Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons^™

California Energy Commission Agricultural Peak Load Reduction Program Case Study: Kaweah River Power Authority And Tulare Id, Charles M. Burt

BioResource and Agricultural Engineering

Tulare Irrigation District (TID) is located on the east side of the Central San Joaquin Valley just south of Visalia, CA. The district receives water from Lake Kaweah through Terminus Dam as well as from the Friant-Kern Canal. TID is the single largest partner in the Kaweah River Power Authority (KRPA), which operates Terminus Dam and regulates the discharge from Lake Kaweah.

Comparison Of Measured And Fao-56 Modeled Evaporation From Bare Soil, Andrew J. Mutziger, Charles M. Burt, Daniel J. Howes, Richard G. Allen

BioResource and Agricultural Engineering

This paper evaluates how well the FAO-56 style soil water evaporation model simulates measurements of evaporation (E) from bare soil. Seven data sets were identified from the literature and in all but one case, the individuals who took the measurements were contacted and they provided the writers with specific weather and soils data for model input. Missing weather and soils data were obtained from online sources or from the National Climatic Data Center. Simulations for three possible variations of soil data were completed and compared. The measured and the FAO-56 simulated E/ETo and cumulative evaporation trends and …

Evaporation Research: Review And Interpretation, Charles M. Burt, Andrew J. Mutziger, Robert G. Allen, Terry A. Howell

BioResource and Agricultural Engineering

Literature regarding evaporation from soil, wet plant surfaces, and sprinkler droplets was examined, normalized, and interpreted. Much of the evaporation literature is difficult to compare and interpret; this paper offers comparisons and discussions of various findings by others as well as by the writers. Techniques of measuring and estimating evaporation from irrigation and rainfall are discussed. The partitioning between increased evaporation and decreased transpiration from a variety of research is quantified. Factors that impact the various forms of evaporation are listed and quantified. This review and summary will provide practitioners and researchers with theoretical and practical guidance on measurement techniques …

Prediction Accuracy For Projectwide Evapotranspiration Using Crop Coefficients And Reference Evapotranspiration, Richard G. Allen, Albert J. Clemmens, Charles M. Burt, Ken Solomon, Tim O'Halloran

BioResource and Agricultural Engineering

The Imperial Irrigation District is a large irrigation project in the western United States having a unique hydrogeologic structure such that only small amounts of deep percolation leave the project directly as subsurface flows. This structure is conducive to relatively accurate application of a surface water balance to the district, enabling the determination of crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) as a residual of inflows and outflows. The ability to calculate ET_c from discharge measurements provides the opportunity to assess the accuracy and consistency of an independently applied crop coefficient—reference evapotranspiration (K_c ET₀) procedure integrated over …

Canal Flow Rate Measurement Guidelines – Itrc 2005: Hydroacoustic Meters, Charles M. Burt, Stuart Styles

BioResource and Agricultural Engineering

A Hydroacoustic flow meter provides remote velocity sampling and integrated flow measurement based on the physical principle called the Doppler shift. The sensors can either project a continuous or pulsed beam of acoustic signals at angles above the horizontal position of the sensor. Flow velocity is calculated by averaging the measured variations in sound frequency reflected back from particles in the water. Depth is measured with a ceramic-based pressure transducer integrally mounted in a surface mount velocity sensor and the device calculates the flow rate.

California Energy Commission Agricultural Peak Load Reduction Program Case Study: North Kern Wsd, Charles M. Burt, Daniel J. Howes

BioResource and Agricultural Engineering

The North Kern Water Storage District (NKWSD) is located just north of Bakersfield in Kern County and encompasses nearly 60,000 acres. The district receives water from the Kern River as well as groundwater pumping to supply its users.

California Energy Commission Agricultural Peak Load Reduction Program Case Study: Orange Cove Id, Charles M. Burt, Daniel J. Howes

BioResource and Agricultural Engineering

The Orange Cove Irrigation District is located in Fresno and Tulare Counties, approximately 30 miles southeast of Fresno and 20 miles north of the City of Visalia. The Friant-Kern Canal is the district’s main source of water to supply 28,000 acres of farmland.

Role Of Branching On The Structure Of Polymer Brushes Formed From Comb Copolymers, Peng Tian, David Uhrig, Jimmy W. Mays, Hiroshi Watanabe, S. Michael Kilbey, Ii

United States Department of Energy: Publications

The distinguishing feature of a polymer brush at equilibrium is the stretched configuration of the chains that results from tethering the polymer chains by one end at the solid-fluid interface. The stretched configuration of the chains and the crowded nature of the interfacial layer is the origin of many of the useful properties of polymer brushes: these layers resist compression and aggregation, effectively dissipate shear stresses, and respond reversibly to changes in their solution environment.

