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Articles 421 - 450 of 759
Full-Text Articles in Chemical Engineering
Polymers Functioning As Artificial Muscles, Nicholas Stanonis, William Pitt
Polymers Functioning As Artificial Muscles, Nicholas Stanonis, William Pitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Current research in the field of polymers has led to the development of synthetic muscles that function similar to biological muscles. Scientists have engineered polymers to contract up to one thousand times their original volume when exposed to changes in light, temperature, voltage, or pH. The ability to contract and relax makes these polymers ideal artificial muscles. Currently, artificial muscles are being applied in the field of robotics. NASA is in the process of developing a dust wiper for their planetary rovers that operates with an artificial muscle. A common goal that many scientists are working towards is the implementation …
Black Liquor Pyrolysis, Jarom D. Webster, Dr. Thomas H. Fletcher
Black Liquor Pyrolysis, Jarom D. Webster, Dr. Thomas H. Fletcher
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The black liquor recovery boiler is the largest and most expensive piece of equipment in a modern pulp mill. Inside this boiler, black liquor is burned to produce electricity for the mill and also to recover spent chemicals. Black liquor combustion occurs in three stages: drying, pyrolysis, and char combustion. Understanding black liquor pyrolysis is an important step to controlling and improving the efficiency of the recovery boiler.
Catalyst Regeneration/Wax Solubility, Steven Gale Smith, Dr. Calvin Bartholomew
Catalyst Regeneration/Wax Solubility, Steven Gale Smith, Dr. Calvin Bartholomew
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Catalysts are widely used throughout many industries to decrease reaction time and make processes economically favorable. In the synthetic fuels industry a catalyst is used to convert carbon monoxide gases (CO) to hydrocarbon liquids (CnH2n+2). In this process, the catalyst becomes coated with the heavier hydrocarbon products. This coating is a wax and deactivates the catalyst (inhibits the catalyst from reacting). The catalyst is currently one of the largest expenses for this process and prevents the process from being competitive with natural fuels. Hence, a method to remove the waxes from the catalysts was studied. The process of removing the …
Is Dna A Good Model Polymer?, Douglas R. Tree, Abhiram Muralidhar, Patrick S. Doyle, Kevin D. Dorfman
Is Dna A Good Model Polymer?, Douglas R. Tree, Abhiram Muralidhar, Patrick S. Doyle, Kevin D. Dorfman
Faculty Publications
The details surrounding the crossover from wormlike-specific to universal polymeric behavior has been the subject of debate and confusion even for the simple case of a dilute, unconfined wormlike chain. We have directly computed the polymer size, form factor, free energy, and Kirkwood diffusivity for unconfined wormlike chains as a function of molecular weight, focusing on persistence lengths and effective widths that represent single-stranded and double-stranded DNA in a high ionic strength buffer. To do so, we use a chain-growth Monte Carlo algorithm, the pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method (PERM), which allows us to estimate equilibrium and near-equilibrium dynamic properties of wormlike …
Computer Simulated Multi-Component Aerosol Thermodynamics And Chemistry, Eric Halpenny, Dr. Larry Baxter
Computer Simulated Multi-Component Aerosol Thermodynamics And Chemistry, Eric Halpenny, Dr. Larry Baxter
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Aerosols are small (sub-micron) particles formed mainly in combustion processes by the vaporization and subsequent re-condensation of volatile, inorganic compounds. Cloud formation is an example of an aerosol process. However, unlike clouds, most aerosol-generating processes produce negative effects on both the process that forms them and the environment. Aerosols represent major process and emissions issues for essentially all systems employing low-grade fuel (coal, biomass, and black liquor). An accurate, predictive understanding of aerosol formation and chemistry would substantially improve the efficiency and environmental performance of many processes.
