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Articles 4921 - 4950 of 7866

Full-Text Articles in Civil and Environmental Engineering

Numerical Modelling Of Shear Wave Propagation In Centrifuge Models, S. P. Gopal Madabhushi Apr 1995

Numerical Modelling Of Shear Wave Propagation In Centrifuge Models, S. P. Gopal Madabhushi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Shear modulus of a soil layer increases with the effective confining stress. This results in a reduction in the propagation velocity of shear waves as they travel from the bed rock towards the soil surface. In a centrifuge model prototype stresses and strains are recreated at homologous points. Thus the effective confining stress and hence the shear modulus will vary with depth in a centrifuge model. This results in a change in the propagation velocity of the shear waves as they travel from the base of the container towards the soil surface. This change in the propagation velocity was investigated …

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Permanent Displacements And Tilting Angle Of Small Footings On Sand, H. V. P. Truong, P. J. Moore Apr 1995

Permanent Displacements And Tilting Angle Of Small Footings On Sand, H. V. P. Truong, P. J. Moore

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper presents the comparison between the proposed theoretical prediction and experimental results of horizontal and vertical permanent displacements, and tilting angle of small rigid square and rectangular footings on relatively uniform sand. Old and new lumped parameters for different modes of vibrations, i.e. horizontal, vertical and rocking vibrations are used in the analysis. Some good agreement is found between the theory with the new lumped parameters and experiments, but the relevant dynamic soil properties are still the most critical parameters that need to be measured. Finally, effects of frequency and rocking heights are also investigated.

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Factors Affecting Vibration Induced Settlement, D. S. Kim, S. Drabkin Apr 1995

Factors Affecting Vibration Induced Settlement, D. S. Kim, S. Drabkin

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In urbanized areas, vibration induced settlement on granular soils depends on vibration characteristics including vibration path and source, in-situ stress conditions, and soil properties. Quantitative laboratory assessment of settlement was extrapolated using parametric study of in-situ settlement of sands. It is shown that vibration amplitude should be monitored within the vulnerable soil layers or evaluated considering attenuation characteristics of soil. Combining the effects of influencing factors, the discussed model can be utilized to predict vibration induced settlement of structures on sand.

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KOd Apparatus, Type Tk-1, Longgen Zhu, Lizhi Xu, Jian Du Apr 1995

KOd Apparatus, Type Tk-1, Longgen Zhu, Lizhi Xu, Jian Du

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The lateral pressure coefficient Kod of soil under the cyclic load is an important parameter in designing structures against wave, earthquake, and wind. The Lateral Pressure Coefficient Apparatus, Type TK-1 under the cyclic load, written in the simplified form of Kod Apparatus, Type TK-1, is especially developed to study and determine Kod. Its structure, specifications and test results have shown that this apparatus has superior performances, met the requirements to study and determine Kod.

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Dynamic Loading Induced Settlement Of Strip Foundation On Geogrid-Reinforced Clay, Braja M. Das, Eun C. Shin, Bang-Woong Shin, Bong-Jik Lee, Ki-Taek Jung Apr 1995

Dynamic Loading Induced Settlement Of Strip Foundation On Geogrid-Reinforced Clay, Braja M. Das, Eun C. Shin, Bang-Woong Shin, Bong-Jik Lee, Ki-Taek Jung

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Laboratory model tests to determine the load. The variation of the maximum permanent supported by geogrid-reinforced saturated clay and subjected to a low-frequency cyclic load are presented. In conducting the test, the foundation was initially subjected to an allowable static load. The cyclic load was then super-imposed over the static permanent settlement of a surface strip foundation settlement with the intensity of the static load and the intensity of the amplitude of the cyclic load are also presented.

