Civil Engineering Commons^™

Pitfalls Of Interchange Designs: Observations Relating To Idm Chapter 48, Joiner Lagpacan, Mark D. Orton

Purdue Road School

This session covers common challenges found on freeway interchange designs here in Indiana. We will go over in detail common pitfalls observed from performing multiple design reviews and problems with designs that do not conform to the still-new Indiana Design Manual (IDM) Chapter 48, “Interchanges.” We will also offer conventional design solutions and alternatives to address these issues and challenges.

Recent Changes To Indot Sign Specs, Lalit M. Garg

Purdue Road School

This presentation highlights recent changes to INDOT's standard specifications and standard drawings regarding traffic signs and structures.

Innovation: Field-Driven Ideas For Improvement, Todd A. May

Purdue Road School

INDOT has set up its new Department of Innovation. The goal of the Department is to collect, vet, implement, and recognize ideas, processes, and tools specifically generated by the workforce in the field, such as construction, maintenance, contracting, and inspection. Through a peer review vetting process, ideas will be worked through a systems theory/engineer-ing process for ultimate statewide implementa-tion. Join us for a discussion

2d Hydraulic Modeling For Streambank Stabilization In The White River, Nabil Ghalayini

Purdue Road School

As part of the new I-69 design in Morgan County, INDOT retained WSP USA to provide streambank stabilization design services for the White River. This presentation will discuss how 1D and 2D hydraulic modeling helped refine the design and include visuals to demonstrate how 1D and 2D models can help establish flow di-rection velocities at riverbanks and around pro-posed structures. A comparison of results from 1D and 2D model results will also be presented

22nd Street Reconstruction, City Of Elwood, Indiana, Haseeb Ghumman, William Savage, Darren Paarkes

Purdue Road School

This project involved full-depth reconstruction of 22nd Street, from P Street to Main Street, for an approximate distance of 1 mile and entailed a two-lane roadway with curb and gutter, new sidewalks, a storm system, and water and sanitary line relocations. In addition to federal funds, due to Red Gold’s investment commit-ments in the area and subsequent potential economic development, the project was awarded up to $1.4M in an Indiana Economic Development Corporation (IEDC) grant. Join us for a discussion.

Michigan's Inventory-Based Rating System For Unpaved Roads, Peter Torola

Purdue Road School

The current rating systems for unpaved roads lack stability and reliability and, therefore, provide little benefit as project- or network-level metrics. Since many of these systems are derived from paved-road assessment systems, they focus heavily on surface distresses rather than road width, drainage, and other features. This session presents the Inventory-Based Rating System as a stable and implementable method of condition assessment for unpaved roads, without the focus on surface distresses.

Wireless Underground Communications In Sewer And Stormwater Overflow Monitoring: Radio Waves Through Soil And Asphalt Medium, Usman Raza, Abdul Salam

Faculty Publications

Storm drains and sanitary sewers are prone to backups and overflows due to extra amount wastewater entering the pipes. To prevent that, it is imperative to efficiently monitor the urban underground infrastructure. The combination of sensors system and wireless underground communication system can be used to realize urban underground IoT applications, e.g., storm water and wastewater overflow monitoring systems. The aim of this article is to establish a feasibility of the use of wireless underground communications techniques, and wave propagation through the subsurface soil and asphalt layers, in an underground pavement system for storm water and sewer overflow monitoring application. …

Damage Evaluation Of Full-Scale Rc Slab By Ultrasonic Tomography, Hiroshi Hayashida, Tamon Ueda

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

There have been reports of road bridges that deteriorated after their RC slabs had been repaired. The insufficient removal of damaged materials is said to be the cause of such post-repair deterioration. Consequently, there is a call for a survey method that can detect deteriorated materials of bridges with high accuracy. Towards the development of such a method, this report focuses on ultrasonic tomography, because it can detect damage to the RC slabs of road bridges over relatively large areas. We examined the applicability of ultrasonic tomography to a method of assessing the RC slab damage by a test that …

Integrated Sensor Network For Monitoring Steel Corrosion In Concrete Structures, José Enrique Ramón-Zamora, José Manuel Gandia-Romero, Román Bataller, Ana Martínez-Ibernón, Isabel Gasch, Juan Soto

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

The developed Integrated Sensor Network (ISN) allows a non-destructive monitoring of the rebar condition at different parts of the structure. The corrosion sensor allows the accurate determination of the corrosion rate (µm/year). Moreover, additional sensors are integrated in order to detect relevant changes in the concrete electrochemical condition.