Maldi-Tof Ms Characterization Of Carboxyl-End-Capped Polystyrenes Synthesized Using Anionic Polymerization, Haining Ji, William K. Nonidez, Rigoberto C. Advincula, Grant D. Smith, S. Michael Kilbey Ii, Mark D. Dadmun, Jimmy W. Mays

United States Department of Energy: Publications

A comparative study of three strategies used to synthesize well-defined carboxyl-end-capped polystyrenes is reported. Structural characterization was carried out using a combination of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). For the reaction of polystyryl anions with 4-bromo-1,1,1-trimethoxybutane, in addition to the major product, Bu-PS-CH₂CH₂CH₂COOH, four byproducts were observed. Their mass values suggest the following structures: Bu-PS-H, Bu-PS-CH₃, Bu-PS-CH₂CH=CH-CHO, and Bu-PS-CH₂CH₂CH₂- CO-PS-Bu. The reaction of polystyryl anions with succinic anhydride generated the targeted compound, Bu-PS-CO-CH₂CH₂COOH, …

Ferrous Hydroxy Carbonate Is A Stable Transformation Product Of Biogenic Magnetite, Ravi K. Kukkadapu, John M. Zachara, James K. Fredrickson, David W. Kennedy, Alice C. Dohnalkova, David E. Mccready

United States Department of Energy: Publications

An ~1:1 mixture of ferrihydrite and nanocrystalline akaganeite (β-FeOOH; 10–15 nm) was incubated with Shewanella putrefaciens (strain CN32) under anoxic conditions with lactate as an electron donor and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) as an electron shuttle. The incubation was carried out in a 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (PIPES)-buffered medium, without PO³₄– at circumneutral pH. Iron reduction was measured as a function of time (as determined by 0.5 N HCl extraction), and solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The biogenic reduction of Fe³⁺was rapid; with 60% of the total Fe (Fe_TOT) reduced …

Control Of Fe(Iii) Site Occupancy On The Rate And Extent Of Microbial Reduction Of Fe(Iii) In Nontronite, Deb P. Jaisi, Ravi K. Kukkadapu, Dennis D. Eberl, Hailiang Dong

United States Department of Energy: Publications

A quantitative study was performed to understand how Fe(III) site occupancy controls Fe(III) bioreduction in nontronite by Shewanella putrefaciens CN32. NAu-1 and NAu-2 were nontronites and contained Fe(III) in different structural sites with 16 and 23% total iron (w/w), respectively, with almost all iron as Fe(III). Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that Fe(III) was present in the octahedral site in NAu-1 (with a small amount of goethite), but in both the tetrahedral and the octahedral sites in NAu-2. Mössbauer data further showed that the octahedral Fe(III) in NAu-2 existed in at least two environments- trans (M1) and cis (M2) sites. The microbial …

Effects Of Sediment Iron Mineral Composition On Microbially Mediated Changes In Divalent Metal Speciation: Importance Of Ferrihydrite, D. Craig Cooper, Andrew L. Neal, Ravi K. Kukkadapu, Dale Brewe, Aaron Coby, Flynn W. Picardal

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria (DMRB) can influence geochemical processes that affect the speciation and mobility of metallic contaminants within natural environments. Most investigations into the effect of DMRB on sediment geochemistry utilize various synthetic oxides as the Fe^III source (e.g., ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite). These synthetic materials do not represent the mineralogical composition of natural systems, and do not account for the effect of sediment mineral composition on microbially mediated processes. Our experiments with a DMRB (Shewanella putrefaciens 200) and a divalent metal (Zn^II) indicate that, while complexity in sediment mineral composition may not strongly impact the …

Development Of High-Temperature Ferromagnetism In Sno2 And Paramagnetism In Sno By Fe Doping, A. Punnoose, J. Hays, A. Thurber, M. H. Engelhard, Ravi K. Kukkadapu, C. Wang, V. Shutthanandan, S. Thevuthasan

United States Department of Energy: Publications

We report the development of room-temperature ferromagnetism in chemically synthesized powder samples of Sn_1−xFe_xO₂ (0.005≤ x ≤0.05) and paramagnetic behavior in an identically synthesized set of Sn_1−xFe_xO. The ferromagnetic Sn_0.99Fe_0.01O₂ showed a Curie temperature T_C=850 K, which is among the highest reported for transition-metal-doped semiconductor oxides. With increasing Fe doping, the lattice parameters of SnO₂ decreased and the saturation magnetization increased, suggesting a strong structure-magnetic property relationship. When the Sn_0.95Fe_0.05O₂ was prepared at different temperatures between …

