Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons^™

Intelligent Painting Process Planner For Robotic Bridge Painting, Yong Bai

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Due to increased government regulations on environment, health, and safety, the cost of on-site bridge painting has quadrupled over the past several years. The construction industry faces a great challenge in how to control the increased costs of bridge painting and meet the regulations at the same time. A possible solution to address this challenge is to develop a robotic bridge painting system. The development of the robotic system can be justified by the potential improvements in safety and productivity. This paper presents the development and testing of an Intelligent Painting Process Planner. The Planner, built based on bridge feature …

In Vitro Cell Culture Infectivity Assay For Human Noroviruses, Timothy M. Straub, Kerstin Höner Zu Bentrup, Patricia Orosz Coghlan, Alice Dohnalkova, Brooke K. Mayer, Rachel A. Bartholomew, Catherine O. Valdez, Cynthia J. Bruckner-Lea, Charles P. Gerba, Morteza A. Abbaszadegan, Cheryl A. Nickerson

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Human noroviruses cause severe, self-limiting gastroenteritis that typically lasts 24–48 hours. Because of the lack of suitable tissue culture or animal models, the true nature of norovirus pathogenesis remains unknown. We show that noroviruses can infect and replicate in a 3-dimensional (3-D), organoid model of human small intestinal epithelium. Cells grown on porous collage-coated beads under fluid shear conditions in rotating wall vessel bioreactors differentiate into 3-D architectures resembling both the morphologic and physiologic function of in vivo tissues. Microscopy, PCR, and fluorescent in situ hybridization provided evidence of norovirus infection. Cytopathic effect and norovirus RNA were detected at each …

Effect Of Coating Viscoelasticity On Quality Factor And Limit Of Detection Of Microcantilever Chemical Sensors, Isabelle Dufour, Frederic Lochon, Stephen M. Heinrich, Fabien Josse, Dominique Rebiere

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Microcantilevers with polymer coatings hold great promise as resonant chemical sensors. It is known that the sensitivity of the coated cantilever increases with coating thickness; however, increasing this thickness also results in an increase of the frequency noise due to a decrease of the quality factor. By taking into account only the losses associated with the silicon beam and the surrounding medium, the decrease of the quality factor cannot be explained. In this paper, an analytical expression is obtained for the quality factor, which accounts for viscoelastic losses in the coating. This expression explains the observed decrease of the quality …

Theoretical Analysis Of Strong-Axis Bending Mode Vibrations For Resonant Microcantilever (Bio)Chemical Sensors In Gas Or Liquid Phase, Isabelle Dufour, Stephen M. Heinrich, Fabien Josse

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

The frequency stability, sensitivity, and limit of detection of a coated-cantilever chemical sensor operating in a dynamic mode are mainly determined by its mechanical quality factor. While a coated-cantilever operating in the gas phase exhibits a large reduction in quality factor, immersion in liquids results in an even greater reduction in the Q-factor due to displaced fluid mass and losses in the surrounding liquid. In this paper, two different bending vibration modes are studied in order to minimize both the losses induced by the surrounding medium and the displaced fluid mass, thus increasing the quality factor and sensitivity and improving …

Effects Of Subsurface Drainage On Pavement Performance, James Crovetti, Kathleen T. Hall

Transportation Reports with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation

This report evaluates the effects of subsurface drainage features on pavement performance through a program of inspection and testing of the subsurface drainage features present in the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) SPS-1 and SPS-2 field sections. The report will be of particular interest to engineers in the public and private sectors with responsibility for the design, construction, and rehabilitation of highway pavements.

