Chemical Engineering Commons^™

Absorption Of Methoxyflurane By Conductive Rubber And Polyethylene Anesthetic Hose, Edward A. Kippel

Theses

This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the absorption of methoxyflurane by conductive rubber and polyethylene anesthetic hose. Previous studies are reviewed and theoretical considerations governing the diffusion process are discussed.

Diffusion coefficients are calculated for commercially available hose materials using different anesthetic concentrations and oxygen flow rates.

Data obtained is compared with the results of previous investigations (primarily concerned with sorption into rubber hose) and similar results are presented for polyethylene hose.

Graphical data is used to demonstrate the effect of hose material on inspired anesthetic concentration.

The advantage of disposable conductive polyethylene hose over reusable rubber …

An Experimental Study Of The Separation Of Multicomponent Mixtures Via Thermal Parametric Pumping, Wayne Weywen Lin

Theses

A thermal continuous parametric pump for separating multi-component mixtures was experimentally investigated using the model system toluene-aniline-n-heptane on silica gel adsorbent. A simple method for predicting separations is presented and is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The method, based on an equilibrium theory, is under the assumption that a multicomponent mixture contains a series of pseudo-binary systems, each system consisting of one of the solutes as one component and the common inert solvent as the other component.

Densities Of Polar And Non-Polar Compounds And Their Mixtures, Peter Norman Notwick

Theses

Two principal studies were conducted as part of this thesis: evaluation of existing correlations for predicting densities of polar and non-polar liquids and their mixtures and experimentally measuring the densities of certain liquid systems.

Utilizing a modification of the simple picnometer experimental method, data were obtained for both pure compounds and liquid mixtures. Comparison of the pure compound data with available literature sources established the reliability of the technique.

The results of the correlation comparison indicate that the Riedel equation, is the most generally reliable for predicting the densities of pure "normal" compounds. Lydersen, et al., prepared tables for the …

Solvent Recovery From A Complex Process Solvent Stream, John Budavari

Theses

This work deals with the recovery of solvents from a complex process waste stream containing methylene chloride chloroform, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, heptane and butyl acetate. In addition to the above-mentioned solvents, the mixture is saturated with water (ca. 1%), hydrochloric acid, and contains organic and inorganic process impurities. The objective was to develop the simplest economical recovery process utilizing vapor-liquid equilibrium data, distillation and extraction procedures. Considerable effort was expended to develop precise and reliable assay methods. A process which met the necessary requirements of maximum solvent recovery with minimum waste disposal, was developed.

Reactions Of Perchloro-1,2-Dimethylene Cyclobutane With Amines, Robert James Smith

Theses

Perchloro-1,2-dimethylene cyclobutane was reacted with primary amines forming cyclic amidinium salts. Their structures were elucidated by the performance of various spectral analyses.

An Experimental Study Of Parametric Pump, Khalid Omar Ranginwala

Theses

In this research for Master's Project, the possibility for separation of glucose and fructose by parametric pumping was investigated. In this research activated carbon was used as adsorbent. First Langmuir's isotherms for glucose and fructose were experimentally found. These results were utilized in the thermal parametric pumping. The pump was run semicontinuously. Parametric pumping was also carried out with KCl +H₂O solution using a resin as adsorbent, and the 'b' value of KCl was found.

An Experimental Study Of Equilibrium Parametric Pumps, John A. Park

Theses

Parametric pumping is a separation process characterized by periodic changes in axial displacement, coupled with synchronized changes in some variable affecting the position of the interphase equilibrium. Both continuous and semicontinuous pumps were investigated at various operating conditions using a model system of toluene-n-hep-tane on a silica gel adsorbent. It has been shown that when the penetration distance for the cold cycle is less than or equal to that for the hot cycle and the height of the column, the pump has the capacity of complete removal of solute from one product stream. A quantity which is important in determining …

A Study Of Fluid Flow Entering A Sharp-Edged Channel, Rocco Racano

Theses

Experimental investigations were carried out on an newtonian fluid In the two dimensional case through the regions of a sharp-edged entrance and exit. Qualitative and quantitative results were compared to a variation of a two dimensional case of converging flow in a capillary as originally derived by Oka and proposed by Philippoff. In addition velocity profiles were taken in the entrance region. Furthermore, the effect of temperature gradients in the slit region with their resulting optical effects were considered. The methods used to obtain these goals were photoelasticity and streak photography.