Streamline-Based Novel Dynamic Grid Reservoir Simulation, Bradley C. Bundy, Dr. Larry Lin Baxter, Dr. Hugh Bradley Hales
Streamline-Based Novel Dynamic Grid Reservoir Simulation, Bradley C. Bundy, Dr. Larry Lin Baxter, Dr. Hugh Bradley Hales
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Oil is one of the most important commodities we have. It provides energy, transportation, and chemicals to provide a better life for mankind. However, it is a depleting recourse that is getting harder and harder to find and recover. Simulation techniques have been used for many years to determine the best place to drill wells and when it is the best time economically to stop pumping slurry. Unfortunately, current simulators often take weeks to months to complete and are only an estimate of what may occur. The industry is currently limited by slow, inaccurate simulation techniques. Faster simulators with increased …
Three-Dimensional Cfd Model Of A Reacting Char Bed, Michael M. Choi, Dr. Larry Baxter
Three-Dimensional Cfd Model Of A Reacting Char Bed, Michael M. Choi, Dr. Larry Baxter
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Black liquor is a recycled byproduct formed during the pulping of wood in the papermaking industry. In this process, cellulose is used to form paper fibers while lignin is combined with water and chemical used for the extraction to form black liquor. Black liquor is burned in a recovery boiler to produce steam and electricity and is the second largest renewable energy next to hydro energy.
Analysis Of Electrical Current As An Agent For Bacterial Killing, Taylor Turner, Dr. William Pitt
Analysis Of Electrical Current As An Agent For Bacterial Killing, Taylor Turner, Dr. William Pitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Previously it has been shown that antibiotic killing of bacteria, especially biofilms, can be enhanced by various non-invasive treatments. Low-level electric current has been shown to increase killing of Streptococcus gordonii biofilms when applied during treatment with gentamicin.1 Others have partially tested the feasibility of electrically killing bacteria on prosthetic joints.2 Ultrasonic exposure has also been shown to increase killing of bacterial biofilms.3 Our group previously observed that ultrasound increased the transport of gentamicin through biofilms.4 Electrical treatment of S. gordonii in the absence of gentamicin also generates a 1.9 log reduction in biofilm cell counts.1 Our previous findings showed …
An Experimental Study Of The Mechanisms Of Fine Particle Deposition In Kraft Recovery Boilers, Larry Baxter
An Experimental Study Of The Mechanisms Of Fine Particle Deposition In Kraft Recovery Boilers, Larry Baxter
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Experiments on the deposition of fume (submicron) and particles produced during black liquor combustion indicate that deposit mass accumulation increases linearly with time and is independent of temperature gradient – results that are inconsistent with the classical explanation of thermophoresis as a driving force. Temperature-controlled, cylindrical probes in cross flow collected particles for periods up to ten hours and at Reynolds and Stokes numbers comparable to those in commercial boilers. Fume deposits appear dense and smooth to the unaided eye but under microscopic examination prove to have filamentary structures, with individual filaments radiating from the probe center and consisting of …
Cell-Free Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation With Alternative Energy Systems And Linear Expression Templates, Prashanta Shrestha, Mark Thomas Smith, Bradley Charles Bundy
Cell-Free Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation With Alternative Energy Systems And Linear Expression Templates, Prashanta Shrestha, Mark Thomas Smith, Bradley Charles Bundy
Faculty Publications
Site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids (uAAs) during protein synthesis expands the proteomic code through the addition of unique residue chemistry. This field provides a unique tool to improve pharmacokinetics, cancer treatments, vaccine development, proteomics and protein engineering. The limited ability to predict the characteristics of proteins with uAA-incorporation creates a need for a low-cost system with the potential for rapid screening. Escherichia coli-based cell-free protein synthesis is a compelling platform for uAA incorporation due to the open and accessible nature of the reaction environment. However, typical cell-free systems can be expensive due to the high cost of energizing …
Heats Of Combustion For Four Utah Leaf Species, Megan M. Woodhouse, Dr. Thomas Fletcher
Heats Of Combustion For Four Utah Leaf Species, Megan M. Woodhouse, Dr. Thomas Fletcher
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Empirical models have been developed to predict the spread of forest fire models from data about the burning plant species, terrain, and wind conditions. Over the past three years, a research group at Brigham Young University has collected data for ignition temperatures and time to ignition for eight leaf species involved in wildland fires. Four of these species are found in the Southern California chaparral, while the four other species are found in Utah. To further improve the fire models it is desirable to know the heats of combustion for each of the different leaf species. Heats of combustion can …