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North Morecambe Terminal, Barrow, Ground Stabilisation And Pile Foundations, C. A. Raison, B. C. Slocombe, A. L. Bell, J. I. Baez Apr 1995

North Morecambe Terminal, Barrow, Ground Stabilisation And Pile Foundations, C. A. Raison, B. C. Slocombe, A. L. Bell, J. I. Baez

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Very poor ground conditions and soils that were susceptible to liquefaction to depths of up to 20m beneath the site were major problems for the construction of the largest natural gas processing terminal in Europe. An innovative foundation solution combining deep vibro compaction with short cast in place piles driven into the treated soils was adopted as both cost and programme effective. The Design and Build project also included advance civils work comprising earthworks, drainage and road construction. The contract started in September 1991 and was completed by October 1992, with the process plant programmed to be on-stream by October …

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A Simple Model For Pore Pressure Build-Up Of Soil Under Dynamic Loadings, J. H. Hwang, C. H. Chen Apr 1995

A Simple Model For Pore Pressure Build-Up Of Soil Under Dynamic Loadings, J. H. Hwang, C. H. Chen

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A simple pore pressure build-up model is introduced in this paper to simulate the effective-stress paths of saturated soils subjected to dynamic loadings. It is a five-parameter model in which two pairs of two parameters are used to define the effective-stress paths during the loading phases of first cycle and post-phase-transformations, respectively, and a dynamic pore pressure parameter is judiciously introduced to represent the increment of pore pressure due to shear loading in between the previous two phases. All parameters can be easily deduced from conventional undrained triaxial tests. Satisfactory results have been achieved for case studies including published results …

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Liquefaction During The 1991 April 22 Telire-Limon Earthquake And Correlations With The Methods Of Seed And Iwasaki, Per Hafström, Jan Skogsberg, Anders Bodare Apr 1995

Liquefaction During The 1991 April 22 Telire-Limon Earthquake And Correlations With The Methods Of Seed And Iwasaki, Per Hafström, Jan Skogsberg, Anders Bodare

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Sites within the area affected by liquefaction due to the 22 April 1991 Limón-Telire earthquake, have been investigated in order to compare the results of some empirical methods with the incidents observed during the earthquake. The purpose of this comparison was to suggest a suitable method to be used when assessing the risk for liquefaction in Costa Rica in the future.

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Liquefaction-Induced Settlements In Sand Deposits, Yasuhiro Shamoto, Masayoshi Sato, Jian-Min Zhang Apr 1995

Liquefaction-Induced Settlements In Sand Deposits, Yasuhiro Shamoto, Masayoshi Sato, Jian-Min Zhang

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper presents a simplified method for estimating the liquefaction-induced settlements of saturated sand deposits. Based on several kinds of undrained cyclic loading tests followed by drained reconsolidation under the different boundary constraint conditions of non-zero and zero lateral strains for different sands, it has been found that there exists a good correlation between the rates of change in 'surplus void ratio' of sand (difference between initial void ratio and minimum void ratio) after both complete and incomplete liquefaction, and the maximum shear strain induced during cyclic loading. The predicted results have been compared favorably with experimental observations of shake …

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A Procedure To Assess The Stability Of Buried Structures Against Liquefaction-Induced Ground Deformations, M. Satoh, M. Hamada, R. Isoyama, A. Hatakeyama Apr 1995

A Procedure To Assess The Stability Of Buried Structures Against Liquefaction-Induced Ground Deformations, M. Satoh, M. Hamada, R. Isoyama, A. Hatakeyama

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

First, an empirical formula to predict the magnitude of permanent ground displacement is proposed based on the observed data at the past earthquake events. Next, a simplified procedure to estimate the failure probability of buried pipes is proposed, in which the model of non-linear beam supported by ground spring elements is used to calculate the strain in the pipe by following the response displacement method. Finally, a simplified method to obtain the probability considering failure modes expected to occur in the pipe is proposed and some numerical example showing the probability and discussions follow.

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Liquefaction Case Study Of Volcanic Gravel Layer During 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Earthquake, T. Kokusho, Y. Tanaka, K. Kudo, T. Kawai Apr 1995

Liquefaction Case Study Of Volcanic Gravel Layer During 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Earthquake, T. Kokusho, Y. Tanaka, K. Kudo, T. Kawai

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

During the Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Earthquake, a high-land area around the foot of the volcano, Mt. Komagatake, in Hokkaido in Northern Japan experienced liquefaction phenomena inflicting damages of differential settlement in some tens of houses in the area. Several kinds of geotechnical site investigations were carried out to study the cause of the damage in a typical liquefaction site. Trenching and geological survey disclosed that Holocene debris avalanche deposit containing a plenty of large rocks actually liquefied. The undrained cyclic triaxial test was carried out on large intact samples taken out by the in-situ freezing sampling. The stress ratio measured in the …

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Shaking Table Tests On Transient Flow Of Liquefied Ground, I. Towhata, H. Toyota Apr 1995

Shaking Table Tests On Transient Flow Of Liquefied Ground, I. Towhata, H. Toyota

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

An attempt was made to predict the time history of the lateral displacement of ground that liquefied due to earthquakes. The study was initiated by model tests to examine the nature of liquefied sand. The knowledge thus obtained was combined with the theory of Lagrangean equation of motion in order to develop a method of prediction. Comparison was then made between prediction and observation.