Results were four, to be consistent with the theory …

Separation Of Gas Mixtures Via Batch Parametric Pumping : A Theoretical Study, Jose G. Lopez

Theses

An equilibrium plug?flow model, for the batch isothermal separation of a binary gas mixture in a pressure changing parametric pump, was investigated for the system propane?argon on carbon, with the aid of a G. E. Pack 4020 computer. Separation factors comparable to a temperature changing parametric pump are predicted by the model. A change in pressure of the gas mixture may be carried out very rapidly, compared with a temperature change of similar magnitude. The effects of temperature, pressure, concentration, and penetration are discussed.

The Effect Of Variation In The Ratio Of Specific Heats With Temperature And Pressure On Horsepower Requirements Of Reciprocating Compressors, Selim Piskin

Theses

The expansion and compression of fluids is discussed in relation to the design of reciprocating compressors. As part of this thesis, the design equations for reciprocating compressors are developed for both ideal and reel gases.

The resulting design equations contain, as one of the parameters, the ratio of the specific heats. Using published componential specific heat data, a correlation was developed relating the dependence of the ratio of specific heat on temperature and pressure for the nore common gases. These correlations were developed so as to be compatible with the compressor design equation and to provide rapid evaluation of the …

Representation And Characterization Of Thixotropic Fluids, Huei-Hsiung Wang

Dissertations

Thixotropy is a time-dependent rheological behavior of a group of fluids which are characterized by an isothermal reversible breakdown induced by a mechanical disturbance. Based on this definition, a mathematical model of reversible degradation kinetics is set up. Its development leads to two equations which represent quantitatively the hysteresis loop and torque-decay curve. These equations consist of five independent parameters with their physical meanings. These parameters can be used to characterize the properties of thixotropic materials.

The original Weissenberg Rheogoniometer was modified to measure the thixotropic behavior of blood with the step change and the ramboid change of shear rate. …

The Effect Of Ultrasonic Vibrations On Heterogeneous Catalysis, William Lintner

Dissertations

The effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the vapor phase decomposition of cumene to benzene and propylene was investigated employing silica-aluminum cracking catalyst.

The catalytic reactor consisted of a 1 cm. diameter stainless steel tube containing a 20 in. long preheater and a 4 in. long catalyst chamber. The catalyst bed was irradiated from above by means of an ultrasonic horn which transmitted acoustical energy directly into the vapor.

The reactor was run at temperatures of 650°F. and 1050°F., frequencies of 26,000 cps and 39,000 cps, feed rates of 20 to 600 gms./hr., power outputs of 0.5 to 1.3 watts/cm.^{2 …}

A Computer Solution For Absorbers And Strippers Using The Newton-Raphson Iterative Method, Robert J. Lukach

Theses

The solution of absorber or stripper calculations by traditional methods can be a tedious, time consuming, if not a completely fruitless procedure. Hence a computer solution of these calculations is both desirable and, as the complexity of chemical process plants increases, necessary.

The component oriented Newton-Raphson procedure was programed to perform this calculation, and makes full use of the material and enthalpy balance equations to perform the iterative equilibrium stage calculations. A Newton-Raphson stage oriented method was also developed as a verification program to check the solutions obtained from the Newton-Raphson component oriented procedure.

Computer Simulation Of A Split Feed Claus Sulfur Recovery Plant, Thomas R. Woolley

Theses

A computer program which calculates a complete heat and material balance around a "split feed" Claus sulfur recovery plant was written in Fortran IV for the RCA Spectra 70 computer. The program provides for up to three catalytic reactors, the hot gas bypass method of reheating, and a feed gas containing hydrogen sulfide, water vapor, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The program user specifies as input data the feed stream composition and temperature, the number of reactors, the combustion air temperature, the conversion in each reactor, the outlet temperature in each condenser, and the fraction of burner exit gas used for reheating …

Distillation Design Techniques, Ronald Michael Carlucci

Theses

A design method for binary distillation systems is presented that minimizes the required rigorous calculations. A computer program is developed that finds the number of theoretical stages, and feed stage for a specified separation and reboiler vapor rate. Results for three binary systems are presented.

The design method and computer program are extended to the multicomponent case at the condition of total reflux. Results for one ternary system are presented. The possibility of using the method at other than total reflux is discussed. Usage of the method to search for multicomponent azeotropes and results are also presented.

Analytic equations are …

Antoine Type Equation For Liquid Viscosity Correlations, Edward Goletz Jr.