Characterization Of Variables In Electrical Killing Of Bacteria: Voltage And Current Geometry, Taylor Turner, Dr. William Pitt
Characterization Of Variables In Electrical Killing Of Bacteria: Voltage And Current Geometry, Taylor Turner, Dr. William Pitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
As part of a constant pursuit of better health researchers continuously investigate the role of bacteria in disease and infection. Much research today investigates methods for effectively killing unwanted bacteria in the body. Modern antibiotic medications are the most effective method of accomplishing this, but they have their limits. One particular limit of today’s antibiotics is the ability to eliminate biofilms. Biofilms consist of many layers of bacterial cells growing on top of each other, typically attached to a solid surface. Antibiotics cannot penetrate the layers of biofilms, leaving the lower bacteria untouched after treatment. This problem led us to …
Evaluation Of Three Chemical Coatings On Biomaterial Induced Thromboembolism, Joseph Flinders, Dr. Kenneth Solen
Evaluation Of Three Chemical Coatings On Biomaterial Induced Thromboembolism, Joseph Flinders, Dr. Kenneth Solen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
When blood contacts man-made biomaterials such as those used in artificial organs (e.g. hemodialyzers, oxygenators, etc.) a chain of events occurs that can lead to medical complications as serious as a stroke. These events include proteins (particularly fibrinogen) adhering to the biomaterial’s surface, the accumulation of blood platelets on the fibrinogen to form “Thrombi”, and then the dislodging of the thrombi to form particles (microemboli) that can block downstream arteries or capillaries causing a “stroke” or other cardiovascular event.
Antibody-Conjugated Polymeric Micelles That Attach To Specific Cancer Cells, Douglas S. Lewis, Dr. William G. Pitt
Antibody-Conjugated Polymeric Micelles That Attach To Specific Cancer Cells, Douglas S. Lewis, Dr. William G. Pitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In the past decade, many efforts have been made to improve chemotherapeutic treatments for cancer patients. One of the specific efforts seeks to actively deliver anti-cancer drugs to the target tissue rendering the chemotherapy more efficient and less damaging to nearby uninfected cells.
Hypothermia-Induced Platelet Aggregation And Fibrinogen Functionality, Adam Broderick, Dr. Ken Solen
Hypothermia-Induced Platelet Aggregation And Fibrinogen Functionality, Adam Broderick, Dr. Ken Solen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Hypothermia-Induced Platelet Aggregation (HIPA) may pose a significant risk for patients undergoing some surgical procedures. During heart surgery, a patient’s core temperature is typically lowered to reduce tissue damage. Hall et al. (2002) observed that this caused blood platelet aggregation in ~30% of test subjects1 and increases post-operative neurological impairment after hypothermic coronary bypass surgery, possibly through occlusion of small blood vessels by platelet aggregates.2
Quantifying The Relationship Between Platelet Activity And Blood-Materials Interactions, Kenneth Solen
Quantifying The Relationship Between Platelet Activity And Blood-Materials Interactions, Kenneth Solen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In clinical practice, variations among patients in the degree of blood-material interaction are evidenced in the fact that physicians have long sought for ways to provide patient-specific treatment1. No clinical screening yet exists to test the level of interaction expected from a given patient. My research attempted to test the hypothesis that a correlation exists between platelet function and blood-material interaction.
Synthesis Of A Polymeric Micelle That Can Target And Attach To Specific Tissues, Douglas S. Lewis, Dr. William Pitt
Synthesis Of A Polymeric Micelle That Can Target And Attach To Specific Tissues, Douglas S. Lewis, Dr. William Pitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In the past decade, many efforts have been made to improve chemotherapeutic treatments for cancer patients. One of the specific efforts seeks to actively deliver anti-cancer drugs to the target tissue rendering the chemotherapy more efficient and less damaging to nearby uninfected cells.
Peo-Ppo-Pla: An Anti-Cancer Drug Carrier Subtitle (If Applicable), James Lattin, Dr. William Pitt
Peo-Ppo-Pla: An Anti-Cancer Drug Carrier Subtitle (If Applicable), James Lattin, Dr. William Pitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
For over a decade ultrasound enhanced drug delivery systems have been under development. These systems often use polymeric molecules that form micelles. In aqueous solutions (such as blood), a spherical micelle is formed as the hydrophilic ends of the molecules interact with the solution and the hydrophobic ends are pushed to the inside of the sphere where they can interact with each other.