Influence Of Calcite And Dissolved Calcium On Uranium(Vi) Sorption To A Hanford Subsurface Sediment, Wenming Dong, William Ball, Chongxuan Liu, Zheming Wang, Alan Stone, Jing Bai, John M. Zachara

United States Department of Energy: Publications

The influence of calcite and dissolved calcium on U(VI) adsorption was investigated using a calcite-containing sandy silt/clay sediment from the U. S. Department of Energy Hanford site. U(VI) adsorption to sediment, treated sediment, and sediment size fractions was studied in solutions that both had and had not been preequilibrated with calcite, at initial [U(VI)] ) 10^-7-10^-5 mol/L and final pH ) 6.0- 10.0. Kinetic and reversibility studies (pH 8.4) showed rapid sorption (30 min), with reasonable reversibility in the 3-day reaction time. Sorption from solutions equilibrated with calcite showed maximum U(VI) adsorption at pH 8.4 ± 0.1. …

Influence Of Sediment Bioreduction And Reoxidation On Uranium Sorption, Chongxuan Liu, John M. Zachara, Lirong Zhong, Ravi K. Kukkadapu, Jim Szecsody, Dave Kennedy

United States Department of Energy: Publications

The influence of sediment bioreduction and reoxidation on U(VI) sorption was studied using Fe(III) oxide-containing saprolite from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge site. Bioreduced sediments were generated by anoxic incubation with a metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32, supplied with lactate as an electron donor. The reduced sediments were subsequently reoxidized by air contact. U(VI) sorption was studied in Na- NO₃-HCO₃ electrolytes that were both closed and open to atmosphere and where pH, U(VI), and carbonate concentration were varied. Mössbauer spectroscopy and chemical analyses showed that 50% of the Fe(III)- oxides were reduced to …

Fluorescence Spectroscopy Of U(Vi)-Silicates And U(Vi)-Contaminated Hanford Sediment, Zheming Wang, John M. Zachara, Paul Gassman, Chongxuan Liu, Odeta Qafoku, Wassana Yantasee, Jeff Catalano

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Time-resolved U(VI) laser fluorescence spectra (TRLFS) were recorded for a series of natural uranium-silicate minerals including boltwoodite, uranophane, soddyite, kasolite, sklodowskite, cuprosklodowskite, haiweeite, and weeksite, a synthetic boltwoodite, and four U(VI)-contaminated Hanford vadose zone sediments. Lowering the sample temperature from RT to ~5.5 K significantly enhanced the fluorescence intensity and spectral resolution of both the minerals and sediments, offering improved possibilities for identifying uranyl species in environmental samples. At 5.5 K, all of the uranyl silicates showed unique, well-resolved fluorescence spectra. The symmetric O = U = O stretching frequency, as determined from the peak spacing of the vibronic bands …

Oxidative Remobilization Of Biogenic Uranium(Iv) Precipitates: Effects Of Iron(Ii) And Ph, Lirong Zhong, Chongxuan Liu, John M. Zachara, David Kennedy, James E. Szecsody, Brian Wood

United States Department of Energy: Publications

The oxidative remobilization of uranium from biogenic U(IV) precipitates was investigated in bioreduced sediment suspensions in contact with atmospheric O2 with an emphasis on the influence of Fe(II) and pH on the rate and extent of U release from the solid to the aqueous phase. The sediment was collected from the U.S. Department of Energy Field Research Center (FRC) site at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Biogenic U(IV) precipitates and bioreduced sediment were generated through anaerobic incubation with a dissimilatory metal reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32. The oxidative remobilization of freshly prepared and 1-yr aged biogenic U(IV) was conducted in 0.1 …

Enzymology Of Electron Transport: Energy Generation With Geochemical Consequences, Thomas J. Dichristina, James K. Fredrickson, John M. Zachara

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB) are important components of the microbial community residing in redox-stratified freshwater and marine environments. DMRB occupy a central position in the biogeochemical cycles of metals, metalloids and radionuclides, and serve as catalysts for a variety of other environmentally important processes including biomineralization, biocorrosion, bioremediation and mediators of ground water quality. DMRB are presented, however, with a unique physiological challenge: they are required to respire anaerobically on terminal electron acceptors which are either highly insoluble (e.g., Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-oxides) and reduced to soluble end-products or highly soluble (e.g., U(VI) and Tc(VII)) and reduced to insoluble end-products. To …

