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2008

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Articles 301 - 330 of 997

Full-Text Articles in Civil and Environmental Engineering

Rapid Recovery Of Demolished Young-Dong Highway 205.4km Due To Heavy Rain, Kyungsoo Jeon, Nakyoung Kim, Hyojong Youn, Nakjoo Kim Aug 2008

Rapid Recovery Of Demolished Young-Dong Highway 205.4km Due To Heavy Rain, Kyungsoo Jeon, Nakyoung Kim, Hyojong Youn, Nakjoo Kim

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Yong-dong highway that has an important role to connect between the west end and the east resort areas of South Korea was demolished at 205.4km from the west end due to an unexpected heavy rain whose intensity is 62.4mm/h on July 15th, 2006. Foundations of concrete retaining walls contact on Walljeong stream that has a steep bed slope and small water volume except a rainy season were scoured, and the concrete retaining walls were overturned. The water came into the embankment, and the westbound lanes of the highway were destroyed. The highway was blocked to traffic just before a big …

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Rehabilitation Of Sliding Motorway Slopes On Deep Failure In Bulgaria, Chavdar Vassilev Kolev Aug 2008

Rehabilitation Of Sliding Motorway Slopes On Deep Failure In Bulgaria, Chavdar Vassilev Kolev

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Bulgaria is situated on the Balkan Peninsula and she has highly varied relief. There are very much deep failures on here territory. The motorways cross these areas on many places. The report present three interesting case histories related to landslides on the routes, caused by existing of deep failure, underground water and increasing traffic. The amplitudes of the vertical displacements have been more them 3 m. Special structures applied for protection and rehabilitation of the route are presented. List of the structures included piles, micropiles, anchors, drainages, geoweb etc. It is proposed estimation for the risk level of new failure …

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Influence Of Kinematic Interaction Effects On Earthquake Structure Response: Analysis Of These Effects In The Colombia Earthquake Of November 15, 2004, Gloria Estrada Aug 2008

Influence Of Kinematic Interaction Effects On Earthquake Structure Response: Analysis Of These Effects In The Colombia Earthquake Of November 15, 2004, Gloria Estrada

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Many authors have considered the kinematic interaction effects as favorable for seismic response of structures. However, this assumption is not always correct, because for some combinations of soil dynamic properties, foundation geometry and structural configuration, the kinematic interaction effects can lead to unfavorable performance of structures during earthquake. Therefore, the kinematic interaction effects increase or decrease the effective excitation that acts on the foundation base, in terms of their translation and rotation components. In this paper the role of kinematic interaction effects is analyzed for plate foundation embedded in different layered soil profiles, using recorded motions and several foundation geometries. …

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Stress-Strain Analysis Of Different Concrete Cut Off Wall Connection Systems Case Study: Karkheh Storage Dam, Zakaria Zoorasna, Amir Hamidi, Ali Ghanbari Aug 2008

Stress-Strain Analysis Of Different Concrete Cut Off Wall Connection Systems Case Study: Karkheh Storage Dam, Zakaria Zoorasna, Amir Hamidi, Ali Ghanbari

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The concrete cut off wall is usually used to control the seepage through the foundation of earth dams. It is usually made of plastic concrete. It can be connected to the core of the earth dam using different connection systems. The difference between cut off wall and core material results stress concentration in the connection zone. In fact the main cause is the large difference between stiffness of the cut off wall concrete and clayey core of the dam. This makes the stress-strain behavior complex in the connection zone. In the present study, six different details for the connection system …

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Stabilization Of A Large Paleo-Landslide Reactivated Because Of The Works To Install A New Ski Lift In Formigal Skiing Resort, J. González-Gallego, J. Moreno Robles, J. L. García De La Oliva, F. Pardo De Santayana Aug 2008

Stabilization Of A Large Paleo-Landslide Reactivated Because Of The Works To Install A New Ski Lift In Formigal Skiing Resort, J. González-Gallego, J. Moreno Robles, J. L. García De La Oliva, F. Pardo De Santayana

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The paper presents the study and stabilization of a paleo-landslide reactivated because of the excavation works carried out at its foot to construct a new lift in Formigal skiing resort. Inclinometers were installed and surface movements were controlled by GPS techniques in order to analyse the sliding surface and to define the stabilization measures to undertake. The data obtained from the instrumentation was used to perform a back-analysis that allowed to determine the kinematics of the movement as well as to define the appropriate stabilization measures. Presently, the evolution of the movement is controlled by GPS.