Enhancing The Capability Of Rapid Bridge Replacement After Extreme Events, Yong Bai, Seong Hoon Kim, William R. Burkett

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose

The potential threats of extreme events to highway bridges have received increased attention from government agencies, the engineering and construction communities, and the traveling public. These events include terrorist attacks as well as human‐induced and natural hazards such as earthquakes, explosions, fires, floods, and hurricanes. To respond to the potential threats on highway bridges, a research project was conducted to identify rapid bridge replacement processes, techniques, and needs for improvements.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve the research objectives, a detailed case study of previous bridge replacement following an extreme event was conducted. The case study was performed using a three‐step approach. …

Efficacy Of Removal Of Ccl Viruses Under Enhanced Coagulation Conditions, Morteza Abbaszadegan, Brooke K. Mayer, Hodon Ryu, Nena Nwachuku

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

The focus of coagulation as a water treatment process is shifting to accommodate recent regulatory additions that strive to balance the risks between microbial and chemical contamination of drinking water. In this work, enhanced coagulation using increased ferric chloride dose and/or pH adjustment was evaluated for removal efficacy of viruses on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Contaminant Candidate List (CCL), their surrogates, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Jar tests demonstrated that optimal DOC removal was achieved using 40 mg/L FeCl₃ at a pH between 5 and 6. Under these conditions, bench-scale testing resulted in a maximum removal …

Marquette Interchange Installation Report, Marquette University, Transportation Research Center

Transportation Research Center: Marquette Interchange Instrumentation

Task three of the Perpetual Pavement Instrumentation Plan for the Marquette Interchange Project called for the installation of the various pavement sensors, data acquisition system, and various other components of the system outlined in the project proposal. The MU-TRC research team has successfully completed the installation of these various components of the system. This report fulfills the requirement of the installation report from task three in the project plan. This report is organized to describe in detail each specific component of the system. Most, but not all, of these details are written in the order they were completed.

Not every …

Rapid Bridge Replacement: Processes, Techniques, And Needs For Improvements, Yong Bai, William R. Burkett

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

The terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 and subsequent potential threats to the United States transportation systems have presented an urgent need to develop emergency response plans in order to quickly react to the possible consequences of an extreme event. Highway bridges, as critical components of the nation’s transportation network, have received increased attention. To respond to the potential threats on highway bridges, a research project was conducted to identify rapid bridge replacement processes, techniques, and needs for improvements. To achieve the research objectives, the research team studied three cases of previous bridge replacements following extreme events. By studying these …

Study Of Viscoelastic Effect On The Frequency Shift Of Microcantilever Chemical Sensors (Journal Article), Uttara Sampath, Stephen M. Heinrich, Fabien Josse, Frederic Lochon, Isabelle Dufour, Dominique Rebiere

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Microcantilevers coated with a chemically sensitive layer are increasingly being used in chemical detection systems. The sensitive coating, often a polymer, absorbs specific molecules, which can be detected by monitoring the shift in the mechanical resonant frequency. Usually. the frequency shift resulting from molecular absorption is interpreted as a mass loading effect. However, mass loading is not the only effect that has an impact on the frequency shift; the viscoelastic properties of the sensitive coating also are affected by the sorption process. Sorption-induced modulus changes are typically difficult to characterize. However, it is known that the sorption of analyte molecules …

Cost Effective Concrete Pavement Cross Sections - Final Report, James Crovetti

Transportation Reports with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation

This report presents the findings of a study of alternate pavement designs targeted at reducing the initial construction costs of concrete pavements without compromising pavement performance. Test sections were constructed with alternate dowel materials, reduced dowel placements, variable thickness concrete slabs and alternate surface and subsurface drainage details. Performance data was collected out to 5 and 7 years after construction.

The study results indicate that FRP composite dowels may not be a practical alternative to conventional epoxy coated steel dowels due to their reduced rigidity, which results in lower deflection load transfer capacities at transverse joints. Ride quality measures also …

Rapid Bridge Replacement Under Emergency Situation: Case Study, Yong Bai, William R. Burkett, Phillip T. Nash

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

The terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, and subsequent potential threats to the United States transportation systems have presented an urgent need to elevate the security of the transportation infrastructure and to develop emergency response plans to quickly react to the possible consequences of an extreme event. Highway bridges, as critical components of the nation’s transportation network, have been brought to closer attention by government agencies. A research project was conducted to identify strategies and technologies to restore the use of a damaged bridge quickly. One of the tasks associated with the research was to perform several case studies of …

Lessons Learned From An Emergency Bridge Replacement Project, Yong Bai, William R. Burkett, Phillip T. Nash

