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Articles 451 - 480 of 677
Full-Text Articles in Civil Engineering
A Comparison Of Bituminous Coal-Based And Coconut Shell-Based Activated Carbon For Removal Of Trace Hazardous Air Pollutants In Landfill Gas, Annaprabha Athappan, Melanie L. Sattler
A Comparison Of Bituminous Coal-Based And Coconut Shell-Based Activated Carbon For Removal Of Trace Hazardous Air Pollutants In Landfill Gas, Annaprabha Athappan, Melanie L. Sattler
Civil Engineering Faculty Publications - Archive
This study explored adsorption as a method of controlling hazardous air pollutant emissions from landfill gas (LFG). In particular, the study compared bituminous coal-based (BPL) and coconut shell-based (OVC) activated carbons as adsorbents for the hazardous landfill gas constituents para-, ortho-, and meta-xylene; ethylbenzene; and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). Experiments were designed to replicate typical field usage conditions, using ambient temperature and relative humidity values, and testing the carbon as is, without pretreatment to remove moisture. BPL and OVC carbons from Calgon Carbon were tested in vials, with initial headspace concentrations ranging from 2130 to 5020 ppmv (86 to 120 …
Measurement Of Emissions From A Passenger Truck Fueled With Biodiesel From Different Feedstocks, Natchanok Pala-En, Melanie L. Sattler, Brian Dennis, Victoria Chen, Rachel L. Muncrief
Measurement Of Emissions From A Passenger Truck Fueled With Biodiesel From Different Feedstocks, Natchanok Pala-En, Melanie L. Sattler, Brian Dennis, Victoria Chen, Rachel L. Muncrief
Civil Engineering Faculty Publications - Archive
Biodiesel has generated increased interest recently as an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel. Due to its high oxygen content, biodiesel typically burns more completely than petroleum diesel, and thus has lower emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM). However, biodiesel may increase or decrease nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, depending on biodiesel feedstock, engine type, and test cycle. The purpose of this study was to compare emissions from 20% blends of biodiesel made from 4 feedstocks (soybean oil, canola oil, waste cooking oil, and animal fat) with emissions from ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD). …
Statistical Model For Estimating Carbon Dioxide Emissions From A Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicle, Benjamin Nmai Afotey, Melanie L. Sattler, Stephen P. Mattingly, Victoria Chen
Statistical Model For Estimating Carbon Dioxide Emissions From A Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicle, Benjamin Nmai Afotey, Melanie L. Sattler, Stephen P. Mattingly, Victoria Chen
Civil Engineering Faculty Publications - Archive
No abstract provided.
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions From Surface Coating Facilities: Characterization Of Facilities, Estimation Of Emission Rates, And Dispersion Modeling Of Off-Site Impacts, Annabrabha Athappan, Sulak Sumitsawan, Roja Haritha Gangupomu, Ketwalee Kositkanawuth, Parthen Parikh, Benjamin Nmai Afotey, Neelesh Sule, Sahithi Raj Kalidindi, Melanie L. Sattler, Yvette Pearson Weatherton
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions From Surface Coating Facilities: Characterization Of Facilities, Estimation Of Emission Rates, And Dispersion Modeling Of Off-Site Impacts, Annabrabha Athappan, Sulak Sumitsawan, Roja Haritha Gangupomu, Ketwalee Kositkanawuth, Parthen Parikh, Benjamin Nmai Afotey, Neelesh Sule, Sahithi Raj Kalidindi, Melanie L. Sattler, Yvette Pearson Weatherton
Civil Engineering Faculty Publications - Archive
Surface coating facilities are major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas. These VOCs can contribute to ground-level ozone formation, and many are hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including xylene, ethylbenzene, and toluene. This project was conducted in order to provide information for updating the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), USA, permit by rule for Surface Coating Facilities. Project objectives were: 1) To develop a database of information regarding surface coating facilities in Texas; 2) To estimate maximum emission rates for various VOC species from surface coating facilities in Texas; 3) To conduct dispersion modeling to estimate off-site …
Photocatalytic Degradation Of Air Emissions From Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, Mita S. Upadhyay, Melanie L. Sattler
Photocatalytic Degradation Of Air Emissions From Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, Mita S. Upadhyay, Melanie L. Sattler
Civil Engineering Faculty Publications - Archive
No abstract provided.
