Engineering Commons^™

Pesticide Occurrence And Persistence Entering Recreational Lakes In Watersheds Of Varying Land Uses, Jessica Satiroff, Tiffany Messer, Aaron R. Mittelstet, Daniel D. Snow

Nebraska Water Center: Faculty Publications

Currently little is known of newer pesticide classes and their occurrence and persistence in recreational lakes. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) assess average pesticide concentrations and loadings entering recreational lakes in three mixed land use watersheds throughout the growing season, (2) evaluate pesticide persistence longitudinally within the lakes, and (3) perform an ecotoxicity assessment. Six sampling campaigns were conducted at three lakes from April through October 2018 to measure the occurrence and persistence during pre, middle, and post growing season. Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were placed in streams near lake inlets and monthly samples …

Occurrence Of Arsenite In Surface And Groundwater Associated With A Perennial Stream Located In Western Nebraska, Usa, Arindam Malakar, Rajesh Singh, Jeffrey Westrop, Karrie A. Weber, Christopher N. Elofson, Manish Kumar, Daniel D. Snow

Nebraska Water Center: Faculty Publications

Dissolved arsenic typically results from chemical weathering of arsenic rich sediments and is most often found in oxidized forms in surface water. The mobility of arsenic is controlled by its valence state and also by its association with iron oxides minerals, the forms of which are both influenced by abiotic and biotic processes in aqueous environment. In this study, speciation methods were used to measure and confirm the presence of reduced arsenic species in the surface water of Frenchman creek, a gaining stream that crosses the Colorado- Nebraska border. Selective extraction analysis of aquifer and stream bed sediments shows that …

Life In Metropolitan Nebraskan Communities: 2021 Nebraska Metro Poll Results, Rebecca J. Vogt, Heather Akin, Cheryl A. Burkhart-Kriesel, Bradley Lubben, L. J. Mcelravy, Timothy Meyer, Steven A. Schulz

Rural Futures Institute: Publications

By many different measures, metropolitan Nebraskans are positive about their community. Most metropolitan Nebraskans rate their community favorably on its social dimensions. Overall, respondents rate their communities as friendly, trusting and supportive. Most metropolitan Nebraskans say it would be difficult to leave their community.

Most metropolitan Nebraskans have a positive attachment to their community. Most metropolitan Nebraskans agree that they can get what they need in their community, the community helps them fulfill their needs, they feel like a member of their community, they belong in their community, they have a good bond with others in their community and feel …

Optimal Multi-Reservoir System Operations Under Inflow Scenarios In Nam Ngum River Basin, Lao Pdr, Bounhome Kimmany

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The Nam Ngum River is one of the main rivers in Lao PDR. Many hydropower projects are currently operated, under construction, and in the planning stage within the Nam Ngum River Basin (NNRB). These hydropower projects are managed by different organizations which could lead to conflict in operation and hinder the achievement of national developments. The main objective of this research is therefore to develop an optimization model for maximizing hydropower production in the NNRB through optimal reservoir operation under the impact of climate change. The potential consequence of maximizing hydropower production that could lead to flooding was also considered …

การใช้ของเสียกระจกแผงพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ทดแทนการใช้ปูนซีเมนต์บางส่วนในการผลิตมอร์ตาร์, ครองขวัญ ข่วงบุญ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

จากปริมาณของเสียแผงพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ที่กำลังจะเกิดขึ้นภายในระยะเวลา 20-30 ปีจากการติดตั้งในช่วงพ.ศ. 2545-2558 อาจจะเป็นน้ำหนักได้ถึง 235,954 ตัน โดยส่วนใหญ่ประเทศไทยนิยมใช้แผงพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ชนิดผลึกซิลิกอน ซึ่งแผงประเภทนี้มีปริมาณกระจกมากถึงร้อยละ 70-80 โดยน้ำหนักขององค์ประกอบแผง การจัดการของเสียแผงพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ในประเทศไทยในขณะนี้มีการกำจัดด้วยการนำไปทิ้งที่หลุมฝังกลบอุตสาหกรรม ซึ่งเป็นการจัดการที่ไม่ยั่งยืนเพราะเป็นการสูญเสียทรัพยากรอย่างไร้ประโยชน์ ในงานวิจัยนี้มุ่งเน้นในการนำกระจกแผงพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ชนิดผลึกซิลิกอนนำกลับมาใช้ประโยชน์ใหม่ โดยทำการศึกษาผลกระทบต่อสมบัติต่างๆของมอร์ตาร์ที่มีการแทนที่บางส่วนของปูนซีเมนต์ด้วยกระจกแผงพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์บดละเอียดขนาด d50 ที่ 4.97 ไมโครเมตร ที่ร้อยละ 0, 10, 20 และ 30 โดยน้ำหนัก จากผลการศึกษาพบว่าเมื่อเพิ่มปริมาณผงกระจกจะทำให้ ค่าการขยายตัวของซีเมนต์เพสต์มีค่าเพิ่มขึ้น ค่าการก่อตัวระยะต้นและระยะปลายของซีเมนต์เพสต์สั้นลง ค่าการไหลแผ่ของมอร์ตาร์มีค่าลดลง การซึมผ่านของคลอไรด์ในมอร์ตาร์ลดลง สำหรับกำลังรับแรงอัดมอร์ตาร์ช่วงอายุต้น พบว่ามอร์ตาร์ที่มีปูนซีเมนต์ที่มีการแทนที่ด้วยผงกระจกร้อยละ 0 ให้กำลังรับแรงอัดสูงที่สุด แต่ที่อายุ 90 วัน มอร์ตาร์ที่มีการแทนที่ปูนซีเมนต์ด้วยผงกระจกร้อยละ 10 ให้กำลังรับแรงอัดที่สูงที่สุด เนื่องจากการเกิดปฏิกิริยาปอซโซลานิกใช้เวลานานกว่าจะเกิดปฏิกิริยา

การปรับปรุงสถานีงานตรวจสอบถังแก๊สคลอรีนโดยใช้การประเมินทางสรีรวิทยาในการทำงาน และชีวกลศาสตร์, ภาณุพงศ์ ภาวิไล

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

สารคลอรีนที่มีความชื้นสูงสามารถกัดกร่อนถังโลหะบรรจุสารคลอรีนจนเกิดการรั่วไหล การนำถังมาบรรจุสารคลอรรีนใหม่จึงต้องมีการตรวจสอบและระบายน้ำออกจากถังโดยการยกถังคลอรีนคว่ำลง แต่การยกถังหนัก 50 กิโลกรัม จำนวน 100 ถังต่อคนต่อวัน และท่าทางการยกที่ไม่เหมาะสม ทำให้เกิดปัญหาการปวดหลังของพนักงาน ผลจากการประเมินภาระงานของพนักงานเพศชายทั้ง 10 คน พบว่าค่าแรงกดอัดสูงสุดที่กระดูกสันหลังส่วนล่างเฉลี่ยตลอดการยกอยู่ที่ 5,673.4 นิวตัน และ ผลจากการประเมินภาระความเหนื่อยล้าของงาน โดยวิเคราะห์อัตราการเต้นของหัวใจอยู่ในเกณฑ์ที่ไม่ปลอดภัย ซึ่งอาจเกิดอันตรายต่อผู้ปฏิบัติงานในอนาคต จากการปรับปรุงการทำงานทั้ง 3 แนวทางพบว่า แนวทางการใช้อุปกรณ์ช่วยยกคลอรีนและการใช้กล้องงูสามารถลดค่าแรงกดอัดสูงสุดที่กระทำต่อกระดูกหลังส่วนล่างเหลือน้อยกว่า 1,224.8 นิวตัน และผลประเมินภาระความเหนื่อยล้าของงานอยู่ในเกณฑ์ปลอดภัยกลายเป็นงานภาระเบา แต่แนวทางการใช้พนักงาน 2 คนยกถังคลอรีนสามารถลดค่าแรงกดอัดสูงสุดที่กระทำต่อกระดูกสันหลังส่วนล่างได้น้อยกว่า 3,992.4 นิวตัน และผลประเมินภาระความเหนื่อยล้าของงานอยู่ในเกณฑ์ปลอดภัยเพียง 4 คนจากพนักงานทั้ง 10 คน ตามแนวทางประเมินของ Brouha ดังนั้นทางหน่วยงานกรณีศึกษาจึงได้เลือกแนวทางการใช้อุปกรณ์ช่วยยกและพลิกถังคลอรีน เนื่องจากมีความคุ้มค่าในการลงทุนเทียบกับระดับความปลอดภัยที่ได้รับ