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Stability Analysis Of A Tailings Dam: Existing State And Planned Heightening, Anton D. Tzenkov Aug 2008

Stability Analysis Of A Tailings Dam: Existing State And Planned Heightening, Anton D. Tzenkov

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This paper presents the studies carried out to determine the stability of a tailings dam for its existing state and for a planned heightening. The dam is made of rockfill; it is about 3 500 m long and its maximum height is presently 38 m. The tailings are heterogeneous; they originate from three industrial enterprises in the region and are transported mixed with water, through supply pipelines. The facility is built on foundation made up of clays, underlain by marl. The present study consists of seepage analysis; consolidation analysis to assess the stress states at different stages during the building …

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Damage To Tall Structures Situated At Long Distance From Epicenter Due To Long Period Seismic Waves And Effect On Structures On Filled Lands, Arun Bapat Aug 2008

Damage To Tall Structures Situated At Long Distance From Epicenter Due To Long Period Seismic Waves And Effect On Structures On Filled Lands, Arun Bapat

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Damages during earthquakes are mostly confined to few tens of kilometer radiuses from epicenter and are located within the highest Intensity Isoseismal. In addition to this it has been seen that the Long Period Surface Waves cause heavy damage to tall structures (height > 17 m). Such damages have been observed during Mexican Earthquake of 1985, Bhuj Earthquake (India) of 2001 and Pakistan Earthquake of 2005. The destruction had occurred at 520, 310 and 150 km distance from the epicenters of the above three earthquakes. The damage is accentuated if the structures happen to be located on the filled land. With …

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Assessment Of Spt-Based Liquefaction Potential Of Erbaa (Tokat), Turkey, Mugh Akin, Tamer Topal Aug 2008

Assessment Of Spt-Based Liquefaction Potential Of Erbaa (Tokat), Turkey, Mugh Akin, Tamer Topal

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Turkey is one of the earthquake prone countries in the world. The seismicity of the northern part of Turkey is mainly controlled by active North Anatolian Fault Zone. Several earthquakes and earthquake triggered hazards occurred by the tectonic activity of this fault zone. In recent past, 1999 Adapazari earthquake (Mw=7.4) has caused several fatalities in the western part of this fault zone. One of the most important observations after the earthquake was the liquefaction-related damages of the buildings. In this study, the liquefaction potential of Erbaa (Tokat) settlement area in Turkey, located partly on an alluvial plain of …

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Damage To Masonry Retaining Walls During Niigataken-Chuetsu Earthquake, Mitsu Okamura, Shinya Shigematsu Aug 2008

Damage To Masonry Retaining Walls During Niigataken-Chuetsu Earthquake, Mitsu Okamura, Shinya Shigematsu

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Niigata Prefecture of Japan was hit by two large earthquakes in recent years 2004 and 2007. In particular during the 2004 Earthquake, large number of retaining walls which had supported road embankments in the mountainous area collapsed, resulting in cutting off road traffic and complete isolation of people in the neighborhood for a long time. An extensive investigation of a number of damaged and undamaged road embankments in the mountainous area revealed that catastrophic failure of embankments constructed on sloping foundation soils were in many cases triggered by the damage of retaining walls and most of such damaged retaining walls …

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Damage To Water And Sewage Pipelines In Adapazari During 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake, Atilla Ansal, Aslı Kurtuluş, Gökçe Tönük Aug 2008

Damage To Water And Sewage Pipelines In Adapazari During 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake, Atilla Ansal, Aslı Kurtuluş, Gökçe Tönük

