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2012

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Articles 361 - 390 of 1093

Full-Text Articles in Civil and Environmental Engineering

Water Level Sensors, What Works?, Bryan J. Heiner, Thomas W. Gill Jun 2012

Water Level Sensors, What Works?, Bryan J. Heiner, Thomas W. Gill

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

ABSTRACT: Water level sensors come in all shapes, sizes, and types and can range in price from a couple hundred to several thousand US dollars. This project utilizes real world examples from around the western United States to determine what level sensors work well and to document what characteristics may prevent them from providing accurate water level measurements in differing climates. Researchers have developed a calibration procedure that can be used in field or laboratory situations to obtain accurate calibrations of multiple types of water level sensors. Sensors that have been calibrated and installed are being monitored to determine their …

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The Effect Of Boulder Spacing On Flow Patterns Around Boulders Under Partial Submergence, Iordanis Moustakidis, Athanasios Papanicolaou, Achilleas Tsakiris Jun 2012

The Effect Of Boulder Spacing On Flow Patterns Around Boulders Under Partial Submergence, Iordanis Moustakidis, Athanasios Papanicolaou, Achilleas Tsakiris

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

ABSTRACT: This study focuses on documenting the influence of boulder spacing on flow patterns within an array of boulders in mountain streams. Boulder arrays modify the flow structures in their vicinity, which in turn regulate the depositional patterns. However, a critical literature review reveals that the effects of boulder spacing on flow have been overlooked. Herein, we hypothesize that the developing flow structures around boulders are controlled by the boulder spacing. The objective of this study is to map the surface flow structures around partially submerged boulders for two different boulder spacing scenarios: (1) λ/dc = 6 and (2) …

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Dealing With Sedimental Transport Over Partly Non-Erodible Bottoms, François Rulot, Benjamin Dewals, Pierre Archambeau, Michael Pirotton, Sébastien Erpicum Hece Jun 2012

Dealing With Sedimental Transport Over Partly Non-Erodible Bottoms, François Rulot, Benjamin Dewals, Pierre Archambeau, Michael Pirotton, Sébastien Erpicum Hece

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

ABSTRACT: In depth-averaged flow and morphodynamic models using a finite volume discretization based on explicit time integration, a specific difficulty can arise during a computation: the computed sediment level can become lower than the level of a non-erodible bottom. The original developments presented in this paper enable correction of the non-physical sediment levels. The method, based on iterative limitation of the outward fluxes, is perfectly mass conservative and remains computationally efficient. The resulting model has been validated with several 1D benchmarks leading to configurations with sediment transport over a nonerodible bottom. Two interesting experimental benchmarks are highlighted in this paper …

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Using Particle Image Velocimetry (Piv) System In Fish Passage Through Rehabilitated Culverts, Mohanad Khodier, Blake P. Tullis Jun 2012

Using Particle Image Velocimetry (Piv) System In Fish Passage Through Rehabilitated Culverts, Mohanad Khodier, Blake P. Tullis

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

ABSTRACT: The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system was used to investigate fish passage behaviour through a circular, 0.61-m diameter pipe with evenly spaced baffles along the invert. A section of the pipe wall between two adjacent baffles was replaced with a transparent window (Lexan) and a water box placed outside of the pipe to create a tested section. The test was conducted for different pipe slopes 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5%. For each slope, the pipe was tested for different flow rates 28.3, 56.6, and 85 l/s. Also, the PIV was used to produce the velocity vector field by post-processing …

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Conference Proceedings, Blake Tullis, Robert Jansson Jun 2012

Conference Proceedings, Blake Tullis, Robert Jansson

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

No abstract provided.

