Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons^™

Screw And Pin Fastener Tests For Cold-Formed Steel, Brian S. Wilson, Fredrick R. Rutz, James R. Harris

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Because of limited available information on strength and ease of installation of specific fasteners for a particular application to a steel deck diaphragm, a preliminary testing program comparing the shear strength of commercially available screws and gas-actuated shot pins was conducted by J. R. Harris and Company at the University of Colorado Denver in 2018. A test was designed to explore the behavior and capacity of various fasteners, securing two and three pieces of sheet steel of various thicknesses together. Specimens were fabricated and load tested, with the sheet steel pieces in tension, so the fasteners were subject to shear. …

Bearing Strength Of Untightened Double-Shear Bolted Connections In Cold-Formed Steel Construction, Refat Bhuiyan, Lip H. Teh

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents the experimental investigation of cold-formed steel double-shear bolted connections where both the bolt head and the nut are not in contact with the outer sheets. The inner sheet of each specimen is not constrained from out-of-plane distortion or bulging downstream of the bolt, and fails in bearing. Based on a series of tests involving specimens having bolt diameters ranging from 12 to 16 mm and sheet thicknesses ranging from 1.5 to 3.0 mm, it has been found that the absence of out-of-plane constraint in untightened bolted connections leads to much lower bearing capacities than predicted by the …

Sdi Steel Deck On Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design Manual, Thomas Sputo

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

No abstract provided.

Transverse Shear Stiffness Of Bolted Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack Upright Frames With Channel Bracing Members, Nima Talebian, Benoit P. Gilbert, Hassan Karampour

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Accurately evaluating the transverse shear stiffness of cold-formed steel storage rack upright frames is crucial to calculate the frame elastic buckling load, perform earthquake design and serviceability checks. This is especially essential for high-bay racks, which are subjected to large second-order effects, and racks supporting the building enclosure, which are exposed to transverse wind loads. The shear behaviour of these frames is poorly understood and experimental testing is usually required to measure their stiffness. Previous studies have shown that Finite Element Analyses (FEA), solely using beam elements, fail to reproduce experimental test results and may overestimate the transverse shear stiffness …

Biaxial Bending Of Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack Uprights – Part Ii: Design Methods, Nima Talebian, Benoit P. Gilbert, Cao Hung Pham, Hassan Karampour

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper uses the results from the parametric studies reported in the companion paper to verify the accuracy of different forms of published direct strength method (DSM) equations. They consist of the classical DSM equations and considering the inelastic reserve capacity into these equations, with and without an extended range of the cross-sectional slenderness. The verifications are made for local and distortional buckling modes. Results show that for all investigated buckling modes, the DSM results in better predictions when the inelastic reserve capacity is considered. The appropriate form of the DSM to predict the biaxial capacity of unperforated cold-formed steel …

Finite-Element Analysis Of The Eaves Joint Of Cold-Formed Steel Portal Frames Having Single Channel-Sections, Pouya Pouladi, John Ronaldson, George Charles Clifton, Jason Maxwell Ingham, Andrzej M. Wrzesien, Paul Milewski, James B. P. Lim

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A finite element model is described for the eaves joint of a cold-formed steel portal frame that comprises a single channel section for the column and rafters eaves connections. The members are connected to the brackets through both screws and bolts. Such a joint detail is commonly used in practice in New Zealand and Australia, where the function of the screws is to prevent slip of the joint during frame erection since the bolt holes are detailed for nominal clearance. The results of the finite element model are compared against two experimental test results. In both, the critical mode of …

Influence Of Fire On The Shear Capacity Of Cold-Formed Steel Framed Shear Walls, M. S. Hoehler, B. Andres

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents experimental investigations of the performance of common lateral force-resisting systems used in cold-formed steel construction under sequential thermal (fire) and mechanical (earthquake) loading. Wall specimens with gypsum-sheet steel composite sheathing, Oriented Strand Board (OSB) sheathing, or steel strap bracing were tested. The results demonstrate that the lateral capacity of wall systems can be reduced by exposure to fire. Additionally, fire performance of wall systems can be affected by pre-damage to the fire-resistive components that provide fire protection to these walls. The results are useful for fire compartmentation design when significant lateral deformation of a building is anticipated …

Finite Element Modeling And Validation Of Steel Sheathed Cold-Formed Steel Framed Shear Walls, Amanpreet Singh, Tara C. Hutchinson

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The objective of this paper is to validate the concept of utilizing a truss-element based finite element model for capturing the in-plane cyclic response of steel sheathed cold-formed steel (CFS) framed shear wall. The model is developed within the OpenSees finite element platform. Steel sheathed CFS shear walls show shear buckling of their sheathing as a tension field develops. This inelastic behavior of the shear walls is replicated by using the Pinching4 material for truss elements acting along the tension field. Importantly, the model employs beam-column elements for framing members, rotational springs for representing frame stiffness and vertical springs for …

