Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Commons^™

Glycolytic Metabolism And Pregnancy Parameters In The Murine Placenta, Renee Elizabeth Albers

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The placenta is a complex and essential organ composed largely of fetal-derived cells, including several different trophoblast subtypes that work in unison to support nutrient transport to the fetus during pregnancy. Abnormal placental development can lead to pregnancy-associated disorders that often involve metabolic dysfunction. The scope of dysregulated metabolism during placental development may not be fully representative of the in vivo state in defined culture systems, such as cell lines or isolated primary cells. Thus, assessing metabolic function in intact placental tissue would provide a better assessment of placental metabolism. In this study, we describe a methodology for assaying glycolytic …

Phospholipase D: Key Player In Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation And Resolution, Ramya Ganesan

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Phospholipase D (PLD) is a cell membrane remodeling and signaling protein implicated in the pathology of chronic inflammation. As PLD is also central to macrophage cell migration, we investigated the molecular basis of PLD's involvement and regulation in macrophage-initiated inflammation (atherosclerosis) and resolution. We have found that PLD is associated with signaling proteins and positively affects cell movement, phagocytosis and NADPH-initiated release of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). We found that PLD2 but not PLD1 is important for foam cell formation that causes atherogenesis. We have also found a novel way of inducing macrophage class-switch (polarization) by PLD overexpression. PLD induces …

Proteomic Analysis Of Ischemic Stroke Blood Biomarkers, April Arnold Daubenspeck

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Stroke is a global burden that claims 6 million lives and permanently disables another 5 million each year. The risk of morbidity and mortality following stroke decreases when early diagnosis and treatment are achieved. However there is no blood test to diagnose ischemic stroke because biomarkers to date have not shown adequate sensitivity and specificity to be adopted into hospital protocols. The overall objective of this dissertation was to identify novel blood protein biomarkers of ischemic stroke. We achieved this by using a number of proteomic and statistical techniques to investigate the differential abundance of proteins in the blood of …

Making Meaning: Shifts In Meaningfulness Across Three Modeling Units, Jeannette Manger

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Recent reform calls for a more comprehensive approach to science education that positions learners as constructors of knowledge via scientific practices (NRC, 2012; Osborne, 2014). This 'practice turn' shifts from passive science learning to incorporating science actions with epistemic thinking (Duschl & Grandy, 2013; Ford & Forman, 2006; Osborne, 2014; Shouse, Schweingruber, & Duschl, 2007). Teachers are often underprepared in understanding the nuances of scientific practices, and frequently struggle with supporting students in meaningful practice engagement (Abd-El-Khalick & Akerson, 2004; Crawford, 1999; Davis, Petish, & Smithey, 2006; Duschl & Gitomer, 1997). Here, I draw upon the Berland et al. Epistemologies …

Freeze-Drying As A Novel Biofabrication Method For Achieving A Controlled Microarchitecture Within Large, Complex Natural Biomaterial Scaffolds, Claire Brougham, Tanya J. Levingstone, Nian Shen, Gerard M. Cooney, Thomas C. Flanagan, Stefan Jockenhoevel, Fergal J. O’Brien

Articles

The biofabrication of large scaffolds from natural biomaterials into complex 3D shapes with controllable microarchitecture remains a major challenge. Freeze-drying (or lyophilization) is a technique used to create bioactive scaffolds with a porous architecture and is typically only used to generate scaffolds in planar 3D geometries. Here we report the development of a new biofabrication process to form a collagen-based scaffold into a large, complex geometry which has a large height to width ratio, and a controlled porous microarchitecture. This biofabrication process was validated through the successful development of a heart valve shaped scaffold, fabricated from a collagen-glycosaminoglycan co-polymer. Notably, …

Design Of A Modular Endothelialized Platform For Vascularized Bone Regeneration, Kevin Barrett Miles