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Measurement Of Turbulence In Pressurized Pipe Flow Using Particle Image Velocimetry, Josh Mortensen Jun 2012

Measurement Of Turbulence In Pressurized Pipe Flow Using Particle Image Velocimetry, Josh Mortensen

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

Abstract: Invasive mussel species can cause problems at a variety of water resource facilities by colonizing within piping systems, significantly reducing flow capacity. Exposing mussels to intense turbulence as they enter the system may be effective in reducing mussel settlement downstream. To quantify turbulence in a pressurized pipe, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were made downstream of a newly developed pipe fitting designed to generate intense turbulence for mussel control. Two-dimensional (2D) velocity data were collected throughout the pipe profile at various distances downstream of the fitting and were analyzed to quantify hydrodynamic properties of the turbulent flow including dissipation …

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Mean Velocity Effect In Bio-Fouled Pipes, Maria Ximena Trujillo, Juan Saldarriaga Jun 2012

Mean Velocity Effect In Bio-Fouled Pipes, Maria Ximena Trujillo, Juan Saldarriaga

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

ABSTRACT: The hydraulic resistance of pipes with biofilm surface coatings can be difficult to predict based on smooth-wall pipe theory. The impacts of biofilm growth in distribution networks and the influence of mean velocity in their development were studied in a recirculation model system at the Hydraulic Laboratory of Universidad de los Andes, using as nutrient a grass specie called “kikuyu” (s.p. Pennicetum clandestine), which is common in raw water sources of Bogotá, Colombia. Water flowed constantly through the system during 150 days, and biofilm measurements were taken from monitors installed on the pipe’s wall. Bio-fouling was observed for various …

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Heat Exchanger System Piping Design For A Tube Rupture Event, Fadi Antoine Wakim, Pinar Cakir Kavcar, Mustafa Samad Jun 2012

Heat Exchanger System Piping Design For A Tube Rupture Event, Fadi Antoine Wakim, Pinar Cakir Kavcar, Mustafa Samad

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

ABSTRACT: Tube-rupture events in shell and tube heat exchangers can result in significantly high surge pressures. Steady state and dynamic methods can be used to assess the impacts of these events on heat exchanger system piping networks. This paper presents the findings of a set of dynamic surge simulations on the impacts of tube-rupture events in a Propane-Feed Gas Heat Exchanger System. Once adjacent piping design is considered, the Joukowsky formulation-based method is not always appropriate to estimate tube-rupture surge impacts. Dynamic simulations need to be conducted to assess the tube-rupture impact on piping systems due to the surge wave …

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International Junior Researcher And Engineer Workshop On Hydraulic Structures Session 4, Gonzalo Duró, Mitch Dabling, Josh Mortensen, Boris Rodriguez, Fadi Wakim Jun 2012

International Junior Researcher And Engineer Workshop On Hydraulic Structures Session 4, Gonzalo Duró, Mitch Dabling, Josh Mortensen, Boris Rodriguez, Fadi Wakim

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

No abstract provided.

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Hazards At Low-Head Dams, Riley J. Olsen, Michael C. Johnson Jun 2012

Hazards At Low-Head Dams, Riley J. Olsen, Michael C. Johnson

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

ABSTRACT: Low-head dams are small structures that are built for many purposes, the most common being to impound small amounts of water for various uses. At certain flow conditions, a dangerous countercurrent, known as a roller, can form downstream of a low-head dam. This current possesses an upstream directed surface velocity that can effectively trap debris, as well as unsuspecting humans, at the downstream side of the dam. It is this current that is responsible for the deaths of many individuals that have ventured too close to these structures over the years. It is the objective of this study to …

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International Junior Researcher And Engineer Workshop On Hydraulic Structures Session 1, Adam Witt, Fadi Wakim, Nathan Christensen Jun 2012

International Junior Researcher And Engineer Workshop On Hydraulic Structures Session 1, Adam Witt, Fadi Wakim, Nathan Christensen

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

No abstract provided.

