Chemical Engineering Commons^™

The Sulphonation Of N-Ethyl Benzyl Aniline, Charles N. Jirsa

Theses

slight modification of the existing plant procedure at the Fred'k. H. Levey Co. is described whereby greater and more consistent yields of ethyl benzyl aniline meta-sulfonic acid may be obtained.

Proof is presented that the Sulfonic acid group is in the meta position in the benzyl radical.

Ethyl benzyl aniline meta-sulfonic acid is investigated as regards absorption in the ultra violet.

Graphical Correlation Of Pressure Drop In Adiabatic Flow Of Compressible Fluids In Pipes, Guy Edward Straub

Theses

Analytic equations for the flow of compressible fluids in conduits with friction are awkward to solve, since the variables involved usually necessitate trial and error solution. A study of the situation indicated that a series of graphs for different values of the specific heat ratio would eliminate the trial and error solution.

The purpose of this paper is to present in graphical form a solution of the equations relating the ratios of the pressure and temperatures in adiabatic flow of compressible fluids to the friction and velocity.

The equations for adiabatic flow of compressible fluids in horizontal ducts of constant …

Linear Growth Rates Of Single Copper Sulfate Crystals, Arthur Oswald Hansen

Theses

The purpose of this work was to study and measure the factors influencing crystal growth.

Approximately 250 single crystals of CuSO₄.5H₂O were grown under controlled conditions of supersaturation, solution velocity, and temperature.

The data from this work indicates that:

(a) Crystal growth rate is independent of crystal size for the size range covered (4 to 12 mesh).

(b) Crystal growth rate is directly proportional to the degree of supersaturation, or driving force for each concentration of solution studied.

(c) Crystal growth rate varies exponentially with the velocity of the solution passing the crystal
R_D = …

A Study Of Methods For Predicting The Change In Azeotropic Composition With Pressure And With Temperature, Adolf Joseph Pribush

Theses

No abstract provided.

The Recovery Of Elemental Phosphorous From Phosphorous-Bearing Sludges, Rajendra Nath Bery

Theses

The theory dealing with the propagation of phosphorus sludges in elemental phosphorus production is generally well known, but it has long been felt that an investigation should be made in order to devise a suitable process whereby it may become possible to effect a separation of phosphorus. It is perhaps unfortunate that while the development of the electric furnace process continued, it sometimes overshadowed the importance of recovering additional amounts of phosphorus by relatively simple and inexpensive means since this is considered vital to the economics of elemental phosphorus production. At the present time, there is no economically feasible process …

Design Of Fixed Bed Absorbers For Drying Gases, Roger Emery Bibaud

Theses

No abstract provided.

The Hydrolysis Of Alkyl Borates, Phoebus Myron Christopher

Theses

The rate of hydrolysis of methyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and n-amyl borate es well as the equilibrium constant for the reaction involved were determined. An analytical procedure was used whereby the concentration of unhydrolysed ester at any definite time interval could be measured. It was found that the methyl borate was completely hydrolysed in less than one minute. The n-propyl compound was hydrolysed completely in about 80 minutes, whereas about two hours were needed for the n-butyl and n-amyl borates.

The following equilibrium constants were founds methyl borate, 15.81; n-propyl borate, 2.695; n-butyl borate, 2.034 and n-amyl borate, 1.805.

The Preparation Of 2-Aminophenol-4-Sulfonic Acid From Sulfanilic Acid, Edward Jacob Mach

Theses

Sulfanilic acid (I) was examined for purity and character. Sodium and potassium salts were acetylated and their isolation and yields were investigated.

The salts were nitrated with mixed acids and the reaction mixtures were treated in various ways to ascertain a good method for isolating the desired 2-nitro-sulfanilic acid (II). An attempt was made to characterize the reaction products, and to devise quantitative methods to estimate the yield of 2-nitrosulfanilic acid. A previously unreported by-product of the nitration, 2,4,6-tri-nitroaniline (He), was isolated. Several new salts of 2-nitrosulfanilic acid were prepared, and a possible new derivative was observed from the reaction …

Recovery Of Glycerine, Theodore Richard Muller

Theses

Recovered 25 per cent glycerine solution from the bard resin manufacturing processes is partially purified and concentrated to an acceptable color for reuse in resin production. The purification initially starts with the solution adjustment to pH?, the disproportionation product of resin acids are precipitated and removed. The glycerine is then passed through a cation ion-exchange resin column removing aldehydic impurities. The effluent is then concentrated and reacted with an equivalent amount of phthalic anhydrite forming a glycerol phthalate ester to ascertain a color which is equivalent to that of the finished resin that is commercially acceptable.

Heat Capacities Of Ethane Over A Wide Range Of Temperature And Pressure, Thomas Agens Reiter

Theses

The effects of pressure and temperature on the isobaric heat capacity, the constant volume heat capacity, and the ratio of heat capacities of ethane are presented. The range of conditions covered are pressures from 0 to 10,000 psia and temperatures from 180 to 1400°F. The calculation of these effects is based on equations derived from the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state. The derived equations express the deviations of the heat capacities from ideal gas behavior.

