quality Management System Model For Design Consultants, Hisham Mohmmad Abu-Ghazala

Archived Theses and Dissertations

No abstract provided.

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Instructional Design Framework For Construction Materials Training, Hazem Jadallah, Carol J. Friedland, Isabelina Nahmens, Charles Pecquet, Charles Berryman, Yimin Zhu Jan 2022

Instructional Design Framework For Construction Materials Training, Hazem Jadallah, Carol J. Friedland, Isabelina Nahmens, Charles Pecquet, Charles Berryman, Yimin Zhu

Faculty Publications

The construction industry is suffering, in part, from a lack of training programs offered to the construction workforce. Unfortunately, most construction training and education research focuses on university student education. Integrating education science theory into construction workforce training has the potential to improve industry training but there is a dearth of studies that present details of this integration process. To address this gap, a training framework was developed to educate material stakeholders on material properties, selection, and installation. This framework is based on andragogical and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles. An assessment method evaluates training agendas to improve upon …

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Identifying And Evaluating The Perceptions Of Near-Miss Reporting Within The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Seth Atkins Jan 2022

Identifying And Evaluating The Perceptions Of Near-Miss Reporting Within The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Seth Atkins

Theses and Dissertations--Civil Engineering

In the field of construction, most safety data and practices focus on preventing and mitigating serious incidents resulting in injuries or fatalities. However, on construction sites, near-miss events occur more frequently than said serious incidents and, under marginally different conditions, could potentially lead to damages, injuries, or fatalities. Therefore, near-miss reporting can serve as a useful tool for managing safety as it allows for workers to identify and managers to address potential risk factors within construction sites. While most construction companies have implemented some method for reporting near-miss events, many organizations, such as the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC), struggle with …

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Risk-Based Inspection Applied To Two-Post Above-Ground Automotive Lifts, Damien Burlet-Vienney, François Gauthier, Bertrand Galy Jan 2022

Risk-Based Inspection Applied To Two-Post Above-Ground Automotive Lifts, Damien Burlet-Vienney, François Gauthier, Bertrand Galy

Études primaires

The safe use of two-post above-ground automotive lifts (2PAG lifts) has received particular attention in the province of Québec (Canada) following the death of a young mechanic. The inspection and preventive maintenance of this equipment is a problem highlighted in accident investigation reports and by representatives of the sector. Therefore, the work presented in this article aimed at proposing a complete and detailed inspection grid for 2PAG lifts by establishing an exhaustive list of verification criteria, baseline states and the inspection frequency for each criterion according to their criticality. The grid was built from standards, existing grids, manufacturers’ manuals, interviews …

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Numerical Study And Optimization Of Post-Tensioning Energy Dissipating Connections With Inerters, Hector Blanco Gavillan Jan 2022

Numerical Study And Optimization Of Post-Tensioning Energy Dissipating Connections With Inerters, Hector Blanco Gavillan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Posttensioned connections for steel moment resisting frames (MRF) can reduce residual deformations through self-centering capabilities. Devices are added to improve the connections energy dissipating capability and includes energy dissipating (ED) bars, friction dampers, and steel angles located at the top and bottom of the beam-to-column connections. The Post-Tensioned Energy dissipating (PTED) connection reduces inelastic deformation to the beams and columns, is installed with minimum welding, displays self-centering thus reducing residual deformations, and allows for easy replacement of the ED devices. An inerter is a two-terminal mechanical device that generates a force proportional to the relative acceleration between its nodes. The …

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Strengthening Of Reinforced Concrete Members With Lap Splices Using Steel Collars, Aji Ejaz Jan 2022

Strengthening Of Reinforced Concrete Members With Lap Splices Using Steel Collars, Aji Ejaz