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Staged And Notched Labyrinth Weir Hydraulics, Mitchell R. Dabling, Brian M. Crookston Jun 2012

Staged And Notched Labyrinth Weir Hydraulics, Mitchell R. Dabling, Brian M. Crookston

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

ABSTRACT: Replacement spillways are frequently required to pass revised and larger design storm events. Generally matching the outflow hydrograph of the existing spillway is also a common design requirement. Labyrinth spillways can increase spillway discharge capacity. Staged and notched sections of crest have been used in design to satisfy discharge hydrograph requirements. However, inadequate hydraulic design information is available specific to staged and notched labyrinth weirs. In this study, the flow characteristics of multiple staged and notched labyrinth weir configurations (laboratory-scale) were tested. Head-discharge relationships were evaluated experimentally and compared with computed results using superposition (predicting the discharge over the …

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Cavitation In Hydraulic Structures-Bridging The Gap Between The Laboratory And The Real World, K. Warren Frizell Jun 2012

Cavitation In Hydraulic Structures-Bridging The Gap Between The Laboratory And The Real World, K. Warren Frizell

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

ABSTRACT: Recollections of a thirty-five-year career at the hydraulic laboratory of the Bureau of Reclamation are presented within the context of using all the tools at your disposal to reach the best possible answer to your research questions. Cavitation in hydraulic structures will be the main topic used to illustrate this premise, using historic examples and current research to demonstrate study approaches, testing techniques, and applied solutions to real world problems.

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Physical Modeling And Cfd Comparison: Case Study Of A Hydro-Combined Power Station In Spillway Mode, Gonzalo Duró, Mariano De Dios, Alfredo López, Sergio O. Liscia Jun 2012

Physical Modeling And Cfd Comparison: Case Study Of A Hydro-Combined Power Station In Spillway Mode, Gonzalo Duró, Mariano De Dios, Alfredo López, Sergio O. Liscia

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

ABSTRACT: This study presents comparisons between the results of a commercial CFD code and physical model measurements. The case study is a hydro-combined power station operating in spillway mode for a given scenario. Two turbulence models and two scales are implemented to identify the capabilities and limitations of each approach and to determine the selection criteria for CFD modeling for this kind of structure. The main flow characteristics are considered for analysis, but the focus is on a fluctuating frequency phenomenon for accurate quantitative comparisons. Acceptable representations of the general hydraulic functioning are found in all approaches, according to physical …

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International Junior Researcher And Engineer Workshop On Hydraulic Structures Session 5, Mohanad Khodier, Adam Witt, Maria Trujillo, Iordanis Moustakidis, Francois Rulot Jun 2012

International Junior Researcher And Engineer Workshop On Hydraulic Structures Session 5, Mohanad Khodier, Adam Witt, Maria Trujillo, Iordanis Moustakidis, Francois Rulot

International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

No abstract provided.

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Mechanical Properties Of Recycled Aggregate Concrete With Deformed Steel Re-Bar, Yongjae Kim, Jongsung Sim, Cheolwoo Park Jun 2012

Mechanical Properties Of Recycled Aggregate Concrete With Deformed Steel Re-Bar, Yongjae Kim, Jongsung Sim, Cheolwoo Park

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This study investigates fundamental properties of the recycled aggregate which was produced through recent hi-technique of recycling. In addition, the mechanical properties of the concrete that was made by the recycled aggregate were compared to the concrete made of natural aggregate. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the concrete-rebar bonding properties of the recycled aggregate concrete. The recycled aggregate concrete showed about 18% decreased bond strength as compared to the natural aggregate concrete. The current prediction equation of bond strength suggested by the design specification does not consider this decreased bond strength by the use of the …

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Effect Of Water Soluble Polymer And Fiber On The Early-Age Shrinkage Cracking Of Cementitious Composites, Shih-Tang Lin, Ran Huang, Tsai-Lung Weng Jun 2012

Effect Of Water Soluble Polymer And Fiber On The Early-Age Shrinkage Cracking Of Cementitious Composites, Shih-Tang Lin, Ran Huang, Tsai-Lung Weng