The results show that ignoring the effect of pressure en the heat capacities of ethane may lead to large errors in engineering calculations. Graphs and tables …

Jacket Heat Transfer Coefficients In An Agitated Vessel, The Paddle Agitator, Herbert Palfrey Pursell

Theses

Four papers have been published which correlate variables affecting heat transfer through a jacket in a kettle agitated by a paddle type agitator. There are differences in the equations resulting from each of these papers. In none of these papers was variation of the stirrer diameter or stirrer width considered.

It is the purpose of this paper to show that all published data in such a system can be correlated by a single equation which differs from those previously presented. Preliminary recalculation of published data indicated that a relationship exists which involves the stirrer width and diameter. Experimental work was …

The Reduction Of Aromatic Nitro Compounds With Anhydrous Stannous Chloride, Raymond Albert Unnasch

Theses

With the publication of a method for the preparation of anhydrous stannous chloride (1), T. E. de Kiewiet and H. Stephen were prompted to investigate its use in the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds under anhydrous conditions. In a paper entitled "A New Method of Reducing Aromatic nitro Compounds" (2), reporting the results of this investigation, they claimed simultaneous reduction, acetylation, and also chlorination in the position para to that of the original nitro group.

In experiments using para substituted nitro compounds, they found that no chlorination took place except in the case of para-chloronitro-benzene, which, if hydrochloric acid were …

Viscosity Determination During Polymerization, Elmer David Jones

Theses

This project was undertaken for the purpose of designing, constructing, and operating a viscometer which could be employed for measuring viscosities in the range of 200 to 700 poises at temperatures up to 300°C. Such an instrument was built and used to study the viscosity of Type EV polymer during polymerization.

The new viscometer is based cm the principle of concentric rotating cylinders. It is unique in that it can be suspended directly in a polymer batch and will operate under temperature and viscosity conditions as outlined above. Polymerization curves for batches studied show that the instrument gives viscosity values …

The Sulfonation Of Some Aromatic Compounds Using Sulfuric Acid In The Presence Of Thionyl Chloride, Hugh Harold Harkins

Theses

No abstract provided.

Heat Transfer Characteristics Of Non-Newtonian Suspensions, Robert Gregory Quinn, Irving Bauman

Theses

This project was undertaken to collect additional information on the heat transfer coefficients of pseudo-plastic suspensions and to test the exponents of the equation of Salamone (12). Using the same equation as derived by Salamone by dimensional analysis, a better correlation of this data was obtained by changing some of the exponents to give the following equation:

LD/K_f=0.346(D_vp/M^{`</sup>)<sup>0.7</sup>(C<sub>f</sub>M<sup>`}/K_f)^0.72(D_s/D)^0.15(C_s/C_f)^0.35(k_s/k_f)^0.08 (1)

The authors believe that a better correlation is possible and …

Heat Transfer Characteristics Of Non-Newtonian Suspensions, Harold Binder, Paul Pollara

Theses

The following equation was developed by Dr. J. J. Salamone for calculating the fibs coefficient of heat transfer to non-Newtonian suspensions in turbulent flow (Re 50,000 - 200.000) inside of pipes:

h_D/K_f = 0.131 (DV_bPb/u_b)^0.62 (D/D_s)^0.05 (C_s/C_f)^0.35 (C_fu_b/K_f)^0.72 (K_s/K_f)^0.05

This equation was investigated to determine its validity over the lower turbulent regions of the Reynolds number (10,000 - 70,000), and to test the exponents of the various components.

Equipment was constructed similar …

Investigation Of The Acid Degradation Of 2-(4-Methoxybenzylamino)-Pyridine, Anthony Thomas Oropollo

Theses

This paper represents work done in connection with an investigation of the products resulting from the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid and 2-(4-methoxybenzyl-amino)-pyridine. Brief contact between these reactants at temperatures below 80°C give rise to a water soluble salt of the amine. The amine may be precipitated from the solution by the addition of sufficient alkali.

Under the conditions considered in this paper, prolonged contact of reactants at temperatures above 80°C, a non-crystalline condensation product is obtained in addition to the amine salt.

Attempts to identify this product were unsuccessful. However, in connection with the characterization work, two relatively little …

A Study Of A Synthesis Of Indole, Stephen Scala

Theses

Chemical literature abounds with methods for the synthesis of Indole and its derivatives. Undoubtedly, this is so, because Indole is the parent substance of the historical dyestuff Indigo. This coloring material has been the subject of extensive investigations for many centuries. Early in this century, importance was still placed on Indole Chemistry, but it later gore way to other dyestuffs having different chemical structures. It seems, however, the loss in popularity was to have been short-lived, because of the revitalized interest shown in the chemistry of Indoles since the early 1930's.