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Vulnerability of pipeline systems were studied for the city of Adapazari based on available information on the performance of the water and sewage pipeline systems during 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake. The water supply pipeline system in Adapazari experienced extensive damage. The main damage was observed in transmission and distribution systems primarily due to brittle asbestos cement (AC) pipes used in the system combined with the fracturing effect of ground deformations associated with liquefaction and softening of alluvial sediments. Recently, pipeline damage inventory was compiled based on repair reports and interviews with water works technicians. Since the entire system was replaced …

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Effect Of Foundation-Reservoir Interaction On Seismic Behaviour Of Gravity Dams, R. Ayothiraman, Damodar Maity, Garnish Khasung Aug 2008

Effect Of Foundation-Reservoir Interaction On Seismic Behaviour Of Gravity Dams, R. Ayothiraman, Damodar Maity, Garnish Khasung

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This paper discusses the combined effect of foundation-reservoir interaction on the seismic response of concrete gravity dam by considering a case study: Bichom Concrete Gravity Dam located in Arunachal Pradesh, India. The dam comprises of overflow and non-overflow monoliths and seismic analysis was carried out for both monoliths separately for Design Basis Earthquake excitation (DBE) assuming linear behaviour. The significance of foundation flexibility on the seismic response of dam was investigated by comparing the response of dam with rigid and flexible foundations. The hydrodynamic effect of impounded water is modeled as an added mass by Chopra’s Method. Effect of foundation-reservoir …

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Generating Realistic Ground Motions For Nonlinear Seismic Hazard Analysis — An Application To Hard Rock Sites In Eastern North America, Jale Tezcan Aug 2008

Generating Realistic Ground Motions For Nonlinear Seismic Hazard Analysis — An Application To Hard Rock Sites In Eastern North America, Jale Tezcan

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This paper aims to determine the dependence of seismic response on the shape of the time-domain filter used in the stochastic method of ground motion prediction. Brune’s single-corner point source model was used in conjunction with the current attenuation relationships developed for hard rock sites in the Eastern North America (ENA) to obtain the target ground motion spectrum. A total of three hundred synthetic accelerograms were generated by filtering the Gaussian white noise with exponential, triangular and trapezoidal windows. For each accelerogram, displacement response of the Duffing’s oscillator was calculated, and its average amplitude spectrum was constructed in the joint …

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Investigation Of Dynamic Behavior Of Asphalt Core Dams, Sh. Salemi, M. H. Baziar, C. M. Merrifield, T. Heidari Aug 2008

Investigation Of Dynamic Behavior Of Asphalt Core Dams, Sh. Salemi, M. H. Baziar, C. M. Merrifield, T. Heidari

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

In this research, dynamic behavior of a rockfill dam with asphalt-concrete core has been studied utilizing numerical models and centrifuge model tests with material parameters determined by laboratory tests including static and cyclic triaxial tests and also wave velocity measurements. The case study selected is the Meyjaran asphalt core dam, recently constructed in Northern Iran, with 60 m height and 180 m crest length. The seismic response analyses have been performed using a non-linear three dimensional finite difference software under various hazard levels of earthquake loadings. Their results showed that the induced shear strains in the asphalt core are less …

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Stability Analysis Of A 70m-High Cut At An Ancient Landslide Area In Patras, Greece, Costas I. Papantonopoulos, Panos G. Kloukinas, George E. Mylonakis Aug 2008

Stability Analysis Of A 70m-High Cut At An Ancient Landslide Area In Patras, Greece, Costas I. Papantonopoulos, Panos G. Kloukinas, George E. Mylonakis

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A 70m-high slope is currently under construction near the entrance of a cut-and-cover tunnel in the inner loop highway of City of Patras – a seismically active area in Western Greece (PGA = 0.24g). The slope consists of marl layers dipping inwards and exhibiting distinct sets of joints. The landscape provides evidence that the site has been subjected to a major landslide at an unknown time in the past. Geotechnical investigation detected a sheared zone at about 15m below ground surface, and a water table a few meters below the planned toe of the slope. The angle and position of …

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Performance Of Large Storage Tank In Bhuj Earthquake, K. R. Datye, M. G. Khare Aug 2008

Performance Of Large Storage Tank In Bhuj Earthquake, K. R. Datye, M. G. Khare

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The 2001 Bhuj earthquake of magnitude 7.7 caused a widespread damage in the state of Gujarat, India. This paper presents a case study of phosphoric acid storage tank weighing 100,000 kN and measuring 30 m in diameter built for a fertilizer plant in Kandla, Gujarat. The post earthquake performance assessment was carried out by exhuming the nearby piles and non-destructive testing of piles. The storage tanks supported on piles, installed in a ground treated with stone columns, showed no failure and have performed well during the earthquake. The design philosophy used to resist axial and lateral loads is explained.