The ISN has been published as an international invention patent (reference number WO 2016/177929 A1). The system is based on an economic, simple, reliable and durable technology, which makes its implementation viable on new and repaired reinforced concrete structures (RCS). Therefore, it is also possible monitoring non-accessible parts such as deep foundations …

Similarity Analysis Of Rebar Corrosion Under Different Electrochemical Accelerated Method, Chuanqing Fu, J Chen, X Jin, H Ye, Jun Zhu

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

The concrete cover cracking caused by non-uniform corrosion of reinforcing bar is one of the most important reason for structure service performance degradation. The most widely used electrochemical accelerated corrosion methods include external and internal electrode methods. The reinforcement are used as anode in both methods. The different between two methods is the position of auxiliary. In external electrode method, the auxiliary is set outside the specimen, including three methods, i.e. samples whole/part submerged in saline, samples wrapped by sponge and steel mesh. The electrochemical mechanism of these four accelerated method were analyzed by using the FE software COMSOL. According …

Micro-Mechanical Analysis Of Corrosion Products Formed During Long-Term Carbonation Induced Corrosion Of Steel, Marijana Serdar, Dubravka Bjegovic, Valérie L’Hostis, Stéphane Poyet, Damien Féron

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

During corrosion distinct types of corrosion products form, composed of different ratios of ferrous ions and oxide, hydroxides. Corrosion products have different physical and mechanical properties, mainly density, resistivity, volume and modulus of elasticity compared to iron. Knowing properties of corrosion products is indispensable for service life modelling of structures and can give valuable insight into the long-term corrosion propagation process. In this study micro-indentation method was used to evaluate mechanical properties of different layers formed during long-term carbonation induced corrosion of steel in concrete. Investigation was performed on three sets of reinforced concrete samples, that underwent corrosion during 50, …

An Experimental Study Of Concrete Resistivity And The Effects Of Electrode Configuration And Current Frequency On Measurement, Hayder Oleiwi, Yu Wang, Nan Xiang, Levingshan Augusthus-Nelson, Xianyi Chen, Igor Shabalin

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Electrical resistivity, a measurable parameter of the state of concrete, plays an important role in the assessment of reinforced concrete structures. An experimental study using two-electrode method has been conducted to evaluate the resistivity of Portland cement concrete. Internal and external electrodes were varied in order to understand effect of the electrodes configuration, where carbon fibre (CF) sheets were employed as the internal electrodes and CF and copper sheets were used as external electrodes. Furthermore, frequency of applied current was varied from low to high, to identify the most suitable frequency that can be utilized for stable and reliable results. …

Will Blended-Cement Systems With Similar Chloride Penetration Potentials Resist Similarly To Corrosion?, William Wilson, Vincent Labattaglia, Arezki Tagnit-Hamou, Luca Sorelli

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

The capacity of concrete to prevent chloride ions penetration represents a key durability factor for steelreinforced structures exposed to de-icing salts and/or marine environments. Although blended-cement systems are commonly characterized with accelerated chloride penetration tests developed for Portlandcement concrete (e.g. the ASTM C1202 method), their microstructures and pore solutions are very different. This study aims to illustrate how the full potential of blended-cement systems to resist chloride ingress (and thus, chloride-induced corrosion) may not be justly disclosed by these accelerated tests using electrical current, even when tested after three months of curing. A Portland-cement-only mortar and five binary blended-cement mortars …

An Investigation On Moisture And Water Absorption In Cement Paste With Electrical Resistance Method, Manami Mizoguchi, Tatsuya Kitagawa, Totsawat Daungwilailuk, Yuko Ogawa, Kenji Kawai