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Both polymeric fiber and water soluble polymer (WSP) have been reported effective in reducing early-age shrinkage cracking. The synergistic effect of cellulose based WSP and fiber on reducing early-age shrinkage cracking of cementitious composite exposed to a constant evaporation rate of 1 kg/(h.m2) environment was investigated in this paper. A fixed ratio of WSP was employed in the poly-acrylic fiber reinforced cementitious composites with various fiber content and aspect ratios. Results indicate that the addition of polymeric fibers reduced plastic shrinkage cracking, such as the total crack area, the average crack width and cracks wider than 1.5 mm. Further reductions …

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Effective Asr Inhibiting Length And Applied Electrical Field Under Accelerated Lithium Migration Technique, Wei-Chien Wang, Chih-Chien Liu, Chau Lee Jun 2012

Effective Asr Inhibiting Length And Applied Electrical Field Under Accelerated Lithium Migration Technique, Wei-Chien Wang, Chih-Chien Liu, Chau Lee

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This study investigates the effective concrete length and electric field strength during Accelerated Lithium Migration Technique (ALMT) application for the inhibition of the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Concrete specimens measuring 10 cm in diameter and 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, 20 and 23 cm in length are fabricated. Specimens with 5, 7, and 9 cm in length are applied 9 A/m2 constant current density, and the rest specimens are applied 60 V constant voltage. After the ALMT process, the specimen is cut every 0.5 cm and analyzed its cation content. Experimental results shows that if the aim of ASR inhibition …

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Impact Abrasion Of Hydraulic Structures Concrete, Yu-Wen Liu, Shi-Wei Cho, Tsao-Hua Hsu Jun 2012

Impact Abrasion Of Hydraulic Structures Concrete, Yu-Wen Liu, Shi-Wei Cho, Tsao-Hua Hsu

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Most of the abrasion damage is caused by the action of water-borne particles (silt, sand, gravel, and other solid) impacting and rolling against the concrete surface during hydraulic structure operation. In this paper solid-particle abrasion of concrete containing slag was studied. Experiments included use of river sand abrade of mean diameter ~ 0.6, 1.2, 2.5 and 5 mm, and sand content was 110, 230 and 340 kg per 1 m3 of water, impacting at 30°, 45° and 90° to the concrete surface. And the waterborne sand flow impact test method was used. Test results show that the abrasion rate to …

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Effect Of Alkaline Solutions On Engineering Properties Of Alkali-Activated Ggbfs Paste, Tzong-Ruey Yang, Ta-Peng Chang, Bo-Tsun Chen, Jeng-Ywan Shih, Wei-Lun Lin Jun 2012

Effect Of Alkaline Solutions On Engineering Properties Of Alkali-Activated Ggbfs Paste, Tzong-Ruey Yang, Ta-Peng Chang, Bo-Tsun Chen, Jeng-Ywan Shih, Wei-Lun Lin

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

In this study, two kinds of alkaline solutions, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), with three dosages of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% by weight were used to produce the alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) paste at three different liquid-solid ratios by weight of 0.45, 0.5 and 0.55. Most engineering properties of the paste were examined at age of 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. Experimental results show that a mixed alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate is necessary to produce an alkaliactivated GGBFS paste with adequate workability and strength. Both the liquid-solid ratio and …

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A Study Of Statistical Models Application For Mixture Of High-Flowing Concrete, Ming-Chih Li, Yu-Sheng Chen, Yin-Wen Chan, Vihn Long Hoang Jun 2012

A Study Of Statistical Models Application For Mixture Of High-Flowing Concrete, Ming-Chih Li, Yu-Sheng Chen, Yin-Wen Chan, Vihn Long Hoang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

High flowing concrete (HFC) is defined as a concrete that exhibits a high deformability and a good resistance to segregation. The grade of workability for HFC is concrete slump flow that between 50 to 70 cm. In the research, 21statistically balanced concrete mixtures were investigated by statistical models, and discussed further the workability, strength and durability properties of concrete, which are responded by granulated ground blastfurnace slag (GGBS), Fly ash, waterbinder ratio (w/b) and superplasticizer (sp). The Box-Wilson central composite design (CCD) method is used in this study. The total binder content is 375 kg/m3 , and four independent variables …