Development Of Geopolymer Concrete For Precast Structures, Preeti Shrestha
Development Of Geopolymer Concrete For Precast Structures, Preeti Shrestha
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
This study presents 'geopolymer' as a new binder to replace Portland cement in concrete to make concrete more environmentally friendly and durable. This utilizes industrial by-products like fly ash which is disposed in landfills. Therefore, the use of geopolymer as a binder in concrete production not only reduces the emission of CO2 because of elimination of cement, but also utilizes an industrial by-product to produce a green and sustainable construction material. In this research, the fly ash and alkaline liquid (mix of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate) were used as the basic constituents of the geopolymer. More than 1000 cylinders …
Development Of Finite Element Model For Analysis Of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe-Embedded Cylinder Pipe With Experimental Comparison, Sangit Rauniyar
Development Of Finite Element Model For Analysis Of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe-Embedded Cylinder Pipe With Experimental Comparison, Sangit Rauniyar
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe (PCCP) is a composite pipe that consists ofconcrete and steel, which has layers of concrete core, steel cylinder, prestressing wire andmortar coating. PCCP is generally constructed of two types; a steel cylinder lined with aconcrete core and a steel cylinder embedded in a concrete core. The former type is calledPCCP-Lined Cylinder Pipe (PCCP-LCP) and the latter type is called PCCP-Embedded CylinderPipe (PCCP-ECP). The scope of this paper is limited to PCCP-ECP.PCCP-ECP is a composite material with complex stress phenomenon due to prestressand interaction between different layers of components. A three dimensional non-linear finiteelement model is generated …
Durability Studies Of Controlled Low Strength Material Using Native Soils As Fine Aggregates, Durga Praveen Reddy Vanga
Durability Studies Of Controlled Low Strength Material Using Native Soils As Fine Aggregates, Durga Praveen Reddy Vanga
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
Controlled Low Strength Material using native soils as fine aggregates is an effective option in addressing issues relating to strength requirements, sustainability, and project cost. Using native soil in the place of conventional aggregate will greatly reduce the overall project costs and will enhance the sustainability of the project as it eliminates dumping of excavated material in a landfill. CLSM mixes, designed for the particular flowing characteristics as well as the compressive strength should maintain targeted engineering properties throughout its design life period to minimize long term maintenance cost. Though CLSMs do meet the short term strength requirements, their long-term …
Quantification And Geostatistical Mapping Of Soluble Sulfates In Soils Along A Pipe Line Alignment, Justin David Thomey
Quantification And Geostatistical Mapping Of Soluble Sulfates In Soils Along A Pipe Line Alignment, Justin David Thomey
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
Sulfate induced heave is a growing concern for civil engineering projects utilizing calcium based soil stabilizers. Therefore, addressing sulfate concentrations in soils is vital to the success of a civil engineering project. Pavement, foundations, tunnels, embankments, pipe lines, etc. are all susceptible to sulfate induced heave if the appropriate conditions and constituents are present. The work presented here within focuses on the soluble sulfate testing completed on six (6) different geologic formations within the Integrated Pipe Line (IPL) alignment of North Texas. The testing and analyses were conducted to identify problematic zones and quantify sulfate values in order to prevent …
Finite Element Modeling Of Prestressed Girder Strengthening Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer And Codal Comparison, Muruganandam Mohanamurthy
Finite Element Modeling Of Prestressed Girder Strengthening Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer And Codal Comparison, Muruganandam Mohanamurthy
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite materials provide effective and potentially economic solution for rehabilitating and upgrading the existing reinforced and precast concrete bridge structures that have suffered deterioration. Each year, there are a significant number of damaged bridges, mainly due to structural failure, reinforcing steel corrosion or vehicle collision. Using FRP materials has many advantages over other strengthening methods. This study consists of reviewing relevant guidelines, codes, standard practices and manufacturer's specifications that deals with FRP strengthening of damaged concrete bridges based on both U.S and international sources. Based on literature review, the available design guidelines are summarized and compared. …