Tumor Drug Concentration Due To Ultrasonic Drug Delivery, Bryant Staples, Dr. William Pitt
Tumor Drug Concentration Due To Ultrasonic Drug Delivery, Bryant Staples, Dr. William Pitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The tri-block copolymer, Pluronic P105, has been found to be an ideal ultrasonically activated drug delivery vehicle because it forms micelles with hydrophobic polypropylene oxide cores that sequester hydrophobic drugs (Fig. 1). These micelles release their contents upon the application of low frequency ultrasound [1] such that drugs can be released specifically at the ultrasonicated region (Fig. 2). Such ultrasonically controlled release has been effective against cancer cells in vitro [2] and in vivo [3].
Effect Of Water Concentration During Polymerization Of A Hydrogel On Swelling And Mechanical Properties, Justin J. Baker, Dr. William Pitt
Effect Of Water Concentration During Polymerization Of A Hydrogel On Swelling And Mechanical Properties, Justin J. Baker, Dr. William Pitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Hydrogels are polymers that absorb water and thus swell in the presence of water and/or body fluids. Hydrogels have been used in many drug-delivery and medical applications.1 One such application is to apply a thin coating of a hydrogel to the outer surface of a hearing aid to eliminate acoustic feedback. Acoustic feedback is the high-pitched squeal caused by an incomplete seal between the hearing aid and the surface of the ear canal. This incomplete seal allows amplified sound to escape and be re-amplified by the hearing aid. By coating a hearing aid with a hydrogel, the humidity and oils …
Bioremediation Of Contaminated Groundwater Development Of Bio-Wall Technology, Lyn Bobincheck, Dr. W. Vincent Wilding
Bioremediation Of Contaminated Groundwater Development Of Bio-Wall Technology, Lyn Bobincheck, Dr. W. Vincent Wilding
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Contaminated groundwater results from uncontrolled release of wastes such as fuel and industrial solvents. This contamination is cleaned up through several methods including bioremediation. Current methods of bioremediation include traditional pump and treat, bioventing, and bio-walls. Bio-walls are a new, promising technology described by several researchers.1,2 The purpose of this research was to determine the state of the art bio-wall technology, and to present a bio-wall design which optimizes necessary parameters for bioremediation.
Correlating Thomboembolism To Individual Platelet Aggregation Rate, Luke Werrett, Dr. Kenneth Solen
Correlating Thomboembolism To Individual Platelet Aggregation Rate, Luke Werrett, Dr. Kenneth Solen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The objective of this research project was to identify a correlation between a traditional platelet activity test using an aggregometer, and a new test that measures interactions between blood and man-made materials in a simulated blood flow environment. A correlation between these data would give artificial organ recipients and open-heart surgery candidates a more thorough risk analysis of their situation, and indicate the need for caution or additional medication.
The Mechanism Of Gravity Induced, Counter-Current Flow Of Oil And Water In Porous Beds, Kari Cook, Dr. Hugh Hales
The Mechanism Of Gravity Induced, Counter-Current Flow Of Oil And Water In Porous Beds, Kari Cook, Dr. Hugh Hales
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Computerized simulation of the flow in underground petroleum reservoirs is widely used by oil companies to optimize the production of oil and gas. Such simulations are known in the Industry as “reservoir simulation”. They are based on Darcy’s Law, smoothly varying flow potentials, and the assumption that all phases move uniformly through the pore spaces. It seems possible that at low flow rates, such as those resulting when gravitational forces predominate, a different mechanism applies. The more dense phases may move downward in some pores, while the lighter fluids move upward through others. This would result in much more rapid …
Computer Modeling And Mapping Of Ultrasound Intensity In Human Tissues For Gene And Drug Delivery, Spencer Smith, Dr. William Pitt
Computer Modeling And Mapping Of Ultrasound Intensity In Human Tissues For Gene And Drug Delivery, Spencer Smith, Dr. William Pitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Over the past years ultrasound has been used extensively in medical treatments. It is now being developed and tested in localized drug and gene delivery. One of the main applications for drug delivery is treating cancer.