Theses

A modified Andrade⁴ equation, similar to the Antoine equation for vapor pressure-temperature correlations, was developed for liquid viscosity-temperature correlations. Included in the investigation were the following compounds: n-alkanes (C₂-C₂₀), n-alkenes (C₂-C₂₀), n-alkyl benzenes (C₆-C₁₀), n-alkyl cyclohexanes (C₆-C₂₂), and fifteen polar compounds. Except for propene, errors of less than 5% were obtained. Normal heptadecane was used to compare correlations developed by Andrade⁴, Walther²⁰, and Doolittle⁹, with the modified Andrade equation. The latter was found to give the best …

A Theoretical Study Of Continuous Parametric Pumping At Constant Temperature, Philip Weingartner

Theses

A continuous parametric pump, operating at constant temperature with pressure as the driving force, is analyized by means of an equilibrium theory. A thorough explanation of the process and the resulting mathematical model reveal how the parameters effect pump performance. The experimental data cited agree well with the analytical results in the CO₂-He on silica gel system. Complete removal of the solute from one of the product streams can be achieved through the proper selection of penetration distances and pressure levels.

The Quantitative Characterization Of Middle Distillate Fuels For Reduced Smoke Emission And Improved Low Temperature Operability, R. S. Feamster

Theses

Forty-eight inference equations are presented to approximate the hydrocarbon composition of middle distillate fuels and of the solids separating from these fuels at temperatures below their cloud points by consideration of fuel physical inspections. The physical inspections consist of API gravity, aniline point, cloud point, and distillation curves for ten fuels from major United States and European refineries. To determine the percentage of solids separating from cooled fuels, each fuel is filtered over a temperature range from the cloud point to -40 F in 10 F increments. Aromatic, naphthenic, and paraffinic hydrocarbon contents and the r-paraffin carbon number distributions of …

Stress-Relaxation Of Cross-Linked Polyethylene At Elevated Temperature, Ravio Luik

Theses

Polyethylene because of its excellent chemical, physical, mechanical and electrical properties, as well as its easy adaptability to extrusion, molding and other processes and its low cost has become a very widely used material for hundreds of applications. But, because it is a thermoplastic, it also deforms and flows when temperatures approach or exceed the crystalline melting point. This handicap, however, can be reduced by crosslinking the polymer chains and thereby converting the thermoplastic to a thermoset material. To further expand the possible uses of this popular material and to further improve the properties, fillers and antioxidants may be compounded …

The Photolysis Of Chlorobenzene In An Aqueous Environment, Louis John Del Tufo

Theses

Chlorobenzene was chosen as a model system for the study of photochemically induced reactions in an aqueous environment. It was the goal of this research to achieve a reaction system which best approximates conditions existing in the environment. To do this, a basic model system was established, and then the effect on the rate by various parameters was studied. These parameters, which included the presence of oxygen and such inorganic compounds as might be present in receiving waters, (e.g. nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate), were chosen so as to meet the goal of this research.

Kinetic data was obtained for seven …

Kinetic Modeling Study Of Catalytic Hydrogenation Of Codimer, William Mounce

Theses

A kinetic modeling study was made on a gas phase catalytic reaction. The data used was that on the hydrogenation of codimer, collected by Tschernitz, et al, The objective was to determine if non-linear least squares regression offers an advantage over linear least squares regression in discriminating between Langmuir. Hinshelwood kinetic equations.

For the experimental data in question, it was found that neither linear nor non-linear regression could distinguish between the two plausible mechanisms. With the particular mechanistic equations and range of data used in this study, the more laborious non-linear analysis offered no advantage over linear regression in discriminating …

Separation Of Glucose - Fructose - Water Systems Via Thermal Parametric Pumping, Zikri Mostafa Ahmed

Theses

Series of experiments were carried out to determine the effect of different factors on adsorption from aqueous solutions of sugar using fuller's earth ( LW 16-30 Mesh ) as an adsorbent. The equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir's equation., and an explanation for the deviation of some of these data has been given.

Systems of glucose-fructose and water mixtures were subjected to semi-continuous and continuous parametric pumping operations using activated carbon (400 Filterasorb) as an adsorbent. The results obtained confirm the equilibrium theory of the parametric pump and essentially fulfill the requirements established by Chen and Hill (6) to …

Sidestream Tower Fractionation : A Short-Cut Calculation Method, Richard David Prickett

Theses

A short-cut procedure has been developed for making calculations on a complex fractionation tower. A Simplification of the Thiele-Geddes plate-to-plate procedure provided the basis for the short-cut procedure. The application discussed in this paper is for a tower with a liquid sidestream drawoff in the rectifying section.