Evaluating The Performance Of Controlled Low Strength Materials (Clsms) Prepared Using Sulfate Spiked High Plasticity Clay, Sadikshya Poudel
Evaluating The Performance Of Controlled Low Strength Materials (Clsms) Prepared Using Sulfate Spiked High Plasticity Clay, Sadikshya Poudel
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
When large scale civil engineering projects such as Integrated PipeLine (IPL) are to be constructed, several factors play a significant role in the successful completion of the project on time and on budget. With pipeline construction, one of the important tasks is excavation, with excavation comes the hauling of the excess excavated trench material to the disposal site. The hauling of unwanted excavated dirt from the site and bringing in select backfill material that meets the project requirements not only adds to the overall cost of the project but also raises concerns about sustainability. Transport of unwanted excavated materials require …
Leachate Recirculation Modeling Using Vertical Wells In Bioreactor Landfills, Aminollah Ghorbanpourbabakandi
Leachate Recirculation Modeling Using Vertical Wells In Bioreactor Landfills, Aminollah Ghorbanpourbabakandi
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is made up of household and commercial waste. Total MSW generated in USA in 2009 was 243 million tons and 54.3% of this waste generation was landfilled (EPA, 2009). MSW buried in landfills contribute a significant amount of gas (Landfill Gas or LFG) to atmosphere. The landfilled MSW is the third largest methane contributor to the atmosphere.One way to manage the LFG is the concept of bioreactor landfills. A bioreactor landfill is a controlled landfill where liquid and gas conditions are actively managed in order to accelerate or enhance biostabilization of MSW. Biostabilization of MSW is …
Testing And Design Life Analysis Of Polyurea Liner Materials, Siavash Ghasemi-Motlagh
Testing And Design Life Analysis Of Polyurea Liner Materials, Siavash Ghasemi-Motlagh
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
Certainly, water pipes, as part of an underground infrastructure system, play a key role in maintaining quality of life, health, and wellbeing of human kind. As these potable water pipes reach the end of their useful life, they create high maintenance costs, loss of flow capacity, decreased water quality, and increased dissatisfaction.There are several different pipeline renewal techniques available for different applications, among which linings are most commonly used for the renewal of water pipes. Polyurea is a lining material applied to the interior surface of the deteriorated host pipe using spray-on technique. It is applied to structurally enhance the …
Development Of Statistical Models For Predicting Leachate Parameters From Simulated Landfills, Arpita Hetal Bhatt
Development Of Statistical Models For Predicting Leachate Parameters From Simulated Landfills, Arpita Hetal Bhatt
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Leachate generation and management is recognized as one of the greatest problems associated with environmentally sound operation of landfills, as leachate can cause major pollution problems to surrounding soil, ground water, and surface waters. There are many landfills, especially in developing parts of the world like India, Bangladesh, Africa, and Latin America, where open dump systems are used for final disposal of solid waste rather than engineered landfills. In the near future, regulations in developing countries will likely require installation of liner systems, leachate collection systems, and treatment operations. A major requirement for successful leachate treatment is quantifying its typical …
Improving Analysis Of Heavy To Extreme Precipitation Using Conditional Bias-Penalized Optimal Estimation, Ridwan Siddique
Improving Analysis Of Heavy To Extreme Precipitation Using Conditional Bias-Penalized Optimal Estimation, Ridwan Siddique
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
Precipitation estimation is a very important topic from the societal perspective as heavy precipitation can cause flooding from which loss of lives and damage to properties can occur. In current practice, a number of spatial interpolation techniques are used for precipitation estimation using rain gauge data. Most of them are based on minimizing error variance but none of them consider Type-II conditional bias. As such, the existing techniques work well in the mid ranges of the precipitation distribution but tend to under- and overestimate large and small precipitation amounts, respectively. Conditional bias- penalized kriging (CBPK) adds a penalty term for …