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Moisture in concrete is one of main factors related to degradation and deterioration of concrete structure, and there are various moisture transport phenomena in concrete such as drying and absorbing. There are a lot of previous studies on the drying process of concrete to clarify the mechanisms of creep as well as shrinkage. However, few studies have been reported on the process of water absorption and moisture absorption although carbonation and chloride attack are strongly related to moisture and water absorbing. It is necessary to investigate moisture transfer in concrete in detail. This study investigated the moisture transfer in moisture …

Pore Characteristics And Computed Permeability Of Pastes Subject To Freeze-Thaw Cycles At Very Early Ages By X-Ray Ct, Ya Wei, Zehong Wu, Xiang Gao

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Freeze-thaw cycling can damage microstructure of concrete and reduce the service life of concrete structures. This is especially detrimental for concrete subject to freeze-thaw cycles at very early-ages, such as within the first few days after constructions. Typical low and high water-to-cement (w/c) ratio pastes are investigated experimentally and numerically in this study. The pastes are subject to freeze-thaw cycles at the age of 1, and 7 days and then sealed-cured to the age of 45 days. The pore size distribution is measured and quantified by X-ray computer tomography (CT) with high resolution. The permeability of the corresponding pastes is …

Investigation Of Microstructure Of Cementitious Materials Exposed To High Temperature By Non-Destructive Integrated Ct-Xrd Method, Takuya Mikami, H Takahashi, T Sugiyama

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Severe accident occurred in 2011 at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant and it can be assumed that the concrete building was exposed to high temperatures environment for a long time due to loss of the cooling function of the nuclear reactor. In order to prepare for the best scenario in the decommission plan, it should be first needed to clarify and evaluate the level of damage and deterioration of the contaminated concrete. To solve this problem, experiments were conducted for cementitious materials with the maximum temperature of 400 or 1000 degrees Celsius with durations of up to 2 hours. …

Influence Of Pore Structure On Relative Chloride Diffusion Coefficient In Unsaturated Cementitious Materials, Yong Zhang, Guang Ye

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures is a serious issue in engineering practice. This paper investigates the influence of pore structure on the relative chloride diffusion coefficient Drc in unsaturated cementitious materials. The effects of various pore features, including porosity, pore size, and pore connectivity, on the continuity of water-filled pores in unsaturated porous systems are analyzed based on the Kelvin law and water desorption process. In the experimental program, different cementitious materials (OPC, slag, fly ash, and limestone powder) were used to prepare paste and mortar samples. The Drc of the mortar samples (one year old) at various …

Development Of Engineered Cementitious Composites With Conductive Inclusions For Use In Self-Sensing Applications, Benny Suryanto Dr, Danah Saraireh Ms, Steven Walls Mr, Jaehwan Kim Dr, W John Mccarter Prof

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

The mechanical and a.c. electrical properties of a new varietal of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) incorporating conductive inclusions are presented. Electrical measurements were undertaken over a wide frequency range while curing and when under uniaxial tensile loading to study the influence of ongoing hydration and multiple microcrack formation on the composite electrical impedance. When presented in Nyquist format, the work shows that conductive inclusions reduce the bulk resistance of the composite while enhancing its polarizability, transforming the classic, single-arc bulk response of typical cement-based materials to a two-arc response. The bulk resistance was shown to increase with time and damage, …

Diagnosis On Expansion Of Heat-Cured Precast Concrete Blocks Due To Delayed Ettringite Formation In Japan, Yuichiro Kawabata

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Delayed ettringite formation (DEF) in concrete causes internal swelling, which reduces the mechanical properties of concrete and can lead to issues with concrete structures due to potentially large expansive deformation. In order to address the issues of DEF-affected structures, proper assessment of the structures affected is important. However, petrographic diagnosis of concrete affected by DEF remains a controversial issue. In this paper, as case studies, diagnosis on precast concrete blocks suspected of experiencing DEF was carried out. The concrete blocks were made of white Portland cement, limestone gravel, and limestone sand mixed with copper slag. The blocks were excessively heat-cured …