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

The terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, and subsequent potential threats to U.S. transportation systems have presented an urgent need to develop emergency response plans to quickly react to the possible consequences of extreme events. Extreme events include terrorist attack as well as man-made and natural disasters such as explosions, fires, floods, and earthquakes. The objective of this research was to identify strategies and technologies to quickly restore the use of highway bridges, a critical component of the nation’s transportation network, in case they are damaged or destroyed by extreme events. One of the tasks associated with this research was …

Effect Of Viscoelasticity On Quality Factor Of Microcantilever Chemical Sensors: Optimal Coating Thickness For Minimum Limit Of Detection, F. Lochon, Isabelle Dufour, D. Rebière, U. Sampath, Stephen M. Heinrich, Fabien Josse

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Microcantilevers with polymer coatings hold great promise as resonant chemical sensors. It is known that the coated cantilever sensitivity increases with coating thickness; however, the drawback of increasing the coating thickness is the increase of the frequency noise and thus the deterioration of the sensor's limit of detection. In this paper, an analytical expression for the viscoelastic losses in the coating, hence the quality factor is established and is used to explain the observed increase of the frequency noise with the polymer thickness. This result is then used to demonstrate that an optimum coating thickness exists that minimise the limit …

Early Opening Of Portland Cement Concrete (Pcc) Pavements To Traffic, James Crovetti, Lev Khazanovich

Transportation Reports with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation

This report presents the results of a detailed stress analysis and a field and laboratory test program which investigated the early-age strength gain for selected PCC paving mixtures used in Wisconsin as well as the effects of early-age loading on doweled pavement joints. A simplified procedure for predicting critical dowel-PCC interface stresses was developed. This procedure was used in conjunction with allowable bearing stresses to establish minimum compressive strength requirements for opening to traffic based on pavement design parameters, including PCC, base, subgrade and dowel material properties. Equations for predicting early-age PCC compressive strength from 7-Day or 28-Day laboratory test …

Development Of Modulus-To-Temperature Relations For Hma Mixtures In Wisconsin, James Crovetti, Kathleen T. Hall, R. Christopher Williams

Transportation Reports with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation

This report presents the findings of a research study conducted to develop modulus-to-temperature relations for HMA mixtures used in Wisconsin. Surface deflection data gathered from in-place HMA pavements was used to estimate the resilient modulus of the HMA layer at the various test temperatures. Laboratory resilient modulus testing was also conducted on recovered HMA cores to establish trends of HMA resilient modulus as a function of test temperature and load frequency. Prediction equations for estimating modulus-to-temperature trends were developed from laboratory testing to account for mixture-specific parameters, including fines content, air voids and binder content.

Estimations of HMA modulus-to-temperature trends …

Development Of Rational Overlay Design Procedures For Flexible Pavements, James Crovetti

Transportation Reports with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation

This report presents the findings of a research study conducted to develop procedures for the design of structural HMA overlays over existing flexible pavements in Wisconsin. The recommended procedures are presented in a hierarchal approach to allow the user the flexibility of estimating the effective structural number of an in-place HMA pavement based on visual and/or nondestructive deflection testing data and to develop overlay thickness requirements based on the structural deficiency approach.

Techniques for estimating the effective structural number of an existing pavement based on surface deflection are presented. The equations presented in the 1993 AASHTO Design Guide were modified …

Study Of Viscoelastic Effect On The Frequency Shift Of Microcantilever Chemical Sensors (Proceedings), U. Sampath, Stephen M. Heinrich, Fabien Josse, F. Lochon, Isabelle Dufour, D. Rebière

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Microcantilevers coated with a chemically sensitive layer are increasingly being used in chemical detection systems. The sensitive coating, often a polymer, absorbs specific molecules, which can be detected by monitoring the shift in the mechanical resonant frequency. Usually, the frequency shift resulting from molecular absorption is interpreted as a mass loading effect. However, mass loading is not the only effect that has an impact on the frequency shift; the viscoelastic properties of the sensitive coating are also affected by the sorption process. Sorption-induced modulus changes are typically difficult to characterize. However, it is known that the sorption of analyte molecules …