Staged Construction Modeling Of Large Diameter Steel Pipes Using 3-D Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, Mojtaba Salehi Dezfooli
Staged Construction Modeling Of Large Diameter Steel Pipes Using 3-D Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, Mojtaba Salehi Dezfooli
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
This study investigates the performance of large diameter steel pipes during stage construction. Using this study, metal pipes are designed utilizing existing native soil for embedment around the pipe rather than imported materials. This indeed, translates into a considerable amount of cost saving and advances in designing pipeline. This model is used for peer review/ designing of a 242 km (150 miles) pipeline project, Integrated Pipeline (IPL), that transports approximately hundreds of millions of gallons from Lake Palestine, 137 km (85 miles) southeast of Dallas, to Lake Benbrook, Tarrant County, Texas. The IPL project supplies water to more than1.8 million …
A Comparative Study Of Carbon Nanotubes And Granular Activated Carbon: Physicochemical Properties And Adsorption Capacities, Roja Haritha Gangupomu
A Comparative Study Of Carbon Nanotubes And Granular Activated Carbon: Physicochemical Properties And Adsorption Capacities, Roja Haritha Gangupomu
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Adsorption technologies with activated carbon have proven their prominence in wide variety of industrial applications for the removal of pollutants from gaseous streams for generations. Nanoadsorbents due to their unique structure and the presence of high-energy binding sites can enhance adsorption of pollutants, particularly for hazardous pollutants difficult to control using conventional sorbents like activated carbon and can help industries in their struggle for greener technologies. The objective of this study was to characterize raw and purified CNTs and compare their physical and chemical properties to commercially available granular activated carbon (GAC). The CNT purification process was done in two …
Stabilization Of High Sulfate Soils, Nagasreenivasu Talluri
Stabilization Of High Sulfate Soils, Nagasreenivasu Talluri
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Stabilization of expansive soils using lime and cement has been a favorite technique for practitioners over the years. However, recent heaving and premature pavement failures in lime and cement treated subgrades containing sulfates led to question the validity of calcium based stabilization. When expansive soils containing sulfates are treated with calcium based stabilizers, calcium from stabilizer reacts with soil sulfate and clay alumina to form expansive mineral Ettringite. Formation and growth of the mineral Ettringite was reported as the cause of severe heaving in several pavement failures. Under favorable environmental conditions Ettringite transforms in to another expansive mineral Thaumasite. This …
Development Of A Model For Estimation Of Buried Large Diameter Thin-Walled Steel Pipe Deflection Due To External Loads, Jwala Raj Sharma
Development Of A Model For Estimation Of Buried Large Diameter Thin-Walled Steel Pipe Deflection Due To External Loads, Jwala Raj Sharma
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Design of buried pipeline systems involves solution of geotechnical and structural problems in addition to the hydraulics and mechanical issues. Just like any buried structure, it is of utmost importance to understand how the pipe interacts with the soil when subjected to external and internal loads. Based on the mode of withstanding loads, pipes are classified into two major categories, which are rigid and flexible pipes. Pipe material is the major factor governing the classification of a pipe being rigid or flexible. Rigid pipe is a pipe which is designed to withstand external dead and live loads and internal pressure …
Assessment Of Stress/Volume-Controlled Soil-Water Retention Properties Of Unsaturated Sandy Soils., Hailu Ayalew
Assessment Of Stress/Volume-Controlled Soil-Water Retention Properties Of Unsaturated Sandy Soils., Hailu Ayalew
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
The main objectives of this work are to determine the effect of net normal stress and volume change on the soil-water retention properties of silty sand and clayey sand soils under stressed/volume-controlled conditions; to model soil-water retention parameters under stress/volume-controlled conditions; and to model the effect of higher net normal stress state on the soil-water retention characteristics of these two test soils based on the experimental test results. In order to investigate the effect of stress/volume change on the soil-water retention characteristics of these two test soils, two test methods were followed: the stress/volume-controlled soil-water characteristic test (Tempe pressure cell …