The tower was broken at the feed point and sidestream drawoff locations into three calculation sections. The fractionation in each tower section can then be represented by a rigorous series solution expressed in terms of absorption or stripping factors. These rigorous equations can then be simplified by the use of average absorption or …

Diffusion Studies With Novel Plastics, Marion Toohey Conway

Theses

The rates of diffusion through two fluorinated groups and two non-fluorinated groups of laboratory prepared membranes were compared with each other and with commercially available cellulose membranes. The membranes.were evaluated, in particular, for possible use with the artificial kidney. Diffusion experiments were conducted with sodium chloride, urea and uric acid. Experimental results were compared to diffusion coefficients calculated in the literature for cellulose membranes. The results show that the rates of diffusion of all of the solutes tested for the laboratory prepared membranes are comparable to that of the cellulose membranes. The fluorinated group had a slightly higher diffusion coefficient …

Minimum Reflux In Fractionating Columns : A New And Improved Short-Cut Method, Elizabeth Garcia

Theses

A short-cut method is presented for calculating the minimum, reflux rate for multicomponent systems. This new method is best suited for use on the computer and gives a very accurate estimate of this important factor in the design of fractionating columns. It does so without going to the tedious and time-consuming calculations of the rigorous methods.

The calculation approach is based on a simplification of the Thiele and Geddes method for fractionating columns under minimum reflux conditions.

The program is written in Fortran IV language and was used on an IBM 370 computer. Input specifications include the split of the …

Simulation Of A Single Feed Fractional Distillation Column Using The Thiele-Geddes Procedure, M. S. Abolahrari

Theses

This thesis constitutes a simulation model of a single feed frational distillation column consisting of a single phase distillate, liquid or vapor product, an equilibrium stage reboiler, and a cascade consisting of theoretical equilibrium stages. The model limitations in addition to the single feed and the single phase distillate are 20 identifiable components, and 100 theoretical equilibrium stages. The thermodynamic data required are vapor-liquid equilibrium data and vapor-liquid enthalpy data, both assumed to be correlatable as functions of temperature. Compositional dependence of the thermodynamic data is ignored, but minor pressure variations throughout the cascade can be incorporated into the vapor-liquid …

The Fate Of Hazardous Polluting Substances In An Aqueous Environment, Robert Paul Casani

Theses

The fate of Hazardous Polluting. Substances (HPS) in an aqueous environment has been investigated using ultraviolet light. Chlorobenzene, o-cresol and nitrobenzene were used as model HPS for this study. The kinetics were followed and good first order plots were obtained for all compounds. The temperature of the reaction was shown to effect the rate. Solid insoluble and soluble non-volatile products were formed in the photolytic reaction of the three model systems.

The Preparation Of Cis- And Trans-1,2-Dimethoxyethylene. The Study Of The Cis-Trans-Rearrangement And Evaluation Of Equilibrium Constants, James T. Waldron

Dissertations

Equilibrium constants for the mercuric acetate-catalyzed reaction, cis-CH₃ OCH=CHOCH₃ D trans-CH₃ OCH=CHOCH₃, have been determined in the liquid and vapor phase over the temperature range 30° - 175°C by gas chromatography analysis. A novel synthesis of the cis- and trans-isomers of 1,2-dimethoxyethylene is discussed. From a screening of 29 catalysts, mercuric acetate, mercuric benzoate, and mercuric salicylate were found to be favorable isomerization catalysts. For the liquid phase reaction,

ln K = -779.8/T + 0.6748

with ΔH° = +1.549 ± 0.019 Kcal/mole
and ΔS° = +1.34 ± 0.05 e.u./mole

Similarly, for the vapor phase reaction, …

The Aging Of Sbr Vulcanizates, Arthur Robert Leckart

Theses

A literature survey was conducted on SBR aging, Being vulnerable to attack by the forces of nature (such as ozone, oxygen, heat and light), SBR vulcanizates requires the addition of chemicals to retard aging. Phenylamines were found to be the best type of antiaging additives, The effectiveness of other antiaging additives were examined. Although the mechanisms of aging are not perfectly understood; sane theories and aging reactions are discussed.

Structure And Magnetic Properties Of Rare Earth Garnets, Milan R. Kokta

Dissertations

This study deals with preparation and magnetic properties of garnet compounds containing rare earth ions and scandium ions on two crystallographic sites: the dodecahedral and the octahedral. A number of compounds of the types {R_3-yr_y}[r_x Ga_2-x](Ga₃) O_12' {R₃}[Sc₂](Fe_z Ga_3-x) O_12' {R_3-y Sc_y}[Sc₂] (Fe₃) O_12' and {R_3-y r_y)[r₂ (Fe_z Ga_3-z) O_12' where R stands for large rare earth ions such as Nd³⁺ and Pr³⁺, …