It was found that a great number of alkaloids …

Adiabatic Distillation Of Dilute Formaldehyde Solutions, Robert L. Craven

Theses

No abstract provided.

I. Certain Azo Dyes Derived From 2-Amino Phenol-4-Sulfonic Acid; Ii. A Study Of The Reduction Rate Of 2-Nitro Phenol-4-Sulfonic Acid, Albert Edward Cohen

Theses

No abstract provided.

Calcium Metal : Laboratory Preparation By Vacuum Metallurgy, George Robert Couch

Theses

No abstract provided.

The Influence Of Agitation On A Continuous Counter-Current Liquid-Liquid Extraction Column, William John Hartmann

Theses

This work presents operating data and correlations of agitated extraction equipment studied under continuous counter-current flow.

The experimental work was carried out in at agitated column 36 inches in length with an internal diameter of 2 inches using the system toluene, benzoic acid and water. The working section of the column was 24 inches. The design of the column used for the experimental work is similar to that proposed in a patent by van Dijck (3). The column is similar only to the extent that the patent covers numerous conditions of vertical agitation.

The distribution data and the equilibrium solubility …

The Effect Of Surface Tension Upon The Flow Of Fluids Through Packed Beds, William Charles Streib

Theses

Flow tests through beds of unconsolidated sand, glass beads and 1/4 inch Berl saddles showed that wide variations in the surface tension of a fluid had no significant effect on its flowrate through the bed. Viscosity and density were the only fluid properties affecting such flow. Excellent comparative results were observed between the flowrates through sand beds and those predicted by the Leva equation.

The complex Brownell and Katz equation for predicting the residual saturation of a packed bed was found to apply for fluids having a much wider range of surface tension than those originally used to derive their …

Substituted Ureas, Roy Earl Parks

Theses

Nitrosomethylurea in aqueous medium decomposes on heating to methanol, nitrogen and cyanic or isocyanic acid. Primary amines present during the decomposition react with cyanic acid to form substituted ureas, readily isolated in high purity and good yield.

Nitration Of Derivatives Of 2,5-Dichlorobenzenesulfonic Acid, William J. Conradi

Theses

The proof that a nitro group enters meta to the sulfonic acid group of 2,5-dichlorobenzenosulfonamide and 2,5-dichlorobenzenosulfonanilide is presented.

The preparation of several new compounds is described.

An unsuccessful attempt to prepare 2,5-dichloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride from 2,5-dichloronitrobenzene is also described.

Preparation And Spectra Of M-Nitrobenzoates And M-Aminobenzoates, Peter Tikey Kapsamalis

Theses

A study of the synthesis of a series of new m-nitrobenzoates, m-aminobenzoates and several derivatives of the latter is presented.

Physisal constants and analytical determinations are presented, including the ultraviolet absorption spectra of the compounds prepared.

Correlation Of The Number Of Theoretical Plates Vs. Reflux Ratio, George Ignatius Parisi

Theses

A correlation is presented from which the number of theoretical plates for a given separation by distillation can be estimated as a function of the reflux ratio. The effects of relative volatility and feed composition upon such a correlation are also studied. Smoker's (1) equation was used in calculating the data. The results were obtained by varying the several parameters which have to be given for any separa tion desired. These include feed compositions of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75; relative volatilities of 1.1, 1.2, 1.5, and 2.0; and various reflux ratios. The overhead product and bottoms product compositions were kept …

Ultrafiltration In The Pigment Field : A Critical Literature Survey, Charles Walter Manger

Theses

The objective in this work has been to determine, through a critical literature survey, the possible application of ultrafiltration, and other related techniques, towards the solution of certain problems encountered in the research and testing of various pigments.

Among these problems may be mentioned the following:

1. The determination of water-soluble salts in pigments, which when dispersed in water to leach out the salts, tend to peptize, thus being unfilterable through the usual filter paper. Among these pigments are the following: iron blue, certain chrome yellows, pigment green B, copper maroon, and several others. It may be added that these pigments …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Binary Mixtures Of Methyl Alcohol, Isopropyl Alcohol And N-Butyl Alcohol With Benzene, William Andrew Flynn

Theses

No abstract provided.

Isobaric Heat Capacity Of Ethylene Over A Wide Range Of Temperature And Pressure, Robert John Sibilia

Theses

The effect of pressure and temperature on the isobaric heat capacity at constant volume for ethylene relative to the ideal gas state is presented. The results cover pressures from 0 to 10,000 FA and temperatures from 32.0°F to 2372.0°F.

The deviation of the isobaric heat capacity of ethylene from the ideal gas state for the wide range of pressure and temperature covered was found from an equation derived from the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state. Graphs and tables relating the deviation of the isobaric h capacity: the deviation of heat capacity at constant volume, pressures and temperature are included.

The results …