Rehabilitation Of Low Rise Rcc Structure Along 9m High Retaining Wall, Aniruddha Nakhawa Er, Vivek Deshmukh Dr

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India, facing bigger challenges in accommodating its over growing population day by day. The Mumbai City has population of 18.4 million over its 634 km2 area, ie. Almost 350 ft2/person. This enormous rise in population density has restricted the development to expand vertically. This also, results in growth of major slums, which is almost 62% of the population dwelling in slums. Subsequently, the authorities is in need of a large scaled Slum Sanitation Program, which utilize the scarcely available land for construction of Community Toilet Blocks with involvement of NGO’s and …

A “Double-Multi” Model For Electromigration Of Lithiums And Chlorides In Asr Affected Concrete, Qing-Feng Liu, Li-Xuan Mao, Zhi Hu, Jin Xia, Gan-Lin Feng, Long-Yuan Li

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Existing reinforced concrete structures experience severe durability degradation when subjected to alkali– silica reaction (ASR) and chloride attack. A special electrochemical rehabilitation treatment, containing lithium compound anolyte, has been developed to drive lithium ions into concrete as well as remove chlorides simultaneously, for mitigating both the ASR-induced cracks and the chloride-induced corrosion. Good performance of introduced lithiums in controlling ASR-induced expansion has already been proved. Unfortunately, the migration mechanism of lithium in concrete under an external electric field is seldom investigated in existing literature. In this study, with help of the “double-multi” model, the efficiency of impregnation of lithium ions …

Distribution Of Lithium Nitrite Injected Into Concrete And Its Asr Suppression Effect, Koichi Kobayashi, K Rokugo, Y Takagi, T Otani

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

In this research, lithium nitrite was injected into ASR-deteriorated concrete specimens made with reactive aggregates in order to suppress further deterioration. The amount of injected lithium nitrite was set to three different levels, and the subsequent expansion behavior and area of lithium permeation were investigated. The area of permeation was checked using the coloring reagent TDI. It was found that the prescribed amount of lithium cannot be injected fully into the non-deteriorated specimens. When the lithium was injected at an early stage of deterioration, the area of permeation was small and the ASR suppression effect was small regardless of the …

Mortar Quality Assessment For An Iconic Building Repair In Sydney Australia, Ion Dumitru, Tony Song, John Sury, Tom Wenzel

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Remedial work for an iconic building in Sydney, Australia is currently being carried out. Two façade mortars, capable of matching the current exposed quartz aggregate finish and achieving a 40 years design life, are required. In order to ensure the quality of the imported quartz aggregates for this project, test have been carried out for particle size distribution, density, wet/dry strength variation, sodium sulphate soundness and Los Angeles Abrasion value. The two mortar mixes employed for repair work (Form & Pour and Hand Applied mixes) were comprehensively assessed for mix workability, compressive strength in warm and cold conditions, drying shrinkage, …

Efficiency Of Electrochemical Chloride Removal From Concrete At Different Environmental Temperatures, Shijie Jin, Jin Xia, Weiliang Jin, Zhi-Yong Yu, Jia-Yuan Hu, Qingfang Lyu, Xiaoping Zhong

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Electrochemical chloride removal (ECR) is an effective and curative method to treat existed reinforced concrete structures about to suffer or already suffering from chloride attack, however, its application is still limited due to its side effect and efficiency, including the velocity and maximum capacity of chloride removal. This paper presents a temperature related numerical transport model to study the effect of temperature on efficiency of electrochemical chloride removal from concrete. Based on Fick’s law and Nernst-Planck equation with Gauss’ Law, temperature effect, chloride binding, multi-species coupling, electrochemical reactions were taken into account in this model. Temperature effect was considered on …

Comparison Data Between Hybrid And Galvanic Anode Installation In The Arousa Island Bridge, José Antonio Becerra Mosquera, Diego Carro López, José Enrique Pardo Landrove, José Manuel Millán Pérez