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The Liquefaction Of Sand Lenses Due To Cyclic Loading, J. D. Holchin, L. E. Vallejo Apr 1995

The Liquefaction Of Sand Lenses Due To Cyclic Loading, J. D. Holchin, L. E. Vallejo

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of cyclic loading on homogeneous saturated deposits of sand, and to a lesser extent on silt and clay. In contrast, very little research has been performed on the effects of cyclic loading on saturated sand lenses located within clay masses. Sand lenses and thin discontinuous layers of loose sand are frequently encountered in saturated clay or silt deposits located in areas of the United States prone to earthquakes. Sand lenses are also frequently associated with hydraulic fill structures, which are known to perform poorly during earthquake loading. The liquefaction and failure of …

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Predicting Seismic Liquefaction Using Neural Networks, A. T. C. Goh Apr 1995

Predicting Seismic Liquefaction Using Neural Networks, A. T. C. Goh

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Neural networks have emerged as a powerful computational technique for modeling nonlinear multivariate relationships. The neural network is a product of artificial intelligence research. This paper examines the feasibility of using neural networks for assessing liquefaction potential, from actual field records. The paper starts with a brief overview of the basic architecture and concepts of neural networks. The application of the neural network methodology to evaluate seismic liquefaction potential is then presented.

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Generalized Plasticity And Cyclic Pressuremeter Test Modelling, A. Saïtta, J. Canou, L. Dormieux Apr 1995

Generalized Plasticity And Cyclic Pressuremeter Test Modelling, A. Saïtta, J. Canou, L. Dormieux

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A constitutive model based on generalized elastoplasticity (Zienkiewicz et al., 1985) is used for the modelling of monotonic and cyclic pressuremeter tests in a clay. The permeability of the material is taken into account for the modelling of the excess pore water pressure generation during the test (combination of pore pressure build up and dissipation). It is shown how this type of model can simply represent the main features observed during a cyclic pressuremeter test in a clay, particularly the accumulation of excess pore water pressure during the cycles of loading, and the importance of dissipation on the excess pore …

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Area Of Compaction To Prevent Uplift By Liquefaction, Yukihisa Tanaka, Hideo Komine, Jun-Ichi Tohma, Keizo Ohtomo, Hitoshi Tochigi, Hidenori Abo, Satoyuki Fukuda Apr 1995

Area Of Compaction To Prevent Uplift By Liquefaction, Yukihisa Tanaka, Hideo Komine, Jun-Ichi Tohma, Keizo Ohtomo, Hitoshi Tochigi, Hidenori Abo, Satoyuki Fukuda

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this study, shaking table tests, upper seepage flow tests and numerical analyses were conducted to determine the condition of improvement by the compaction method, including the extent of area and the density, to prevent uplift of underground pipes by liquefaction. Based on the results of these investigations, a procedure to determine the improvement conditions was proposed.

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Numerical Simulations Of Soil Liquefaction Using Stochastic Input Parameters, R. Popescu, J. H. Prevost, E. H. Vanmarcke Apr 1995

Numerical Simulations Of Soil Liquefaction Using Stochastic Input Parameters, R. Popescu, J. H. Prevost, E. H. Vanmarcke

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The influence of spatial variability of soil properties on the results of numerical simulations of dynamically induced pore water pressure is addressed. Random media of NSPT values are generated based on in situ test results. The soil geomechanical properties are evaluated at each location, function of the NSPT values, and finite element simulations of the behavior of a horizontally layered soil subjected to seismic loading are performed. The influence of : (1) assumed distribution of the underlying random variable, (2) scale of fluctuation, and (3) finite element mesh size are discussed in terms of predicted liquefaction index and …

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Effective Stress Liquefaction Analysis At The Wildlife Site, P. M. Byrne, J. Mcintyre Apr 1995

Effective Stress Liquefaction Analysis At The Wildlife Site, P. M. Byrne, J. Mcintyre