Key Success Factors Identification For Logistics Outsourcing In Myanmar, Pyae Sone Htoon

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The purpose of this paper is to identify the key success factors that have a profound effect on the service quality of outsourced logistics functions in the import/export sector of trade business in Myanmar and rank them accordingly to their importance when outsourcing logistics functions. The paper states the critical elements required for logistics service providers to compete for high customer satisfaction in Yangon, Myanmar. Fuzzy TOPSIS methodology with triangular fuzzy numbers is used to identify the key success factors and rank them in order of their relative closeness to the ideal solution. The findings suggest that soft factors such …

Exploring Quality Management Strategies To Mitigate Culture Shock Among Cochlear Implant Users, Victor Mulume' Ambila

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractAfter the cochlear implant (CI) activation period and therapy, adult CI users who travel overseas encounter culture shock factors that paralyze their coping capability, which need normalization through management strategies during the post-cochlear-implantation process (PCIP). In the structure of the conceptual framework, a plan is presented for addressing the management strategy. An integrated system of product-process-service-care portrays the product as an active implant within an individual bearer fostering a CI user’s physical, physiological, and psychological traits. The problematic aspects alter the end users’ coping capability in an unfamiliar host environment abroad. The qualitative research approach used was a single case …

Enzyme-Initiated Admicellar Polymerization, Elaheh Shakeri

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Admicellar polymerization was developed in the 1980s as an economical method for modifying various surfaces. In admicellar polymerization, a low monomer to initiator (M/I) ratio was traditionally required to overcome this limitation and achieve high polymer conversion when oxygen was present in the headspace and dissolved in the reaction medium. To develop an environmentally friendly, cost-efficient, and feasible deoxygenation and initiation technique, we studied the use of glucose oxidase (GOx) in admicellar polymerization. In this method, GOx acts as the catalyst in the oxidation of ?-D-glucose, while consuming oxygen and generating hydrogen peroxide and D-glucono-?-lactone. There are many advantages of …

Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement Of A Channel-Flow Using Horizontally-Oriented Piezoelectric Fans, Janak Tiwari

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Experimental and numerical studies were carried out to investigate the convection heat transfer enhancement of air channel flow using a piezoelectric fan, operated at 90.3 Hz. Its peak-to-peak displacement was increased up to 11.8 mm. The average velocity of channel flow was ranged up to 3 m/s, covering both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. The effects of fan location on the heat transfer performance were evaluated by changing the relative position of the fan tip to the heated surface. A maximum heat transfer enhancement of 102 % was obtained at the channel flow rate of 15 LPM. The fan was …

Evaluation Of Manufacturing Methods For Antenna Design, Caleb Daniel Keathley

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This paper proposes several antennas designed to satisfy both dimension and frequency constraints of a handset. The proposed antennas are modeled and simulated in CST software. After multiple iterations, the final antenna designs are manufactured using both a milling machine and a 3D printer. The fabricated antennas are measured using a network analyzer and compared to their expected simulation results.