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Predicting Hydraulic Fracturing In Hyttejuvet Dam, S. Mohsen Haeri, Danial Faghihi Aug 2008

Predicting Hydraulic Fracturing In Hyttejuvet Dam, S. Mohsen Haeri, Danial Faghihi

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Hydraulic fracturing can occur in the clay core of earth and rockfill dams if the vertical effective stress in the core is reduced to the levels that are small enough to allow a tensile fracture to occur due to hydraulic pressure of the seeping water. This situation may arise if the total stress in the core is reduced by the “arching effect” where the core settles relative to the filter or rock-fill shell of the dam. Water pressure increase in the core which occurs on first impounding of water, may reduce effective stresses further, and if they reach low enough …

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Reinforcement Of Slopes For Seismic Stability, Sanjeev Malhotra, Thomas S. Lee Aug 2008

Reinforcement Of Slopes For Seismic Stability, Sanjeev Malhotra, Thomas S. Lee

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

According to current practice, analyzing the stability of an earth slope under seismic conditions involves applying a pseudo-static seismic load in a conventional limit equilibrium analysis or performing a displacement analysis based on the analogy of a rigid block on an inclined plane. This paper reviews the development of currently used approaches of seismic slope stability analyses, available remediation methods, and design considerations. It examines the issues of shear strength degradation, strain incompatibility, and presents three case histories of projects located in areas of high seismicity where some form of reinforcement was used to obtain seismic slope stability.

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Seismic Site Effects In The Faulted Piancastagnaio Area (Italy): An Explanation Attempt, M. I. Rainone, P. Torrese, P. Signanini Aug 2008

Seismic Site Effects In The Faulted Piancastagnaio Area (Italy): An Explanation Attempt, M. I. Rainone, P. Torrese, P. Signanini

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Analysis of seismic site effects is still an open issue within projects that deal with the reduction of seismic risk. In the absence of surface and borehole arrays measurements, the main methodological approach consists of the individuation and the consequent appraisal of the surface effects in presence of “an expected” earthquake, through integrated geological, geomorphological, geological-technical, geophysical multidisciplinary surveys and by the use of numerical modelling. In historically densely populated urban areas, it is possible to verify if the calculated accelerations can be, at least qualitatively, correlated to the level of damage to buildings. However, there are frequent cases in …

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A Case — Vibration Influences And Its Evaluation In Muck Ground Improvement With The Static-Dynamic Method, Zhang-Ming Li, Jun-Hua Lin Aug 2008

A Case — Vibration Influences And Its Evaluation In Muck Ground Improvement With The Static-Dynamic Method, Zhang-Ming Li, Jun-Hua Lin

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Under the condition of tamping energy 975～1125 kN.m per blow with four kinds of typical tampers including the shock absorbed and assembled tamper (SAAT) designed by the first author, the tests of vibration acceleration and relative tamping settlement are carried out in situ during the improvement of mud ground with high water content and great void ratio by use of the static-dynamic drainage consolidation method (SDDCM); the synthetic safety distances satisfying the requirement of relative code (under seismic intensity grade 7）are obtained under the condition. The test results show that SAAT enhances the effect of SDDCM in evidence and diminishes …

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Case Study Of Annoying Vibrations Generated By Unbalanced Forces Of An Offset Printing Press, Ion Vlad, Mirela - Nausica Vlad Aug 2008

Case Study Of Annoying Vibrations Generated By Unbalanced Forces Of An Offset Printing Press, Ion Vlad, Mirela - Nausica Vlad