Structural Analysis Of Sign Bridge Structures And Luminaire Supports, Christopher Foley, Raymond Fournelle, Scott J. Ginal, John L. Peronto

Transportation Reports with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation

The Wisconsin Department of Transportation has experienced failures of a high-mast luminaire (HML) support structure and a full-span overhead sign support structure. Furthermore, cracking has been found in many sign support structures composed of welded round hollow structural shapes (HSS). The purpose of the research conducted was to provide fatigue life estimates for these structures, which could then shed light onto the causes of the cracking found and the failures experienced. The analytical and experimental effort conducted was also used to establish rational inspection intervals for these structures and recommend changes (as required) to the procedures for design of high-mast …

Comprehensive Subgrade Deflection Acceptance Criteria - Executive Summary, James Crovetti

Transportation Research Center: Subgrade Deflection Studies

This executive summary presents a summary of the findings of all study phases conducted to develop recommendations for the development of specifications for subgrade acceptance based on measured deflections. The rolling wheel deflectomter (RWD), portable truck-mounted deflection measurement systems, and dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) were utilized on numerous subgrade construction projects between the 1998 and 2001 construction seasons. Comparative nuclear density and soil stiffness gauge readings were also obtained at selected locations on many of the included construction projects.

The research findings indicate that deflection test results may be appropriate for identifying areas of poor in-place stability within constructed subgrades. …

Transfer Length Of Strands In Prestressed Concrete Piles, Baolin Wan, Kent A. Harries, Michael F. Petrou

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

A top bar effect has been identified in prestressed concrete piles. The effect that this top bar effect has on the development of the prestressing strand is investigated. Strand transfer length is found to be proportional to the observed end slip. While the average transfer length of all strands in a section may satisfy the assumptions inherent in the ACI transfer length equation, due to the top bar effect, top-cast strand transfer lengths are considerably in excess of the ACI-calculated value. The flexural behavior of the pile, accounting for varying transfer lengths through its section, is investigated. Finally, recommendations for …

Top Bar Effects In Prestressed Concrete Piles, Baolin Wan, Michael F. Petrou, Kent A. Harries, Aly A. Hussein

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

The top bar effect in reinforced concrete is a widely recognized phenomenon. Currently, the ACI Building Code prescribes a 30% increase in the development length of top cast reinforcing bars. No such provision is required for strands in prestressed concrete members. In this paper, the top bar effect for prestressing strands is introduced. Parameters affecting top bar phenomena in prestressed concrete piles are identified, and strategies for reducing this effect are presented. Finally, for the first time, the application of a top bar effect factor for prestressed concrete development length calculations, similar to the one applied in reinforced concrete structural …

Comprehensive Subgrade Deflection Acceptance Criteria - Pilot Implementation Report, James Crovetti, Jay Schabelski

Transportation Research Center: Subgrade Deflection Studies

This report has presents the findings of implementations of pilot specifications for subgrade acceptance based on measured deflections. The reconfigured rolling wheel deflectomter (RWD), portable truck-mounted deflection measurement systems, and dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) were utilized on four subgrade construction projects during the 2001 construction season. Comparative nuclear density readings were obtained at selected locations within each project. Comparative soil stiffness gauge readings were also obtained on 2 of the pilot projects

The research findings from this and previous study phases indicate that deflection test results may be appropriate for identifying areas of poor in-place stability within constructed subgrades. However, …

Public Perceptions Of The Midwest’S Pavements: Policies And Thresholds, David Kuemmel, Richard Robinson, Ronald C. Sonntag, Robert J. Griffin, James K. Giese

Marketing Faculty Research and Publications

A 5-year, pooled fund study with the Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin departments of transportation assessed the public's perceptions of pavement improvement strategies and developed thresholds of satisfaction using the departments' physical indices, such as pavement ride and condition on rural, two-lane highways in the states. Approximately 3,600 drivers in the three states were involved in the three phases of the project, which included 18 focus groups, 400 statewide surveys in each state, and 2,300 targeted surveys across the three states. A multidisciplinary team from Marquette University and a mass media survey lab conducted the studies. A summary of focus group …

Public Perceptions Of The Midwest’S Pavements - Iowa - Phase Iii, David Kuemmel, Richard Robinson, Robert J. Griffin, Ronald C. Sonntag, James K. Giese

Transportation Research Center: Public Perception of Midwest Pavements

There are several objectives to this report. The first objective is to describe the sample with regard to the physical pavement data and three measures of driver satisfaction. In this section, the proportion of respondents who are satisfied with pavements on two-lane, rural, state highways will be examined and the distribution of pavement condition and roughness indices will be presented.