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

An incremental stress-strain model for granular soils based on fundamental soil mechanics principles is presented. The model captures the drained skeleton behavior observed in laboratory tests under cyclic loading. The undrained behavior is captured using the same skeleton stress-strain relation together with the volumetric constraint imposed by the pore water fluid. The model predicts cyclic simple shear response in close agreement with observed cyclic test data in terms of pore water pressure rise, cycles to trigger liquefaction, as well as the characteristic post-liquefaction response. Finally, the model is incorporated in a dynamic analyses procedure and applied to the field case …

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Settlement In Sands Due To Cyclic Loading, A. Erken, A. M. Ansal, E. Alhas Apr 1995

Settlement In Sands Due To Cyclic Loading, A. Erken, A. M. Ansal, E. Alhas

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Stress controlled undrained cyclic triaxial tests have been conducted on undisturbed sandy and silty soil samples obtained by special sampler in order to minimize the effect of disturbance. The influence of fines content on liquefaction - induced volumetric strains have been studied. The results indicate that cyclic mobility of sands is affected by non – plastic fines content. As fines content increase, cyclic shear strength decreases. Volumetric strain is influenced by fines content as well as shear strain and cyclic stress. At large shear strains amplitudes, an increase in percentage of fines causes more volumetric strains. Volumetric strains of silt …

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Determination Of Liquefaction Potential Using Dielectric Concept, A. Kaya, H. Y. Fang Apr 1995

Determination Of Liquefaction Potential Using Dielectric Concept, A. Kaya, H. Y. Fang

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper existing insitu test methods to determine possible liquefaction potential of a site are discussed briefly with their advantages and limitations. Then, resistivity method is presented and showed how both resistivity and dielectric constant can be coped to determine insitu properties of soils such as cementation factor and porosity without disturbing the soil structure by means of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). A procedure is also presented to obtain both resistivity and dielectric constant of granular soils in the field. It is concluded that the proposed method and procedure is superior to the existing methods.

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Lateral Stress Ratio On Retaining Structures After Earthquake Loading, Constantine A. Stamatopoulos Apr 1995

Lateral Stress Ratio On Retaining Structures After Earthquake Loading, Constantine A. Stamatopoulos

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Equations are derived by analysis g1vmg the earthquake-induced change in the permanent horizontal stress acting on frictionless vertical walls retaining dry sand. These equations exhibit a limit in the coefficient of lateral pressure that depends only on the slope of the critical state line and the Poisson's Ratio of the backfill. The horizontal stress after dynamic shaking increases or decreases towards this limit. Predictions agree qualitatively with results of laboratory tests.

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Soil-Diaphragm Wall Interaction In Floating Dam, H. Watanabe, K. Kanazawa Apr 1995

Soil-Diaphragm Wall Interaction In Floating Dam, H. Watanabe, K. Kanazawa

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Stability of embankment dam with diaphragm cutoff wall constructed on riverbed sediment depends on structural behavior of local part around top of the wall. A numerical method to evaluate static and dynamic behavior of the part including earth pressure concentration is proposed and the validity is confirmed by comparison of numerical results of full construction process with observed ones in a prototype dam. Besides, in-situ vibration tests are performed on testing diaphragm wall constructed in dam site for banking test to reveal dynamic behavior of the wall. Furthermore, earthquake response analysis of whole structure is carried out to clarify behavior …

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Shaking Table Tests And Numerical Simulation Of Seismic Response Of The Seawall, Y. Nishimura, S. Fukui, M. Sato, H. Kurose, M. Fujitani Apr 1995

Shaking Table Tests And Numerical Simulation Of Seismic Response Of The Seawall, Y. Nishimura, S. Fukui, M. Sato, H. Kurose, M. Fujitani

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Shaking table tests of a caisson seawall model were conducted to investigate sliding phenomena of the seawall. The response characteristics of the caisson placed on the mound which was fixed to the shaking table were investigated in the six series of experiments with varying the situation of the model; with or without backfill, wave breaking works and water. These test results were utilized to validate a two-dimensional FEM analysis method with joint elements. The numerical model with the finer mesh division and joint elements showed fairly close results with the series of test results, resulting the better representation of the …

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Earthquake Induced Displacement Of Gravity Retaining Walls, X. Zeng Apr 1995

Earthquake Induced Displacement Of Gravity Retaining Walls, X. Zeng

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Centrifuge tests were conducted to study the displacement of gravity retaining walls during earthquakes. Theoretical analysis based on Newmark's sliding block method was used to analyze the data. For a gravity wall with dry backfill, sliding block method generates reasonable results. However, the method is difficult to apply for a retaining wall with saturated backfill. Comprehensive numerical methods need to be used. A method of calculating the tilting of gravity walls is introduced.