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

In the design of machine foundations or other dynamically loaded foundations, successive corrections are used to reach the final physical system. The end product of the design procedure is the determination of a foundation – soil system which satisfactorily supports equipment or machinery. A special situation is that when the manufacturers of the machinery don’t recognize, or are unwilling to acknowledge, the unbalanced forces which are produced by their machine. Another situation, directly related to the above mentioned one, consists of the acquisition of second – hand equipment. This is the situation which has been often encountered in Romania in …

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Destructive Water-Borne Pressure Waves, Gregory L. Hempen Aug 2008

Destructive Water-Borne Pressure Waves, Gregory L. Hempen

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Many energetic sources (blasting, pile-driving, seismic exploration, …) near or within a water body may produce destructive, water-borne pressure waves. Pressure waves of sufficient amplitude can impact water-side structures and aquatic fauna. Such energetic sources produce pressure waves and cavitation that can cause concrete to spall, deform metal sheets that are near to the source, kill aquatic organisms, and/or damage hearing of marine mammals at large distances. Any program (energetic systems) that causes pressure waves within the water layer may be conducted in a manner that reduces the pressure waves’ severity. The methodology to reduce pressure waves does not need …

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Geotechnical Assessment And Evaluation Of The Impact Of Kachchh (Bhuj) India 2001 Earthquake, Indra Prakash, D. M. Pancholi Aug 2008

Geotechnical Assessment And Evaluation Of The Impact Of Kachchh (Bhuj) India 2001 Earthquake, Indra Prakash, D. M. Pancholi

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Intraplate earthquakes are ongoing activity in the Kachchh region. The area is seismically active and falls in Zone V of the seismic Zoning Map of India. The devastating Bhuj (Kachchh) Earthquake of MS 7.6 occurred in this zone on 26th January, 2001 causing severe damage to civil engineering structures and loss of human life. The surface manifestations of deformation of this earthquake include fractures/ fissures, lateral spread, slump, subsidence, upheaval, sand blows and craters. Bhuj Earthquake has caused considerable damage to earth dams lying in isoseist VIII and above in Kachchh. Damages to dams are in the form of longitudinal …

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Mitigation Of Adverse Vibrations In Nearby Structures Arising From A Large Forge Hammer, Sami Arsoy Aug 2008

Mitigation Of Adverse Vibrations In Nearby Structures Arising From A Large Forge Hammer, Sami Arsoy

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This study is concerned in developing a rapid solution of unwanted vibrations arising from a forging facility in Düzce Industrial Park (DIP), Turkey. A site visit revealed that the foundation of the impact hammer was constructed based on judgment. After collecting the relevant data to the extend possible, the system was modeled with two single degrees of freedom having two masses and two springs without any appreciable damping. The results of the analysis indicated that the best solution would be to improve the foundation soil or support the machine on piles, which was unacceptable to the owner because of the …

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Evaluation Of The Martin Et Al. (1975) Pore Pressure Build Up Model Using Laboratory Test Data, Sara Nabili, Yaser Jafarian, Mohammad H. Baziar Aug 2008

Evaluation Of The Martin Et Al. (1975) Pore Pressure Build Up Model Using Laboratory Test Data, Sara Nabili, Yaser Jafarian, Mohammad H. Baziar

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Liquefaction has occurred during numerous earthquakes and it has caused damages and catastrophic failures. This phenomenon takes place due to the excess pore pressure development in loose saturated granular soils. Researchers have attempted to predict these phenomena (excess pore water pressure and liquefaction) using constitutive modeling and numerical approaches. In this paper, a numerical modeling procedure is presented to predict the seismic excess pore water pressure using a fully coupled effective stress analysis. A few cyclic and monotonic element tests and a level ground centrifuge test conducted during VELACS project were utilized to calibrate the numerical models. The Mohr-Coulomb elastic-perfectly …

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Alamitos Gap: A Case Study Using The Trench Remixing And Deep Wall Method, Jeffrey C. Evans Aug 2008

Alamitos Gap: A Case Study Using The Trench Remixing And Deep Wall Method, Jeffrey C. Evans