Evaluation Of Surface Transportation Funding Alternatives Using Criteria System Established Through A Delphi Survey Of Texas Transportation Experts, Sasanka Bhushan Pulipati
Evaluation Of Surface Transportation Funding Alternatives Using Criteria System Established Through A Delphi Survey Of Texas Transportation Experts, Sasanka Bhushan Pulipati
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
For more than a decade, transportation officials have been concerned that, at current levels, the fuel tax, the primary funding source of surface transportation in the United States, would not provide enough revenue to satisfy the ever rising transportation needs. Recent studies have evaluated alternative funding strategies at the national and state levels. In this dissertation, the author improves this evaluation procedure by developing a multi-criteria evaluation of different funding options for implementation in Texas using a technique called PROMETHEE. This evaluation uses a new criteria system established through his Delphi survey of Texas-based experts who are experienced in transportation …
Improving Productivity Of Tunnel Boring Machines, Nicholas Jencopale
Improving Productivity Of Tunnel Boring Machines, Nicholas Jencopale
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
Tunneling with tunnel boring machines (TBMs) is one of the most mechanized and sophisticated processes within the construction industry. However, there are risks when venturing down several hundred feet where the conditions cannot be accurately determined in advance. Months and years of planning, engineering, profiling, researching, and scheduling go into a typical tunneling project before any ground breaking event. This thesis will discuss in detail the growing technologies of the tunneling process using tunnel boring machines (TBM). First, some background information on tunneling and the use of a TBM will be provided to introduce the process and the industry being …
Corrosion Potentials Of Lightweight Concrete Wrapped With Fiber Reinforced Polymers (Frp), Eric Goucher
Corrosion Potentials Of Lightweight Concrete Wrapped With Fiber Reinforced Polymers (Frp), Eric Goucher
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of Fiber Reinforced Polymer wraps on corrosion protection of lightweight concrete. Many studies have been undertaken for normal density concrete, but there are very few studies regarding lightweight concrete and externally bonded FRP wraps. This experiment involved the use of an accelerated corrosion test to determine the corrosion protection that FRP would afford lightweight concrete, while making a comparison with a similarly proportioned normalweight mix. 42 cylinders were subject to a constant 12 V power from a DC Power Supply while being immersed in a 5% NaCl for a period …
Structural And Material Performance Of Rubberized And Hybrid Concrete Pipes, Mohammad Mohammadagha
Structural And Material Performance Of Rubberized And Hybrid Concrete Pipes, Mohammad Mohammadagha
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
This study investigates how the combination of steel fiber, crumb rubber, synthetic fiber, and conventional steel cage will improve the ductility of regular concrete pipes and thin-walled semi-rigid concrete pipes. In this study, pipes with four different concrete mixtures were produced and tested: (1) Steel Bar Reinforced Concrete Pipe (SBRCP), (2) Crumb Rubber Reinforced Concrete Pipe (CRRCP), (3) Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pipe (SFRCP), and (4) Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pipe (SNFRCP). This study investigates how the variation of the fiber volume fraction and crumb rubber content in concrete mix affects the behavior of pipes with diameters ranging from 24in. …
Ensemble Streamflow Forecasting For The Upper Trinity River Basin In Texas, Manabendra Saharia
Ensemble Streamflow Forecasting For The Upper Trinity River Basin In Texas, Manabendra Saharia
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
By allowing for routine use of longer-lead quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) in hydrologic prediction, ensemble forecasting offers hope for extending the lead time for short-range streamflow forecasting. In this work, this potential is assessed by comparatively evaluating ensemble streamflow hindcasts forced by Day 1-3 QPF with those forced by Day 1 QPF for five headwater basins in the Upper Trinity River Basin in North Texas. The hindcasts are generated for a 7-year period of 2004 to 2010 using the Hydrologic Ensemble Forecast Service (HEFS), which operates on the Community Hydrologic Prediction System (CHPS) of the National Weather Service (NWS). HEFS …