Wayne State University Dissertations

The gold standard for bone regeneration requires harvesting a piece of healthy bone from the patient through a painful procedure, but this piece of autologous bone graft contains the bone and endothelial cells required to rapidly regenerate bone in a defect. We have developed a modular bone regeneration platform, composed of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) microgranules encapsulated in microcapsules, to replace autologous graft harvesting. The microcapsules are composed of a polyelectrolyte membrane formed by the ionic-complex reaction between chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) and chitosan. The specific aims of this thesis were to 1) examine the ability of C4S/HAP/chitosan …

Profiling Resistance To P450-Activated Food Carcinogens Using Toxicogenomic Approaches In Budding Yeast, Nicholas Stjohn

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The human response to environmental carcinogens, some of which require metabolic activation, is highly variable. Factors such as environment, lifestyle, and genetics all influence the rates of exposure to and ultimate bioactivation of these compounds. Genetic factors include mutations to cell-cycle regulation, cell proliferation, and DNA repair genes; however, epidemiological studies may lack significance due to inadequate patient numbers. We used budding yeast as a model organism to determine genetic susceptibility to food-associated carcinogens, including aflatoxin (AFB1) and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs). Budding yeast does not contain P450s that activate these compounds, so expression vectors were induced that contain human …

Detecting And Analyzing Trna Modification Systems And Homologs Using In Silico And Colorectal Cancer Models, Khadijah Onanuga

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

tRNA modifications can be considered epitranscriptomic signaling components that regulate translation and play integral roles in stress response pathways. As such, tRNA modification enzymes have roles in cancer etiology and potential utility as biomarkers of pathological states. For my thesis project I have used computational and wet bench approaches to study tRNA modification systems. Chapter two of my thesis deals with tRNA modification detection, as current methods are costly, time consuming, and require RNA fragmentation. I present a single-molecule-based approach for RNA modification detection, which involves in slico studies using a 5-layered graphene nanopore. Our simulations using a 1.5 nm …

การพัฒนาเครื่องพลาสมาเย็นแบบเจ็ตที่ความดันบรรยากาศสำหรับการทำให้เลือดแข็งตัว, ณัฐนพิญช์ จรูญศักดิ์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยนี้เป็นการพัฒนาเครื่องพลาสมาเย็นแบบเจ็ตที่ความดันบรรยากาศสำหรับการทำให้เลือดแข็งตัวที่ประกอบด้วย 2 ส่วนหลักคือ แหล่งจ่ายไฟฟ้าแรงดันสูงความถี่สูงชนิดกระแสสลับ แบบฟลายแบค (Fly back) ที่ควบคุมการทำงานด้วยไมโครคอนโทรลเลอร์และพลาสมาโปรบด้วยวัสดุอุปกรณ์ที่หาได้ในประเทศ โดยออกแบบให้สามารถปรับตั้งค่าความถี่และดิวตี้ไซเคิลผ่านระบบไมโครคอนโทรลเลอร์ได้ที่ความถี่ 30 35 และ 40 kHz และเปอร์เซ็นต์ดิวตี้ไซเคิล 30 40 50 และ 70 % ตามลำดับ ส่วนการปรับตั้งค่าของไฟฟ้าแรงดันสูงเป็นการปรับด้วยมือได้ตั้งแต่ 0.1 ถึง 15 kVrms จากผลการทดลองพบว่า แหล่งจ่ายไฟฟ้าแรงดันสูงความถี่สูงชนิดกระแสสลับที่พัฒนาขึ้นมีประสิทธิภาพการทำงานเท่ากับ 74.28 % การศึกษาผลกระทบของตัวแปรต่างๆต่อความยาวและอุณหภูมิของพลาสมาเจ็ต พบว่าค่าไฟฟ้าแรงดันสูง ความถี่ เปอร์เซ็นต์ดิวตี้ไซเคิล และอัตราการไหลของก๊าซอาร์กอน เป็นตัวแปรสำคัญที่ส่งผลต่อความสม่ำเสมอของเปลวพลาสมา ผลการวิเคราะห์คุณสมบัติของพลาสมาด้วยเครื่อง Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) พบว่า มีอุณหภูมิของอิเล็กตรอนที่ความถี่ต่างๆและที่อัตราการไหลต่างๆที่มีค่าเท่ากับ 0.43 eV และความหนาแน่นของอิเล็กตรอนของพลาสมาอยู่ในช่วง 5.46x109 – 1.74x1012 cm-3 ซึ่งสามารถระบุได้ว่าพลาสมาแบบเจ็ตที่พัฒนาขึ้นเป็นพลาสมาเย็น จากผลทดสอบการแข็งตัวของเลือดด้วยเครื่องพลาสมาเย็นแบบเจ็ตที่พัฒนาขึ้น พบว่า ที่ระยะห่างระหว่างปลายโปรบกับกระจกสไลด์ 1 เซนติเมตร พลาสมาเย็นแบบเจ็ตที่พัฒนาขึ้นสามารถทำให้เลือดที่ผสมสารต้านการแข็งตัวของเลือด EDTA ปริมาณ 2.5 µL. ให้แข็งตัวภายในเวลาประมาณ 20 วินาที ได้เร็วกว่าเลือดผสมสาร EDTA ที่ไม่ผ่านการฉายด้วยพลาสมาและเลือดผสมสาร EDTA ที่ผ่านการเป่าด้วยก๊าซอาร์กอนที่อัตราการไหลของก๊าซอาร์กอน 5 L/min