Photoionization And Electron-Impact Ionization Of Xe3+, E. D. Emmons, A. Aguilar, M. F. Gharaibeh, S. W. J. Scully, R. A. Phaneuf, A. L. D. Kilcoyne, A. S. Schlachter, I. Álvarez, C. Cisneros, G. Hinojosa

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Photoionization and electron-impact ionization of Xe³⁺ ions in the region of 4d inner-shell excitation autoionization have been studied using interacting-beam spectroscopic techniques. Absolute cross sections for photoionization of Xe³⁺ have been obtained and the electron-impact spectrum has been normalized to previously published absolute data. The Xe³⁺ spectra show large contributions from 4d→nf excitation autoionization processes compared to the lower charge states of Xe due to the significant collapse of the nf wave functions into the ion core as the initial charge state of the ion is increased. In addition, a tentative value for …

Chemical Mapping Of Polymer Photoresists By Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy, Ligia Muntean, Romain Planques, A. L. D. Kilcoyne, Stephen R. Leone, Mary Gilles, William D. Hinsberg

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) is shown to be a powerful imaging technique that provides chemical selectivity and high spatial resolution (~35 nm) for studying chemically amplified photoresists. Samples of poly (4-t-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene) PTBOCST resist, imprinted by deep ultraviolet lithography with a line/space pattern of 1.10 μm/ 0.87 μm followed by a post-exposure bake, are used to demonstrate STXM imaging capabilities to extract photoresist latent images. Chemical contrast is obtained by measuring the x-ray absorption at an energy of 290.5 eV, corresponding to a carbon K shell electronic transition to the unoccupied π^* molecular orbital of the PTBOCST …

Photoionization Of Multiply Charged Ions At The Advanced Light Source, A. S. Schlachter, A. L. D. Kilcoyne, A. Aguilar, M. F. Gharaibeh, E. D. Emmons, S. W. J. Scully, R. A. Phaneuf, A. M. Müller, S. Schippers, I. Alvarez, C. Cisneros, G. Hinojosa, B. M. Mclaughlin

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Photoionization of multiply charged ions is studied using the merged-beams technique at the Advanced Light Source. An ion beam is created using a compact 10-GHz all-permanent-magnet ECR ion source and is accelerated with a small accelerator. The ion beam is merged with a photon beam from an undulator to allow interaction over an extended path. Absolute photoionization cross sections have been measured for a variety of ions along both isoelectronic and isonuclear sequences.

Photoexcitation Of A Volume Plasmon In C60 Ions, S. W. J. Scully, E. D. Emmons, M. F. Gharaibeh, R. A. Phaneuf, A. L. D. Kilcoyne, A. S. Schlachter, S. Schippers, A. M. Müller, H. S. Chakraborty, M. E. Madjet, J. M. Rost

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Neutral C₆₀ is well known to exhibit a giant resonance in its photon absorption spectrum near 20 eV. This is associated with a surface plasmon, where delocalized electrons oscillate as a whole relative to the ionic cage. Absolute photoionization cross-section measurements for C⁺₆₀, C²⁺₆₀, and C³⁺₆₀ ions in the 17– 75 eV energy range show an additional resonance near 40 eV. Time-dependent density functional calculations confirm the collective nature of this feature, which is characterized as a dipole-excited volume plasmon made possible by the special fullerene geometry.

Potential Of Multivariate Quantitative Methods For Delineation And Visualization Of Ecoregions, William Hargrove, Forrest Hoffman

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Multivariate clustering based on fine spatial resolution maps of elevation, temperature, precipitation, soil characteristics, and solar inputs has been used at several specified levels of division to produce a spectrum of quantitative ecoregion maps for the conterminous United States. The coarse ecoregion divisions accurately capture intuitively-understood regional environmental differences, whereas the finer divisions highlight local condition gradients, ecotones, and clines. Such statistically generated ecoregions can be produced based on user-selected continuous variables, allowing customized regions to be delineated for any specific problem. By creating an objective ecoregion classification, the ecoregion concept is removed from the limitations of human subjectivity, making …

Carbon Nanotubes With Covalently Linked Porphyrin Antennae: Photoinduced Electron Transfer, Durairaj Baskaran, Jimmy W. Mays, X. Peter Zhang, Matthew S. Bratcher

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Functionalization of carbon nanotubes through surface modification has attracted significant interest recently. Covalent and noncovalent functionalization strategies involving reactions of organic or polymeric molecules onto carbon nanotubes have primarily focused on dispersion or dissolution properties. Incorporation of light absorbing antenna chromophores through a covalent linkage with the extended π electrons of a carbon nanotube would constitute an ideal supramolecular nanoassembly for generating singlet excited energy and its conversion to chemical energy. Porphyrins are one such class of molecules used in assemblies of donor-acceptor materials in molecular electronics and photovoltaic devices.