Performance Of Cold-Formed Steel Shear Walls With Frame Blocking And Double-Sheathing, Robert Rizk, Vincent Briere, Veronica Santos, Colin A. Rogers

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper summarizes a laboratory based research program on blocked and double-sheathed cold-formed steel framed shear walls. The intent was to develop walls whose in-plane shear resistance exceeds that of configurations currently listed in the AISI S400 Standard. The results showed that the frame blocking can be used in the construction of walls whose resistance is at the limit of that found in AISI S400; however, the blocking will not adequately restrain the framing members if thicker sheathing is used. An approach was needed to minimize the effect of the eccentric loading caused by the sheathing and to account for …

Column-Footing Connection Evaluation Of Hollow-Core Composite Bridge Columns, Mohanad M. Abdulazeez, Mohamed Elgawady

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the seismic behavior of two large-scale hollow-core fiber-reinforced polymer-concrete-steel (HC-FCS) precast columns having two different footing connections. The precast HC-FCS column consists of a concrete shell sandwiched between an outer fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tube and an inner steel tube. The steel tube was embedded 635 mm (25 inches) into a reinforced concrete footing, while the outer FRP tube confined the concrete shell only i.e. it was truncated at the top surface of the footing. One connection included embedding the steel tube into the footing. The other one included using a corrugated steel pipe (CSP) embedded into the …

Feasibility Of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor For Corrosion Monitoring Of Steel Bars In Reinforced Concrete, Liang Fan, Yi Bao, Genda Chen

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This study investigates the feasibility of distributed fiber optic sensor for corrosion monitoring of steel bars embedded in concrete. Two sensor installation methods are compared: (1) attaching the sensor along the bar and (2) winding the sensor on the bar. For the second method, optical fibers were winded spirally on steel bars with different spacings: 0 mm, 2 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm. Steel bar pull-out testing was conducted to evaluate the effect of presence of distributed sensor on the bond strength of steel—concrete interface. Electrochemical testing was carried out to assess the influence of the installation methods on …

Comprehensive Evaluation Of The Ifloods Radar Rainfall Products For Hydrologic Applications, Bong Chul Seo, Witold F. Krajewski, Felipe Quintero, Mohamed Elsaadani, Radoslaw Goska, Luciana K. Cunha, Brenda Dolan, David B. Wolff, James A. Smith, Steven A. Rutledge, Walter A. Petersen

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This study describes the generation and testing of a reference rainfall product created from field campaign datasets collected during the NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Ground Validation Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) experiment. The study evaluates ground-based radar rainfall (RR) products acquired during IFloodS in the context of building the reference rainfall product. The purpose of IFloodS was not only to attain a high-quality ground-based reference for the validation of satellite rainfall estimates but also to enhance understanding of flood-related rainfall processes and the predictability of flood forecasting. We assessed the six RR estimates (IFC, Q2, CSU-DP, NWS-DP, Stage IV, …

Program Progress Performance Report #3, Missouri University Of Science And Technology. Inspire - University Transportation Center

Semi-Annual Progress Reports

No abstract provided.

Load Bearing Clip Angle Design -- Phase Ii, Cheng Yu, Zhishan Yan, Wenying Zhang, Lanping Qian

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)

The report presents the second phase of a research project aimed at developing design methods for three limit states of CFS clip angles: shear, compression, and pull-over of the screw connections. In the Phase II work, the research focus was on investigating (1) the fastener pattern effects on the behavior and strength of clip angles; (2) the serviceability of clip angles subjected to tension; (3) the strength and behavior of clip angles subjected to combined shear and bending. Based on the research findings, revision to the Phase I method was proposed to account for the impact of the fastener spacing. …

Sensor-Enhanced Analysis And Behavior Of Steel Beams In Fire, Genda Chen

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Traditionally, strain data are difficult, if not impossible, to obtain from steel structures in fire due to their harsh environment and temperature measurements are limited to the locations of thermocouples. This paper presents high-temperature measurements using a Brillouin scattering based (distributed) fiber optic sensor and the application of the measured temperatures and material parameters recommended in building codes into the enhanced thermo-mechanical analysis of simply-supported steel beams subjected to combined thermal and loading effects. The distributed temperature sensor captures detailed, non-uniform temperature distributions that are compared locally with thermocouple measurements by less than 5% at a 95% confidence level. The …

The Bridge Newsletter Winter 2018, Missouri University Of Science And Technology

The Bridge Newsletter

-Pouring the cornerstone for the ACML
-Showalter selected as Kiewit Faculty Scholar
-Ma tests a low-cost method of strengthening concrete

Toward Autonomous Wall-Climbing Robots For Inspection Of Concrete Bridges And Tunnels, Jizhong Xiao

INSPIRE Archived Webinars

In addition to visual inspection for surface flaws, inspectors are often required to detect subsurface defects (e.g., delamination and voids) using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) instruments, such as ground penetration radar (GPR) and impact sounding device, in order to determine the structural integrity of bridges and tunnels. In these cases, access to critical locations for reliable and safe inspections is a challenge.