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Bond splitting failure of substandard lap splices have caused extensive damage to many structures during earthquakes. Existing methods to strengthen substandard lap splices primarily involve wrapping the substandard lap spliced regions with jackets possessing mainly in-plane stiffness. Hence, the efficiency of such techniques is compromised due to the lateral bulging of concrete and flexural bending of jackets. This study investigated hollow steel section (HSS) collars which offer axial and flexural stiffness in mitigating splitting failures associated with lap splices not conforming to current design codes. Three lap splice lengths, mainly 20, 28, and 35 times the bar diameter (db) were …

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สมรรถนะของอาคารโครงสร้างเหล็กที่ถูกออกแบบด้วยวิธีสเปกตรัมผลตอบสนองในการต้านทานแผ่นดินไหว, ณัฐธีร์ ยศพลจิรกิตต์ Jan 2022

สมรรถนะของอาคารโครงสร้างเหล็กที่ถูกออกแบบด้วยวิธีสเปกตรัมผลตอบสนองในการต้านทานแผ่นดินไหว, ณัฐธีร์ ยศพลจิรกิตต์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยนี้ศึกษาสมรรถนะของอาคารโครงสร้างเหล็กที่ถูกออกแบบด้วยวิธีสเปกตรัมผลตอบสนองในการต้านทานแผ่นดินไหว ซึ่งในมาตรฐานการออกแบบอาคารต้านการสั่นสะเทือนของแผ่นดินไหว มยผ. 1301/1302-61 ได้มีการปรับปรุงวิธีสเปกตรัมผลตอบสนอง (Response Spectrum Analysis, RSA) เป็นวิธี Modified Response Spectrum Analysis (MRSA) ซึ่งเป็นการปรับวิธีคำนวณแรงเฉือนที่ต้องต้านทานให้มีความปลอดภัย ซึ่งได้มาจากการศึกษาวิจัยจากอาคารคอนกรีตเสริมเหล็กที่เป็นอาคารสูง แต่ยังไม่ได้มีการศึกษาความจำเป็นที่จะต้องใช้วิธี MRSA กับอาคารโครงสร้างเหล็ก การศึกษานี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อตรวจสอบความเพียงพอของค่าแรงที่ต้องต้านทานสำหรับการออกแบบด้วยวิธี RSA ในการออกแบบโครงสร้างเหล็กที่ต้องต้านแผ่นดินไหว โดยพิจารณาอาคารโครงต้านแรงดัดเหล็กที่มีความเหนียวปานกลาง ที่มีความสูง 3, 6 และ 9 ชั้น, อาคารโครงต้านแรงดัดเหล็กที่มีความเหนียวพิเศษ มีความสูง 3, 6, 9 และ 15 ชั้น และอาคารโครงแกงแนงเหล็กแบบตรงศูนย์แบบพิเศษ ที่มีความสูง 3, 6, 9, 15, 20 และ 25 ชั้น โดยสมมติที่ตั้งของอาคารตัวอย่างอยู่ที่ อ.เมือง จ.เชียงใหม่ ซึ่งอาคารที่นำมาศึกษาจะถูกออกแบบด้วยวิธีสเปกตรัมผลตอบสนอง อ้างอิงตามมาตรฐาน มยผ. 1301/1302-61, มยผ. 1304-61 และ AISC 360-16 และทำการวิเคราะห์ด้วยวิธีประวัติเวลาไม่เชิงเส้น (Nonlinear Response History Analysis) เพื่อประเมินสมรรถนะของโครงสร้างในการต้านทานแผ่นดินไหว โดยพิจารณาความเสียหายของอาคารจากการหมุนพลาสติก และการเสียรูปในแนวแกน, การเคลื่อนตัวสัมพัทธ์ระหว่างชั้น, การโก่งเดาะของเสาเหล็ก, การโก่งเดาะเฉพาะที่ของเสา และแรงที่ต้องต้านทานสำหรับการออกแบบจุดต่อ จากผลการวิเคราะห์พบว่าอาคารโครงสร้างเหล็กที่ศึกษาที่ถูกออกแบบด้วยวิธีสเปกตรัมผลตอบสนองแบบเดิมสามารถต้านทานแผ่นดินไหวได้

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