Mri Methods For Imaging The Feto-Placental Vasculature And Blood, Uday Krishnamurthy

Wayne State University Dissertations

Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in recent times has become a well-established adjunct to ultrasound (US) in routine clinical prenatal care and diagnostics. The majority of fetal MRI is restricted to T2-weighted scans, where the diagnosis is based on the appearance of normal and abnormal tissue. Although there have been many advancements in MRI and a plethora of sequences, that probe different anatomical and different physiological process, the adaptation of these in fetal imaging has been rather slow. Many of these can extract quantitative parameters that can throw light on the underlying tissue’s normal/patho-physiology. But the use of such quantitative …

Biomaterials Approaches For Utilizing The Regenerative Potential Of The Peripheral Nerve Injury Microenvironment, Melissa Renee Wrobel

Wayne State University Dissertations

Clinically available treatments are insufficient to achieve full functional recovery in large (>3cm) peripheral nerve injuries (PNI). The objectives in this thesis were 1) to study often overlooked elements of intrinsic PNI repair including release of inhibitory CSPGs and post-injury responses of inflammatory macrophages and dedifferentiated Schwann cells; 2) to create biomaterial scaf-folds featuring topographical and adhesive cues to enhance neurite outgrowth; and 3) to test the ability of those cues to direct macrophages and Schwann cells towards a pro-regenerative phe-notype. It is hypothesized that recapitulating the positive and negative cues of the PNI microenvi-ronment can better improve regeneration. …

Utility Of Ultrasound/Photoacoustic Imaging For Accurate Catheter Tracking And Temperature Monitoring During Endovenous Laser Ablation, Ayushi Jharia, Keerthana Palani, Yan Yan

Research Opportunities for Engineering Undergraduates (ROEU) Program 2016-17

Laser ablation is a treatment method that uses light energy through a catheter inserted into a vein to induce localized heat to close the diseased blood vessels. Ultrasound (US) imaging has been used for catheter visualization and tracking. US has limitations for tracking the accurate location of the fiber tip inside small perforating veins such as angular dependency and comet tail artifacts. We propose a robust and accurate method for fiber tip tracking using combined US and Photoacoustic (PA) imaging to overcome the existing limitations.