Several fullerene-based molecular systems with covalently linked porphyrins and metalloporphyrins …

Noncovalent And Nonspecific Molecular Interactions Of Polymers With Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes, Durairaj Baskaran, Jimmy W. Mays, Matthew S. Bratcher

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Polymer composites containing variable amounts of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been prepared using solution dispersion and melt-shear mixing. Various polymer composites with 1 wt % MWNTs have been found to dissolve homogeneously in organic solvents. The amount of polymer coated or wrapped MWNTs dissolved in the solution was quantified using UV-vis absorbance at 500 nm and the concentration ratio of [MWNTs]_solution/[MWNTs]_composite was close to 1. A nonspecific polymer adsorption through multiple-weak molecular interactions of CH groups with MWNTs in the composites has been identified through FTIR spectroscopy. The composites of polybutadiene with different wt % of …

Mole Drainage For Increased Productivity In The South West Irrigation Area, D L. Bennett, Richard George, Bill Russell

Bulletins 4000 -

Heavy soils, with low rates of soil-water movement, such as those found in the South-West Irrigation Area (SWIA), require closely spaced (2-6 m apart) subsoil drainage systems to provide sufficient water movement to control the effects of salt-waterlogging on pastures. Such close spacing using traditional buried pipe or tile drainage systems is impractical. As a result, mole drainage systems, used in other parts of the world for over 50 years, have gained popularity in the SWIA in recent years.

This Bulletin Farmnote reports the current ‘best-bet’ mole draining technique for SWIA conditions gathered from observations over a number of years …

Evaluation Of A Mechanical System For Reconstructing Soil On Surface Mined Land, John P. Fulton, Larry G. Wells

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

The existence of excessive soil compaction has hindered the surface mining industry from returning land to pre−mining productivity after reclamation, especially on prime farmland soils. Heavy earthmoving equipment used during reclamation tends to generate root−limiting bulk densities that adversely affect plant growth thereby decreasing yields. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate a mechanism, called the ‘Soil Regenerator,’ which reconstructs soil media at minimum bulk density during surface mine reclamation. The prototype soil forming mechanism was mounted on the front of a conventional bulldozer. Soil was placed in long narrow windrows by a scraper or bulldozer. As the …

Optimal Spacings For Two Common Landscape Irrigation Sprinklers, Kody L. Karschnik

The Journal of Undergraduate Research

A simple irrigation system providing sufficient watering needed to make a plant grow is not very difficult. However, to set up a system which provides uniform distribution of water is more difficult. Uniformity coefficients such as Distribution Uniformity and Christiansen coefficient of Uniformity can be used to compare systems and layouts. After measuring the distribution of water from a single sprinkler, a densogram is created with software. The densogram is a numerical and graphical representation of the overlap pattern that the sprinklers create on a given area of surface that is being irrigated. By varying the distance between the sprinklers …

Effects Of Atomic Hydrogen And Deuterium Exposure On High Polarization Gaas Photocathodes, M. Baylac, P. Adderley, J. Brittian, J. Clark, T. Day, J. Grames, J. Hansknecht, M. Poelker, M. Stutzman, A. T. Wu, A. S. Terekhov

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Strained-layer GaAs and strained-superlattice GaAs photocathodes are used at Jefferson Laboratory to create high average current beams of highly spin-polarized electrons. High electron yield, or quantum efficiency (QE), is obtained only when the photocathode surface is atomically clean. For years, exposure to atomic hydrogen or deuterium has been the photocathode cleaning technique employed at Jefferson Laboratory. This work demonstrates that atomic hydrogen cleaning is not necessary when precautions are taken to ensure that clean photocathode material from the vendor is not inadvertently dirtied while samples are prepared for installation inside photoemission guns. Moreover, this work demonstrates that QE and beam …

Radius Of Gyration Of Polystyrene Combs And Centipedes In A Θ Solvent, Ken Terao, Brandon S. Farmer, Yo Nakamura, Hermis Iatrou, Kunlun Hong, Jimmy W. Mays

United States Department of Energy: Publications

The molecular weight dependence of the radii of gyration R_g in a Θ solvent (trans-decalin) of one regular branched comb and three regular centipede polystyrenes was studied using a gel permeation chromatography system equipped with a two-angle light scattering detector and a refractive index detector. R_g in trans-decalin for each sample of particular molecular weight was about 25% smaller than that in a good solvent (tetrahydrofuran, THF). On the other hand, they are 20-40% larger than the theoretical values from the Gaussian chain model. This difference can be explained with the worm-like comb model developed by Nakamura et …