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The Relationship Between Migration Time In Acmt And Ponding Time In Ponding Test For Cementitious Materials, Chung-Chia Yang, Yu-Ming Tsai, Kuo-Cheng Yang Jun 2012

The Relationship Between Migration Time In Acmt And Ponding Time In Ponding Test For Cementitious Materials, Chung-Chia Yang, Yu-Ming Tsai, Kuo-Cheng Yang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the diffusion behaviors of chloride ions and the migration of chloride ions in the cementitious materials. Different kinds of mortars with different binder combination (fly ash, slag and fly ash plus slag) and w/b ratios (w/b = 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, and 0.65) were used. In this study, the diffusion test and the migration test were carried out with the ponding test (AASHTO T259) and the accelerated chloride migration test (ACMT), respectively. The chloride profiles were obtained under different ponding time with ponding test and different migration time with ACMT. …

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Prediction Model Of Air-Borne Salt Distribution In The Coastal Region Of Northern Taiwan, Yu-Sheng Chen, Hui-Jen Chiu, Yi-Wen Chan, Yung-Chang Chang, Chung-Chia Yang Jun 2012

Prediction Model Of Air-Borne Salt Distribution In The Coastal Region Of Northern Taiwan, Yu-Sheng Chen, Hui-Jen Chiu, Yi-Wen Chan, Yung-Chang Chang, Chung-Chia Yang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Taiwan is located in subtropical region, where temperature and humidity are relatively high all year round. Besides, the island is surrounded by ocean that the air-borne salt (ABS) attack is one of the major concerns for concrete structures. In this paper, a prediction model for the distribution of air-borne salt in the coastal region of northern Taiwan is proposed based on the result of ABS measurement at 38 sites near a period of four years. The ABS content was calculated monthly based on the salt concentration, water amount, time, and area of entrance. The monthly measured ABS of the entire …

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Using Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry To Study The Interfacial Properties Of Cement-Based Materials, Shih-Wei Cho Jun 2012

Using Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry To Study The Interfacial Properties Of Cement-Based Materials, Shih-Wei Cho

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Cement-based material is a typical porous composite material. Pore structures and interfacial properties of cementbased materials are influenced properties of ion transport behavior and durability. This study determines pore structure by employing mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), with mortar specimens manufactured with three different watercement (w/c) ratios and five volume proportions of fine aggregate to investigate interfacial properties. The experimental results show that total mercury intrusion decreases with an increase in sand volume proportion when comparing the same w/c ratio. The calculated mercury intrusion of interfacial transition zone increases with w/c and the volume proportion of fine aggregate.

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The Study Of Chloride Ion Transport Behavior Of Mortar Under Different Storing Environment Temperatures, Shih-Han Weng, Chung-Chia Yang, Shih-Wei Cho, Kuo-Cheng Yang Jun 2012

The Study Of Chloride Ion Transport Behavior Of Mortar Under Different Storing Environment Temperatures, Shih-Han Weng, Chung-Chia Yang, Shih-Wei Cho, Kuo-Cheng Yang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This study presents the chloride ion transport behavior of mortar from accelerated chloride migration test (ACMT). The water/cement ratio of mortars is 0.45, and the five volume fractions of fine aggregates (0%, 15%, 30%, 50% and 60%) were evaluated. After stored under different environment temperatures (25°C, 40°C, 60°Cand 80°C), the chloride ion passing through specimens was carried out with ACMT. From the Nernest-Planck equation and modified Fick’s second law, test data could be calculate the chloride migration coefficient of non-steady-state and steady-state. For mortar structure, dilution and tortuosity effects are positive effect to resist the penetration of Chloride ion. On …

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Performance-Based Plastic Design And Energy-Based Evaluation Of Seismic Resistant Rc Moment Frame, Wen-Cheng Liao, Subhash C. Goel Jun 2012