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

The Arousa Island Bridge, with its 1980 m is the only road access to the Arousa Island. Built in 1985, this single-cell box girder divided in 40 spans runs entirely on the sea. The deck is between 2 to 12 m above sea level, so after 25 years in a marine environment, the structure showed reinforcement corrosion, especially in piles and deck bottom. Attending to the corrosion damages, caused simply from a chloride attack, the local government decided to intervene with an ambitious repair project. This decision has been taken only after an exhaustive cost analysis to determine the feasibility …

Monitoring Historic Concrete And Associated Cementitious Repair- A Case Study Of Boathouse 4, Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, Uk, Ahmed Alwaal, Stepanie Barnett, Robert Inkpen, Linley Hastewell

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

This study presents a method of monitoring historic concrete and associated repairs. A case study of Boathouse 4, Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, UK is presented. Boathouse 4 is an iconic building within Portsmouth Historic Dockyard which was constructed during the 1930’s rearmament period. It was used during World War ll to construct the three-man midget X-Craft submarine. The building was restored and converted into a Boatbuilding Skills Training Centre in 2015. A field investigation was conducted to analyse the concrete damage and to monitor microscale changes to the surface of the original concrete and repairs over a period of three years. …

Improvements Of The Carbonation Resistance Of Concrete After Steam Autoclave Curing, Guo Li, Jiang Yue, Feng Yao

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Incorporation of mineral admixtures, secondary water curing, and surface treatments were performed to improve the carbonation resistance of concrete after steam autoclave curing. The mineral admixtures used were fly ash, slag, and a mixture of both, and the surface treatments applied were those of organic silicone (OS) water repellent and epoxy resin (ER) coating. Accelerated carbonation experiments were performed on specimens at 28, 90, 180, and 360 d. Experimental results indicated that steam autoclave curing significantly reduces concrete carbonation resistance compared with standard curing. Secondary water curing for one week can replenish water in concrete and further hydrate …

Transport Properties Of Steam Curing Concrete Using Mineral Admixtures, Kenji Sasaki, Tetsuo Harada, Tsuyoshi Katayama

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Steam curing has been used widely in the precast concrete industry. However, investigations on steam curing concrete focused mainly on their strength development. Research on durability of steam curing concrete, particularly on mixes using mineral admixtures, is somewhat limited.

In this study, transport properties and mechanical properties of concretes using mineral admixtures under different steam curing conditions were measured. Normal Portland cement, high early strength Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash were used. Steam curing conditions were varied by changing the preliminary curing time, temperature drop rate and curing method after steam curing. Transport properties, such as …

Characterization Of Vibration Effects On The Internal Structure And Strength Of Regular And High Strength Recycled Concrete, Jovanca Smith, Rekha Rampit, R. Parey

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

There is a need for more in depth understanding of the consolidation effect of concrete on its durability, especially in tropical climates. During placement of fresh concrete in molds vibration is required to prevent quality problems such as honeycombs and desegregation. Nevertheless, precise monitoring of concrete vibration time has been avoided by construction professionals. This results in concrete durability reduction of appropriately designed concrete due to variation in aggregate settlement, air void content and change in water to cement ratio. In this study, the effects of vibration time on concrete strength, aggregate segregation, and physical properties were experimentally investigated on …

A Novel Methodology Of Powder-Based Cementitious Materials In 3d Inkjet Printing For Construction Applications, Pshtiwan Shakor, Shami Nejadi, Gavin Paul, Jay Sanjayan

International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures

Recently, additive manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing are becoming increasingly popular and widely used in a variety of applications. Inkjet 3D printing (i.e. powder-based printing) is one of the most reliable frequently-implemented techniques in 3D printers. This paper discusses a novel methodology to replace the currently used typical powders in 3D printing to make it possible to use the printed specimens in construction applications. The printed cubic (20Í20Í20mm) and prism (60Í5Í5mm) specimens with different saturation levels are printed to investigate the relative strength of the 3D printed specimens. Curing in different …