Smartphone Based Optical Spectrometer For Diffusive Reflectance Spectroscopic Measurement Of Hemoglobin, Perry Edwards, Chenji Zhang, Baigang Zhang, Xiangqian Hong, Vivek K. Nagarajan, Bing Yu, Zhiwen Liu

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

We report a miniature, visible to near infrared G-Fresnel spectrometer that contains a complete spectrograph system, including the detection hardware and connects with a smartphone through a microUSB port for operational control. The smartphone spectrometer is able to achieve a resolution of ~5 nm in a wavelength range from 400 nm to 1000 nm. We further developed a diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system using the smartphone spectrometer and demonstrated the capability of hemoglobin measurement. Proof of concept studies of tissue phantoms yielded a mean error of 9.2% on hemoglobin concentration measurement, comparable to that obtained with a commercial benchtop spectrometer. The …

Lung Injury Pathways: Adenosine Receptor 2b Signaling Limits Development Of Ischemic Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia, John C. Densmore, Terry R. Schaid, Paul M. Jeziorczak, Meetha Medhora, Said H. Audi, Shraddha Nayak, John Auchampach, Melinda R. Dwinell, Aron M. Geurts, Elizabeth R. Jacobs

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose/Aim of the Study: Adenosine signaling was studied in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) resulting from unilateral lung ischemia. Materials and Methods: Ischemia was achieved by either left main pulmonary artery or complete hilar ligation. Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats, Dahl salt sensitive (SS) rats and SS mutant rat strains containing a mutation in the A_2B adenosine receptor gene (Adora2b) were studied. Adenosine concentrations were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) by HPLC. A_2A (A_2AAR) and A_2B adenosine receptor (A_2BAR) mRNA and protein were quantified. Results: Twenty-four hours after unilateral PA …

Structurofunctional Resting-State Networks Correlate With Motor Function In Chronic Stroke, Benjamin Kalinosky, Reivian B. Barillas, Brian D. Schmit

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose

Motor function and recovery after stroke likely rely directly on the residual anatomical connections in the brain and its resting-state functional connectivity. Both structural and functional properties of cortical networks after stroke are revealed using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Specifically, functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) can extract functional networks of the brain at rest, while structural connectivity can be estimated from white matter fiber orientations measured with high angular-resolutiondiffusion imaging (HARDI). A model that marries these two techniques may be the key to understanding functional recovery after stroke. In this study, a novel set of voxel-level measures …

A Structural And Functional Analysis Of Human Brain Mri With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Arjun A. Watane

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects 5-10% of children worldwide. Its effects are mainly behavioral, manifesting in symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. If not monitored and treated, ADHD may adversely affect a child's health, education, and social life. Furthermore, the neurological disorder is currently diagnosed through interviews and opinions of teachers, parents, and physicians. Because this is a subjective method of identifying ADHD, it is easily prone to error and misdiagnosis. Therefore, there is a clear need to develop an objective diagnostic method for ADHD.

The focus of this study is to explore the use of machine language …

Quantifying The Effects Of Hydrostatic Pressure On Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Binding By The Human Endothelium, Taylor R. Mckenty

Theses and Dissertations--Biomedical Engineering

Fluid pressures regulate endothelial cell (EC) tubulogenic activity involving fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and its receptor, FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2). Our lab has recently shown that sustained 20 mmHg hydrostatic pressure (HP) upregulates EC sprout formation in a FGF2-dependent fashion. This upregulation of sprout formation may be due to enhanced FGF-2 / FGFR2 interactions in the presence of 20 mmHg HP. We hypothesize that exposure of ECs to 20 mmHg sustained HP enhances FGF-2 binding kinetics. We used a custom hydrostatic pressure system, immunofluorescence, and FACS to quantify FGF-2 binding by ECs in the absence or presence of a …

Age-Related Differences In The Lumbopelvic Kinematics During The Trunk Motions In The Anatomical Planes, Milad Vazirian

Theses and Dissertations--Biomedical Engineering

Management and control of the low back pain as an important health problem in the industrial societies necessitates to investigate how the risk of this disease is affected by aging. Since the abnormalities of the lumbopelvic kinematics are related to the existence or risk of low back injuries, the objective of this dissertation was set to find the age-related differences in lumbopelvic kinematics when performing basic trunk motions reaching to range of motion in different anatomical planes.