Nanoemulsions Of Non-Toxic Fluorocarbon Liquids Used To Transfect Genes With Applied Ultrasound, Cody L. Martin, Dr. William Pitt
Nanoemulsions Of Non-Toxic Fluorocarbon Liquids Used To Transfect Genes With Applied Ultrasound, Cody L. Martin, Dr. William Pitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Gene delivery has been an important topic of medical and scientific research today, due to its potential in aiding the fight against cancer, heart disease and many genetic disorders. By transfecting appropriate genes into diseased cells, specific proteins can be produced that will alleviate problems at the cellular level. In addition, if the gene delivery is done by a targeted non-viral approach, such as ultrasound combined with contrast agent bubbles, the efficiency of transfection always increases. The targeted non-viral approach consists of applying focused ultrasound to a specific tissue in the presence of microbubbles. The application of ultrasound will cause …
A Course Grain Model For Protein-Surface Interactions, Shuai Wei, Thomas A. Knotts Iv
A Course Grain Model For Protein-Surface Interactions, Shuai Wei, Thomas A. Knotts Iv
Faculty Publications
The interaction of proteins with surfaces is important in numerous applications in many fields—such as biotechnology, proteomics, sensors, and medicine—but fundamental understanding of how protein stability and structure are affected by surfaces remains incomplete. Over the last several years, molecular simulation using coarse grain models has yielded significant insights, but the formalisms used to represent the surface interactions have been rudimentary. We present a new model for protein surface interactions that incorporates the chemical specificity of both the surface and the residues comprising the protein in the context of a one-bead-per-residue, coarse grain approach that maintains computational efficiency. The model …
A Propane Oven For The Uros Islands, Jeffrey Perry, Dr. Randy Lewis
A Propane Oven For The Uros Islands, Jeffrey Perry, Dr. Randy Lewis
Journal of Undergraduate Research
High in the Andes Mountains lives a group of Peruvians who spend their lives on the Uros Islands of Lake Titicaca. To purchase supplies at the nearest city, Puno, islanders must take a 20 minute motorboat trip and 10 minute taxi ride. Because trips to the city are infrequent, islanders rarely have the opportunity throughout the week to eat fresh baked breads, meats and desserts. The oven building team from the Global Engineering Outreach Class (GEO) at Brigham Young University decided to design, build and implement a portable oven, heated by propane that could be easily used and manufactured by …
Superior Dna Transport System, David Dickinson, Dr. William Pitt
Superior Dna Transport System, David Dickinson, Dr. William Pitt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although surgeries and chemotherapy have had limited success, these techniques are largely unable to solve the problem and may cause significant damage to a patient’s entire body. Some patients are killed by the chemotherapy. Since many cancers have been found to be caused by the lack of a protein due to mutated DNA, a plasmid DNA carrying a replacement for this gene may be able to solve the problem. P52 is one of the more famous missing proteins, but others have and will continue to be discovered. If DNA could …
Characterization Of Biomass Fuel Properties Based On Functional Groups, Richard B. Reid, Dr. Larry Baxter
Characterization Of Biomass Fuel Properties Based On Functional Groups, Richard B. Reid, Dr. Larry Baxter
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The search for sustainable energy sources and technologies is one of the world’s primary concerns in the 21st century. Biomass energy is projected to be an important component of a diverse and sustainable energy portfolio. In order to utilize this source effectively there must be accurate composition data and predictive correlations for material properties. Though the literature provides some empirical correlations of fuel properties such as heating value [Jenkins et al 1996], fundamental chemical and structural analyses have not been explicitly correlated with such properties. This project has sought to establish relationships between fuel properties and chemical functional group contributions …
Char Combustion And Late Burnout Reactivity, Rhett Brewer, Dr. William Hecker
Char Combustion And Late Burnout Reactivity, Rhett Brewer, Dr. William Hecker
Journal of Undergraduate Research
To study the effects of the carbon structure on coal reactivity during the late stages of combustion, it was necessary to be able to know what effect mineral content had on the reactivity. Two coals, dietz (high mineral content) and pitt 8 (low mineral content), were chosen for the experiment so that their behavior during the late stages of combustion could be compared.