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The trench remixing and deep wall method (TRD) is a one-phase process for excavation and in situ mixing of a vertical barrier. While the TRD method was developed and has been widely employed in Japan for more than a decade, it has only recently been used in the United States. Since the TRD method mixes the entire depth of the vertical profile, this method can be used to construct a more homogeneous wall than other in situ methods. Using a large revolving chain and cutter bar, the TRD equipment simultaneously excavates and mixes in situ soils and added slurry resulting …

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Analysis Of A Group Of Failing Retaining Walls And Remediation Measures, Sami Arsoy Aug 2008

Analysis Of A Group Of Failing Retaining Walls And Remediation Measures, Sami Arsoy

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This study investigates the reasons of excessive movements of a group of reinforced-concrete retaining walls with a total length of over 300 meters, constructed in 2000 in Kocaeli, Turkey. The contractor had documented the construction stages in sufficient detail. Evaluation of available documents, field observations and engineering analysis has shown that the factor of safety for the walls was around one. In other words, the walls were slowly failing. Engineering errors on calculation of earth pressures and the use of wrong backfill were identified as the primary reasons. The factor of safety of the failing walls was significantly improved by …

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Behaviour Monitorization Of A 13m High Gabions Wall, J. Matos E Silva Aug 2008

Behaviour Monitorization Of A 13m High Gabions Wall, J. Matos E Silva

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The paper refers a gabions retaining wall, located at Belas, about 30 km Northeast of Lisbon, in the North perimeter of an Organic Valorisation Central (Valorsul). After the wall completion some pathology occurred and it was detected that it had been partially executed with marl limestone blocks that loose mechanical resistance under rainy water. The wall was then demolished and rebuilt with adequate material. During the earth fill execution the wall was monitorized with a superficial topographical survey. The results obtained and the respective conclusions are referred.

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Design And Construction Of Anchored Flexible Facing Excavation Support And Soldier Pile Wall, Bon Lien, Jesús Gómez, Chris Bailey Aug 2008

Design And Construction Of Anchored Flexible Facing Excavation Support And Soldier Pile Wall, Bon Lien, Jesús Gómez, Chris Bailey

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

After Hurricane Ivan made landfall in 2005, the Florida Department of Transportation required the replacement of two new high level multi-span bridges that carry Interstate I-10 across the Escambia Bay in Pensacola, Florida, USA. The project required widening an area under the existing pile-supported Scenic Highway abutments with limited headroom of approximately 15 feet. The Department required cutting back the concrete-faced slope pavement below the existing bridge abutment and installing a finished vertical wall facing that consisted of precast concrete panels rendering a look of a conventional Mechanical Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall. In order to gain space for the installation …

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Failure Of Retaining Structures In Town Lezha And Their Consequence In Neighbouring Building, Luljeta Bozo Aug 2008

Failure Of Retaining Structures In Town Lezha And Their Consequence In Neighbouring Building, Luljeta Bozo

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The Lezha town has a very complicate geology, high underground water table and high seismicity. Near of eight floors building was constructed a new building with two underground stories. The retaining structures at the time of excavation to the undergo damage to cause the serious problems on the existing building. In these paper I, would like to present the analyses of phenomena and the engineering measures for rehabilitation of situation. The most dangerous phenomena in the studied area were suffusion problems. From these phenomena the existing eight stories buildings underwent the differential settlement, which arrived near the limit value of …

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Effect Of High In-Situ Stress On Braced Excavations, Wolfgang Roth, Bei Su, Jake Vanbaarsel, Eric Lindquist Aug 2008

Effect Of High In-Situ Stress On Braced Excavations, Wolfgang Roth, Bei Su, Jake Vanbaarsel, Eric Lindquist

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The two underground stations and portals of Metro Gold Line's East Los Angeles extension were excavated in heavily over-consolidated alluvium. The excavations were supported with heavy soldier piles with pre-loaded steel-pipe struts. When measured strut loads increased to up to 3 times the design value, and strut-waler connections began to buckle, the contractor was directed to install additional struts. Maintaining that the problem had been caused by inadequate construction means and methods, the owner denied a change-order request for this work. This paper describes the contractor’s investigation into the cause of strut overloading in preparation for a formal hearing by …

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