A cross-sectional study was designed where sixty asymptomatic individuals between 20–70 years old with no confounding health condition, no current or previous highly …

Synthesis And Characterization Of Poly(Simvastatin) - Incorporated Copolymers And Blends For Bone Regeneration, Theodora Asafo-Adjei

Theses and Dissertations--Biomedical Engineering

Common biodegradable polyesters such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are used as drug delivery vehicles for tissue regenerative applications. However, they are typically bioinert, with drug loading limitations. Polymerizing the active agent or precursor into its respective biodegradable polymer would control drug loading via molar ratios of drug to initiator used for synthesis. Simvastatin was chosen due to its favorable anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and osteogenic properties. In addition, its lactone ring lends itself to ring-opening polymerization and, consequently, the synthesis of poly(simvastatin) with controlled simvastatin release.

Simvastatin was first polymerized with a 5kDa methyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) …

Validation, Optimization, And Image Processing Of Spiral Cine Dense Magnetic Resonance Imaging For The Quantification Of Left And Right Ventricular Mechanics, Gregory J. Wehner

Theses and Dissertations--Biomedical Engineering

Recent evidence suggests that cardiac mechanics (e.g. cardiac strains) are better measures of heart function compared to common clinical metrics like ejection fraction. However, commonly-used parameters of cardiac mechanics remain limited to just a few measurements averaged over the whole left ventricle. We hypothesized that recent advances in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could be extended to provide measures of cardiac mechanics throughout the left and right ventricles (LV and RV, respectively).

Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE) is a cardiac MRI technique that has been validated for measuring LV mechanics at a magnetic field strength of 1.5 T but …

Fractionation And Characterization Of Lignin Streams From Genetically Engineered Switchgrass, Enshi Liu

Theses and Dissertations--Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering

Development of biomass feedstocks with desirable traits for cost-effective conversion is one of the main focus areas in biofuels research. As suggested by techno-economic analyses, the success of a lignocellulose-based biorefinery largely relies on the utilization of lignin to generate value-added products, i.e. fuels and chemicals. The fate of lignin and its structural/compositional changes during pretreatment have received increasing attention; however, the effect of genetic modification on the fractionation, depolymerization and catalytic upgrading of lignin from genetically engineered plants is not well understood. This study aims to fractionate and characterize the lignin streams from a wild-type and two genetically engineered …

Shape Memory Behavior Of Dense And Porous Niti Alloys Fabricated By Selective Laser Melting, Soheil Saedi

Theses and Dissertations--Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of Additive Manufacturing is an attractive fabrication method that employs CAD data to selectively melt the metal powder layer by layer via a laser beam and produce a 3D part. This method not only opens a new window in overcoming traditional NiTi fabrication problems but also for producing porous or complex shaped structures. The combination of SLM fabrication advantages with the unique properties of NiTi alloys, such as shape memory effect, superelasticity, high ductility, work output, corrosion, biocompatibility, etc. makes SLM NiTi alloys extremely promising for numerous applications.

The SLM process parameters such as laser power, …

A Stationary Camera For Use With Other Implantable Medical Devices, Ariane Garrett

Holster Scholar Projects

I designed an optical system for analysis of implantable devices. The final system consists of a 3mm double convex lens that focuses a light spot onto a tissue or implantable medical device. This light spot can then provide feedback on the movement of flow through a device or the development of tissue on the device, although my project focused solely on the flow application. The light spot is generated by an LED and directed using a half mirror. It is then focused using a ball lens, fiber optic, and the double convex lens. With this system the generated light spot …

Structural Characteristics And Corrosion Behavior Of Bio-Degradable Zn-Li Alloys In Stent Application, Shan Zhao

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Zinc has begun to be studied as a bio-degradable material in recent years due to its excellent corrosion rate and optimal biocompatibility. Unfortunately, pure Zn’s intrinsic ultimate tensile strength (UTS; below 120 MPa) is lower than the benchmark (about 300 MPa) for cardiovascular stent materials, raising concerns about sufficient strength to support the blood vessel. Thus, modifying pure Zn to improve its mechanical properties is an important research topic.