Performance-Based Plastic Design And Energy-Based Evaluation Of Seismic Resistant Rc Moment Frame, Wen-Cheng Liao, Subhash C. Goel

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This paper presents first time application of the Performance-Based Plastic Design (PBPD) approach to seismic resistant reinforced concrete special moment frames (RC SMF). Four baseline RC SMF (4, 8, 12 and 20-story) as used in the FEMA P695 were selected for this study. Those frames were redesigned by the PBPD approach. The baseline code designed frames and the PBPD frames were subjected to extensive inelastic pushover and time-history analyses. It turns out that the work-energy equation in PBPD to determine design base shear can also be used to estimate seismic demands, herein called the energy spectrum method. In summary, this …

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Effect Of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag On Mechanical Behavior Of Pva-Ecc, Ing Lim, Jenn-Chuan Chern, Tony Liu, Yin-Wen Chan Jun 2012

Effect Of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag On Mechanical Behavior Of Pva-Ecc, Ing Lim, Jenn-Chuan Chern, Tony Liu, Yin-Wen Chan

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

As the most popular construction material, concrete has many advantages compared to other materials. However, its brittle nature causes cracking and results in many deterioration problems and failures in infrastructures. Considering the issue of sustainability, researchers around the world have conducted numerous studies to develop concrete that has better performances, higher durability, longer life span, and less damaging effects to nature. To obtain such characteristics, researchers not only focus on strength enhancement, but also ductility and toughness. This paper examines the effect of using ground granulated blast furnace slag as partial cement replacement in producing engineered cementitious composite (ECC), a …

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Analysis Of Influential Factors And Association Rules For Bridge Deck Deterioration With Utilization Of National Bridge Inventory, Rong Yau Huang, Ping Fu Chen Jun 2012

Analysis Of Influential Factors And Association Rules For Bridge Deck Deterioration With Utilization Of National Bridge Inventory, Rong Yau Huang, Ping Fu Chen

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Bridge is the hub of the roads and plays a crucial role in transportation. In recent years, the age of most bridges in Taiwan has gotten old gradually; as a result, the bridges deteriorate and need to be fixed and maintained. Nevertheless, it is not easy to predict the timing of bridge deterioration, and such situation has become one of the important issues in introducing the concept of preventive maintenance. In fact, in order to control the condition of bridge deterioration, many countries have set up bridge management system and regulated methods and mechanism of inspection. The record of bridge …

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Hardy, Nathaniel (Sc 524), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives Jun 2012

Hardy, Nathaniel (Sc 524), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Manuscript Collection Finding Aids

Finding aid and scan (Click on "additional files" below) for Manuscripts Small Collection 524. Receipt written15 June 1836 by Nathaniel Hardy of Day, Schmitz and Baldwin, Louisville, Kentucky, to Eli McLean, South Union, Kentucky, for payment of $300 on castings for water works for the Shaker Society at South Union.

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Multinomial Logistic Regression Model For Single-Vehicle And Multivehicle Collisions On Urban U.S. Highways In Arkansas, Ghulam Bham, Bhanu S. Javvadi, Uday R.R. Manepalli Jun 2012

Multinomial Logistic Regression Model For Single-Vehicle And Multivehicle Collisions On Urban U.S. Highways In Arkansas, Ghulam Bham, Bhanu S. Javvadi, Uday R.R. Manepalli

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Multivariate analysis can be used to identify the effects of several factors on the causes of a crash compared with univariate analysis. This paper uses a multivariate-analysis technique, the multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model, to examine the differences in crash-contributing factors for six collision types for both divided- and undivided-highway nonjunctions, given that a crash has occurred. Multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate (1) single-vehicle and (2) multivehicle collisions, which included (1) angular, (2) head-on, (3) rear-end, (4) sideswipe-same-direction, and (5) sideswipe-opposite-direction collisions. the risks associated with different collision types were found to be significantly influenced by various vehicle …

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