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Dynamic Active Earth Pressure Against Retaining Walls, S. A. Anvar, A. Ghahramani Apr 1995

Dynamic Active Earth Pressure Against Retaining Walls, S. A. Anvar, A. Ghahramani

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Equations of equilibrium expressed along the stress characteristics are transformed onto the Zero Extension Line (ZEL) directions. The new dynamic equilibrium equations are then applied to simple ZEL field (composed of Rankine, Goursat, and Coulomb zones) behind retaining walls. Integration of differential equilibrium equations along the assumed field boundary, thus provide the final equations for the active static (Kast) and dynamic (Kady) earth pressure coefficients, which are functions of friction and dilation angles of the soil and friction angle of the wall surface. Numerical evaluation of Kast, and Kady indicates that these coefficients …

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On Seismic Design Displacements Of Rigid Retaining Walls, Shamsher Prakash, Yingwei Wu, Eyjolfur Ami Rafnsson Apr 1995

On Seismic Design Displacements Of Rigid Retaining Walls, Shamsher Prakash, Yingwei Wu, Eyjolfur Ami Rafnsson

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Correlation of the dynamic displacement and significant factors are presented. Three computer programs (Rafnsson, 1991) have been modified to develop design charts. The wall dimension computed by static condition and related displacement under dynamic loading can be estimated from the computer programs. Twenty-one combinations of base soil and back fill, 5 different ground motions and 7 different heights of wall are used in the analyses to develop design charts. These will help the designer to predict the dynamic behavior of retaining walls and to optimize the design work. Furthermore, equations have been fitted to predict the displacement without using the …

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Discussions And Replies — Session Iv, Multiple Authors Apr 1995

Discussions And Replies — Session Iv, Multiple Authors

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

No abstract provided.

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Lumped-Parameter Model And Nonlinear Dssi Analysis, Maotian Luan, Gao Lin, W. F. Chen Apr 1995

Lumped-Parameter Model And Nonlinear Dssi Analysis, Maotian Luan, Gao Lin, W. F. Chen

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A 2-.degrees-of-freedom discrete model with 8 constant lumped parameters is developed to equivalently simulate frequency-dependent dynamic impedances of the elastic halfspace. The equations of motion for the nonlinear dynamic soil-structure interaction (DSSI) analysis are established in the time domain and then nonlinear seismic responses of the coupling system are predicted by the proposed iterative procedure. Based on numerical results for three typical shear-type structures, effects of the shear stiffness of underlying soils and different ground motions on dynamic responses are examined.

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Effect Of Soil Dilatancy On Vibration And Earth Pressure, Y. Ohshima, H. Watanabe Apr 1995

Effect Of Soil Dilatancy On Vibration And Earth Pressure, Y. Ohshima, H. Watanabe

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A model ground of air dried sand compacted in a shear testing apparatus and two composite models each of which have the model pit of different rigidity buried in a same model ground as above one are excited horizontally with sinusoidal motions on a shaking table. From measured accelerations and dynamic earth pressure it is found that the vertical vibration is produced in the ground due to the dilatancy or volume change of soil and yet it produces the dynamic earth pressure acting horizontally on all outside walls of the model pit. In order to simulate the results of tests …

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Dynamics Of Rigid Foundations On Fluid-Saturated Soil, A. R. Khoee, A. M. Kaynia Apr 1995

Dynamics Of Rigid Foundations On Fluid-Saturated Soil, A. R. Khoee, A. M. Kaynia

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper presents a three-dimensional boundary element formulation for the steady-state dynamic analysis of fluid saturated porous media. The coupled differential equations are derived from the field equations by the application of the Fourier Transform. The boundary integral formulation is obtained by the weighted residual method and the associated fundamental solutions are obtained by the method developed by Kupradze. The boundary element model is used to obtain compliance functions of square rigid foundations bonded to the surface of a water-saturated half-space. The effect of the soil permeability on the variation of the compliance functions is also examined.

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