Since 2002, Dr. Jizhong Xiao’s group has developed four generations of wall-climbing robots for NDE inspection of bridges and tunnels. These robots combine the advantages of aerodynamic attraction and suction to achieve a desirable balance of strong adhesion and …

Optical-Fiber-Based Smart Concrete Thermal Integrity Profiling: An Example Of Concrete Shaft, Ruoyu Zhong, Ruichang Guo, Wen Deng

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Concrete is currently the most widely used construction material in the world. The integrity of concrete during the pouring process could greatly affect its engineering performance. Taking advantage of heat production during the concrete curing process, we propose an optical-fiber-based thermal integrity profiling (TIP) method which can provide a comprehensive and accurate evaluation of the integrity of concrete immediately after its pouring. In this paper, we use concrete shaft as an example to conduct TIP by using the optical fiber as a temperature sensor which can obtain high spatial resolution temperature data. Our method is compared with current thermal infrared …

Rheological Properties Of Warm Mix Asphalt Binders And Warm Mix Asphalt Binders Containing Polyphosphoric Acid, Jun Liu, Kezhen Yan, Jenny Liu

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the laboratory investigation of properties of warm mix asphalt (WMA) binders and WMA binders containing polyphosphoric acid (PPA).Two types of warm mix additives were used to produce the WMA binders. Superpave tests were carried out on original and short-term aged binders through the rotational viscometer, the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and the bending beam rheometer (BBR). The results indicated that the WMA binders with different warm mix additives showed different viscosity values, however, the addition of PPA remarkably increased the viscosity values of these two kinds of WMA binders used, in the present study, to a similar …

Pedestrian Bridge Test Demonstration, Genda Chen, R. Zoughi

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

The INSPIRE UTC, with permission and the cooperation of Missouri S&T Facilities Operations, is conducting research testing on the Computer Science Pedestrian Bridge through the end of September 2018. The technologies employed in the Pedestrian Bridge test include: microwave imaging, ground penetrating radar and impact-echo tests, hyperspectral, and thermal imaging.

Developing A Robotic Simulator And Video Games For Professional And Public Training, Sushil Louis

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

Civil engineers are not educated with robotics. They need to be trained on the job with effective tools. The most recent simulation trainer that the PI has built is currently being used by the United States Navy to train surface warfare officers in decision making under stress. In a crowded in-port environment, the crew on a ship’s bridge is trained to probe and identify suspicious boat behavior within the port’s traffic pattern. Officers in charge of the simulation training lesson use software for high-level control of dozens of other ships, boats, and aircrafts that quickly react and adapt to the …

Training Framework Of Robotic Operation And Image Analysis For Decision-Making In Bridge Inspection And Preservation, Ruwen Qin

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

Inspection and preservation of existing transportation infrastructure to extend their service life is an effective way of mitigating the pressure of steadily growing transportation demands on the aging infrastructure. Their current practice, though, represents one of the most costly operations in state departments of transportation.

The INSPIRE University Transportation Center will develop a remotely-controlled robotic platform that helps with these labor-intensive tasks and allows engineers to focus on decision-making processes. An important mission of INSPIRE is to leverage users’ capability of implementing, and interacting with, the robotic platform. Therefore, a long-term plan has been made to create a framework of …

Autonomous Wall-Climbing Robots For Inspection And Maintenance Of Concrete Bridges, Jizhong Xiao

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

Since 2002, the PI’s group has developed four generations of wall-climbing robots for NDE inspection of civil infrastructure. These robots combine the advantages of aerodynamic attraction and suction to achieve a desirable balance of strong adhesion and high mobility. They don’t require perfect sealing and can thus move on smooth and rough surfaces, such as brick, concrete, stucco, wood, glass, and metal. For example, Rise-Rover uses two drive modules to carry their middle compartment with payload up to 450 N. Ground penetrating radar (GPR)-Rover and Mini GPR-Rover are custom designed to carry a GSSI’s GPR antenna for subsurface defect detection …

Climbing Robots With Automated Deployment Of Sensors And Nde Devices For Steel Bridge Inspection, Hung La

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

The PI was a research scientist/faculty at Rutgers University who successfully developed in 2014 a Robotic Assisted Bridge Inspection Tool (RABIT) for bridge deck inspections. Other bridge elements, such as girders and columns, or even underside of bridge decks are difficult to access and remain a challenge for efficient inspection. Like visual inspection, current practices for bridge maintenance are equally time consuming and expensive. Automation of simple maintenance actions such as bearing cleaning and concrete sealing with robots will lead to a leap forward to the next-generation strategy of bridge maintenance.