In this dissertation project, a new Zn-Li alloy has been developed to retain the outstanding corrosion behavior from Zn while improving the mechanical characteristics and uniform biodegradation once it is implanted …

The Impact Of Active Aerodynamics On Motorcycles Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations, Aditya Sripathi

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

Motorcycles are mostly utilized by commuters whose requirements are cheap and affordable transportation from point A to point B. Motorcycles also provide means to tour various places and have a leisure time for the majority of motorcyclists. Unfortunately, with pros also come cons such as accidents which are disabling or life-taking. According to motorcycle crash statistics produced every year, the majority of motorcycle crashes are caused due to facing unexpected obstacles in the path causing collisions due to insufficient braking time. Thus, this thesis serves as a mean to overcome this issue and provide a technological solution to the world …

Oxygen Transport In Carotid And Stented Coronary Arteries, Eoin A. Murphy

Doctoral

Oxygen deficiency, known as hypoxia, in arterial walls has been linked to increased intimal hyperplasia, which is the main adverse biological process causing in-stent restenosis. Stent implantation can have significant effects on the oxygen transport into the arterial wall. Helical flow has been theorised to improve the local haemodynamics and the oxygen transport within stented arteries. In this study an advanced oxygen transport model was developed to assess different stent designs. This advanced oxygen transport model incorporates both the free and bound oxygen contained in blood and includes a shear-dependent dispersion coefficient for red blood cells. In two test cases …

Computational Studies On Biomechanics Of Concussion And On Efficacy Of Football Helmets, David Labyak

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Football helmets have been used for many years to prevent head injuries to players. Over the years, the helmet design has evolved from a crude leather head covering to the more recent form fitting helmets that are seen today. The one design feature that has been common in the majority of all helmets is a hard polycarbonate shell with a foam cushion padding. The main goal of the padding layer was to reduce the amount of linear acceleration during an impact event. The one feature that has been overlooked is how stiff the padding is in rotation.

The purpose of …

Formulation And Testing Of Biodegradable Polymeric Coating On Zinc Wires In Cardiovascular Stent Application, Avishan Arab Shomali

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Biodegradable and biocompatible poly (L-lactic-acid) (PLLA) coating was applied on a modified zinc (Zn) substrate by dip coating, with the intent to delay the bio-corrosion and slow the degradation rate of zinc substrate. 3-(Trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (MPS) was used for modification of the zinc substrate for promoting the adhesion between the metallic substrate and the polymer coating. It is hypothesized that the delay in Zn biodegradation could be useful in the first several weeks to prevent the early loss of mechanical integrity of the endovascular stent and to improve the healing process of the diseased vascular site. The PLLA coating …

Analytical-Based Methodologies To Examine In Vitro Nanokinetics Of Silver Nanoparticles, Sesha Lakshmi Arathi Paluri

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Advancements in the nanotechnology have taken a huge leap in 21st century resulting in 1814 consumer products containing nanomaterials. About 47% of these products belong to the health and fitness sector and ~24% utilize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Despite the promising biomedical applications of AgNPs (e.g. bone cements, contrasting agents, and drug-carriers), lack of standardized methods for examining their nanokinetics (i.e., Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination (ADMEs)) limit their clinical implementation. The current work addresses this knowledge gap by developing analytical-based approaches for studying in vitro ADMEs of AgNPs. To demonstrate the versatility of these methodologies, two in vitro kidney study …

Dysregulation Of Phospholipase D (Pld) Isoforms Increases Breast Cancer Cell Invasion, Kristen Fite

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Breast cancer remains the second most prevalent cancer among women in the U.S. with metastatic breast cancer having the worst prognosis. A rapidly proliferating tumor under various stressors will promote phenotypic cellular changes, known as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which allows cells to begin to invade surrounding tissue, enter the circulatory system, and eventually seed a distant metastatic site. The phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes are critical regulators of cell signaling pathways necessary for cell migration. While the importance of PLD enzymes in cancer cell invasion is well known, clinically applicable methods of PLD inhibition are not yet available. The best-studied isoforms …