The Relation Between Freeway Average Speed And Speed Noise, Bahar Zarin
The Relation Between Freeway Average Speed And Speed Noise, Bahar Zarin
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
A significant amount of energy could be saved by applying traffic management policies. Many factors affect the fuel consumption rate, and the most important traffic-related ones include variables such as speed, number of stops, the speed noise, and the acceleration noise. Fuel consumption models for both urban and highway traffic are used to evaluate the effect of these factors. Previous literature shows the speed and the acceleration of the individual vehicles as well as the aero-dynamic effects are the most considered parameters in highway fuel consumption models. However, the existing models are based on the average or cruising speed and …
Swcc And Clay Mineralogy Based Models For Realistic Simulation Of Swell Behavior Of Expansive Soils, Aravind Pedarla
Swcc And Clay Mineralogy Based Models For Realistic Simulation Of Swell Behavior Of Expansive Soils, Aravind Pedarla
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Predicting the volume change behavior of expansive soils has been a major challenge to the engineers in the past few years, due to the intricate couple effects caused by different soil composition parameters toward swelling. Hence, the behavior of an expansive soil is better understood with its inherent composition parameters. For this research, eight natural expansive clays have been sampled from different active swell zones across The United States. Basic soil classification was performed on these soil to identify the high plasticity and low plasticity clays. The swell behavior of these clays are studied using different testing methods and initial …
Non-Linear Finite Element-Based Material Constitutive Law For Zero Slump Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pipe Structures, Alena Mikhaylova
Non-Linear Finite Element-Based Material Constitutive Law For Zero Slump Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pipe Structures, Alena Mikhaylova
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of performance and behavior of steel-fiber reinforced concrete pipes (SFRCP). The main goal of this study is to develop the material constitutive model for steel fiber reinforced concrete used in dry-cast application. To accomplish this goal a range of pipe sizes varying from 15 in. (400 mm) to 48 in. (1200 mm) in diameter and fiber content of 0.17%, 0.25%, 0.33%, 0.5%, 0.67% and 83% by volume were produced. The pipes were tested in three-edge bearing condition to obtain the load-deformation response and overall performance of the pipe. The pipes were also subjected to …
Effect Of Suction On Dynamic Properties Of Unsaturated Soils At Mid- To High-Shear Strain Amplitudes, Alejandro Hernan Pino Bravo
Effect Of Suction On Dynamic Properties Of Unsaturated Soils At Mid- To High-Shear Strain Amplitudes, Alejandro Hernan Pino Bravo
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
This paper presents the results from an experimental study that has been designed to assess the effect of the suction and net mean stress on the dynamic properties of poorly graded sand with silt subjected to small- to mid-shear strains. The practical implication of this study includes determining the effect on soil stiffness properties of increased matric suction (transpiration of water) at different net mean stresses (or depths) in the field. The engineering analysis of earth structures subjected to static and non-static loading under unsaturated conditions requires knowing the relevant parameters of the soil, such as shear wave velocity, shear …
Lrfd Pullout Resistance Factor Calibration For Soil Nails Incorporating Survival Analysis And Plaxis 2d, Brett Devries
Lrfd Pullout Resistance Factor Calibration For Soil Nails Incorporating Survival Analysis And Plaxis 2d, Brett Devries
Civil Engineering Theses - Archive
The use of soil nail walls (SNWs) in the United States has increased since their introduction in the mid-1970's, to where currently the analysis, design and construction are commonly performed (Lazarte, 2011). These SNW designs were mostly based on ASD methods and LRFD-based methodologies were lacking until the 1998 FHWA manual on SNW design (Byrne, Cotton, Porterfield, Wolschlag and Ueblacker, 1998), which provided uncalibrated resistance factors developed from ASD safety factors. As a result, little improvement was made toward a more efficient design, until fully calibrated LRFD pullout resistance factors were provided in the NCHRP Report 701 (Lazarte, 2011). These …