This project aims to develop and prototype automated climbing …

Mobile-Manipulating Uavs For Sensor Installation, Bridge Inspection And Maintenance, Paul Oh

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

Mobile manipulating UAVs have great potential for bridge inspection and maintenance. Since 2002, the PI has developed UAVs that could fly through in-and-around buildings and tunnels. Collision avoidance in such cluttered near-Earth environments has been a key challenge. The advent of light-weight, computationally powerful cameras led to breakthroughs in SLAM even though SLAM-based autonomous aerial navigation around bridges remains an unsolved problem.

In 2007, the PI integrated a mobile manipulation function into UAVs, greatly extending the capabilities of UAVs from passive survey of environments with cameras to active interaction with environments using limbs. Mobile-manipulating UAVs have since been demonstrated to …

Quantitative Bridge Inspection Ratings Using Autonomous Robotic Systems, Anil Agrawal

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

The 2001 study sponsored by FHWA raised serious concern on the consistency and reliability of visual inspection. Although consistent ratings can be obtained with a good QA/QC program, based on a recent study by the PI, the concern for reliability of defect detection remains. With the adoption of the recent AASHTO Manuel for Bridge Element Inspection, the new inspection approach not only requires rating for bridge elements, but also the location and extent of deterioration. Since autonomous robotic systems generate an enormous amount of inspection data, deducing from the data to a simple rating along with the location and extent …

Hyperspectral Image Analysis For Mechanical And Chemical Properties Of Concrete And Steel Surfaces, Genda Chen

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from approximately 400 to 700 nm. A hyperspectral camera can extend the wavelength to as high as 2500 nm. This extension will allow engineers to find objects, identify materials, and detect processes on structural surface, which cannot be done with visual inspection.

This project aims to develop an open-source catalogue of concrete and steel surfaces and their spectral/spatial features (discoloration, characteristic wavelength, roughness, texture, shape, etc.), extract spatial/spectral features of hyperspectral images, and develop/train a multi-class classification or regression classifier through machine learnings (supervised and/or semi-supervised), and validate the classifier as a …

3d Microwave Camera For Concrete Delamination And Steel Corrosion Detection, R. Zoughi

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

Corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement in concrete leads to concrete cracking and delamination, followed by increased salt and moisture permeation and further damage. Invisibility of the embedded rebar in combination with physical inaccessibility in elevated bridges presents a challenge in the assessment of RC bridge elements. Wideband (3D) microwave synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging techniques that can be integrated into a UAV offer a practical solution to overcome this challenge.

This project aims to develop and optimize a 3D microwave camera for bridge inspection on a UAV platform, quantify its performance for steel corrosion evaluation and concrete delamination detection in …

Thermally-Stable Passive Antenna Sensor For Strain And Crack Monitoring, Dan Li, Yang Wang

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

An RFID patch antenna sensor can be used to wirelessly measure the strain and/or crack on a structural surface through the shift of its electromagnetic resonance frequency. According to electromagnetic theory, the resonance frequency �_R of a patch antenna has an approximately linear relationship with strain �: [Formula]

Previous design of antenna sensor with Rogers RT/duroid® 5880 substrate is sensitive to temperature change. A new RFID patch antenna sensor with thermally-stable substrate material Rogers RT/duroid® 6202 is designed and tested through both numerical simulation and laboratory experiments. A new RFID chip with much smaller footprint is adopted in the …

Deep Semantic 3d Visual Metric Reconstruction Using Wall-Climbing Robot, Liang Yang, Bing Li, Yong Chang, Jizhong Xiao

INSPIRE-UTC Annual Meetings

This project introduces an inspection method using a deep neural network to detect the crack and spalling defects on concrete structures performed by a wall-climbing robot. First, we create a pixel-level semantic dataset which includes 820 labeled images. Second, we propose an inspection method to obtain 3D metric measurement by using an RGB-D camera-based visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), which is able to generate pose coupled key-frames with depth information. Therefore, the semantic inspection results can be registered in the concrete structure 3D model for condition assessment and monitoring. Third, we present our new generation wall-climbing robot to perform …