The second objective will be a short description of the highway segments and any differences in satisfaction found between regions and pavement types. This was done in Phase II in each state and a letter sent showing the results in …

Public Perceptions Of The Midwest’S Pavements - Minnesota - Phase Ii, Marquette University, Department Of Civil, Construction, And Environmental Engineering

Transportation Research Center: Public Perception of Midwest Pavements

This report covers Phase II of a three-phase pooled-fund project in Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, to determine the perception/satisfaction levels of the driving public and how they correlate with the states’ physical data bases used to determine priorities for pavement improvements on rural, two-lane highways.

In Phase I, six focus groups were conducted in each state to determine the beliefs and issues about pavements that could be used to draft statewide questionnaires. Focus groups were held during the last half of 1996 in all three states. From the focus groups, a language used by the public to describe and differentiate …

2001 Wisdot Specifications - Construction Note, Marquette University, Transportation Research Center

Transportation Research Center: Noise & Texture Studies

For the past several years, Marquette University has been conducting a research study for WisDOT on tining patterns to reduce the objectionable tire/pavement whine. During the research study, WisDOT issued Construction Notes to implement the interim results of the research rather than tine the pavement according to Subsection 415.5.9.6.3 of the Standard Specifications.

In the completed study, Marquette University has determined that a skewed, randomly spaced, transversely tined surface results in the lowest levels of pavement whine while retaining the favorable friction characteristics achieved under the current specifications. The overall noise level is not reduced by skewed randomly tined surfaces. …

Quality Control Parameters For Robotic Bridge Painting, Yong Bai, Leonhard E. Bernold

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

To protect a steel bridge from corrosion, periodic painting is needed. Bridge painting operations are dangerous and hazardous to human health. A robotic bridge painting system is being developed to replace the human being. One major problem with robotic bridge painting is how to achieve the specified coating quality, which includes two aspects: (1) the coating thickness; and (2) the coating appearance. To ensure quality of the robotic bridge painting, the writers have investigated: (1) the parameters that affect the coating thickness and appearance; (2) the values of the parameters to achieve the required thickness and appearance for the robotic …

An Evaluation Of Age Effects On Driver Comprehension Of Flashing Traffic Signal Indications Using Multivariate Multiple Response Analysis Of Variance Models, Alexander Drakopoulos, Richard W. Lyles

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to identify whether drivers comprehended traffic signals differently when turning left at signalized intersections where traffic signals were in “flashing mode” operation. Method:Multivariate multiple response analysis of variance models were used to analyze the simultaneous effects of displayed color combination, age, and geographical location on signal message interpretation. Data were gathered in a laboratory environment. Results: Left-turn and through-signal color combination had a significant effect on subject comprehension. Comprehension was found to be lowest for displays flashing red only, followed by displays flashing red on the left-turn, and yellow on the through-signal, …

Public Perceptions Of The Midwest’S Pavements - Minnesota - Executive Summary, David Kuemmel, Richard Robinson, Robert J. Griffin, Ronald C. Sonntag, James K. Giese

Transportation Research Center: Public Perception of Midwest Pavements

This report summarizes Minnesota results of a five year, Pooled Fund study involving the Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota DOTs designed to 1) assess the public's perceptions of the departments’ pavement improvement strategies and 2) to develop customer-based thresholds of satisfaction with pavements on rural two lane highways in each state as related to the Departments’ physical indices, such as pavement ride and condition. The primary objective was to seek systematic customer input to improve the Departments’ pavement improvement policies by 1) determining how drivers perceive the departments’ pavements in terms of comfort and convenience but also in terms of other …