Supporting Shrinkage: Planning And Decision Making For Legacy Cities, Michael P. Johnson Jr., Justin Hollander, Eliza Whiteman Kinsey, George Chichirau, Charla Burnett

Public Policy and Public Affairs Faculty Publication Series

Supporting Shrinkage describes a new approach to citizen-engaged, community-focused planning methods and technologies for cities and regions facing decline, disinvestment, shrinkage, and social and physical distress. The volume evaluates the benefits and costs of a wide range of analytic approaches for designing policy and planning interventions for shrinking cities and distressed communities. These include collaborative planning, social media, civic technology, game design, analytics, decision modeling and decision support, and spatial analysis. The authors present case studies of three US cities addressing shrinkage and decline, with a focus on issues of social justice, democratization of knowledge, and local empowerment. Proposed as …

Peculiarities Of Neurostimulation By Intense Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields: How To Avoid Firing In Peripheral Nerve Fibers, Vitalii Kim, Emily Gudvangen, Oleg Kondratiev, Luis Redondo, Shu Xiao, Andrei G. Pakhomov

Bioelectrics Publications

Intense pulsed electric fields (PEF) are a novel modality for the efficient and targeted ablation of tumors by electroporation. The major adverse side effects of PEF therapies are strong involuntary muscle contractions and pain. Nanosecond-range PEF (nsPEF) are less efficient at neurostimulation and can be employed to minimize such side effects. We quantified the impact of the electrode configuration, PEF strength (up to 20 kV/cm), repetition rate (up to 3 MHz), bi- and triphasic pulse shapes, and pulse duration (down to 10 ns) on eliciting compound action potentials (CAPs) in nerve fibers. The excitation thresholds for single unipolar but not …

Gq-Mediated Ca** Signals In Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells, Hanna Viktoria Bobinger

Honors Theses

Current asthma therapies include corticosteroids, long acting β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) agonists paired with corticosteroids, or short-acting β2-AR agonists used in rescue inhalers. Chronic use of β-agonists results in diminished effectiveness, and use of long-acting β-agonists can even exacerbate asthma symptoms; this is partly because anti-inflammatory therapy does not directly address the exaggerated airway narrowing due to excessive shortening of airway smooth muscle (ASM), which is the hallmark of asthma. These observations led our collaborators to investigate other potential asthma therapies – bitter taste agonists. 2 Bitter taste agonists, such as chloroquine, activate a subset of Gq-coupled receptors known as bitter …

Metal Discovery By Highly Sensitive Microwave Multi-Band Metamaterial-Inspired Sensors, Ghaleb Al-Duhni, Nantakan Wongkasem

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

A simple, compact, contactless, and high sensitivity metamaterial-inspired sensor has been developed to detect and classify precious transition metals in the S- and C-band regime, using reflection coefficients. A multi-band metamaterial, quadruple concentric circular split ring resonator, is specifically designed as a sensing enhancer, where the additional bands can effectively trigger the electromagnetic properties, as well as enhance the differentiation between the testing metal samples. The proposed sensor was tested on precious transition metals, silver, platinum, and gold thin slabs of various thicknesses, from 0.5 µm to 3 mm. Five resonances were established in the frequency range of 2–8 GHz. …

Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy: Sensitivity Analysis For Anisotropic Materials With Hexagonal Symmetry, Christopher Lee Sevigney

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Resonance ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) is an experimental method by which material properties are obtained by careful observation of the resonant vibrations of a meticulously crafted sample. Among the most common applications of this technique is the determination of single-crystal elasticity. Previous works have considered the reliability of elasticity information obtained via the RUS method when the material is of isotropic or cubic symmetry, and this work extends these efforts to materials with hexagonal symmetry, such as titanium di-boride. The reliability of elasticity information obtained by RUS is evaluated by Sobol Analysis and by close examination of the stiffness-frequency functionality. Findings …

Assessing Midbrain Abnormalities In Parkinson’S Disease Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Kiarash Ghassaban

Wayne State University Dissertations

Diagnosing early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD) and its manifestations is still a clinical challenge. Previous imaging studies using iron, neuromelanin (NM) and the Nigrosome-1 (N1) measures in the substantia nigra (SN) by themselves have been unable to provide sufficiently high diagnostic performance for these methods to be adopted clinically. In this dissertation, we start by studying idiopathic PD patients at their intermediate stages of the disease to evaluate the role of global and regional iron in the major deep gray matter nuclei. Then, we only focus on the NM complex in the midbrain and how neuronal loss interact with iron overload …

Novel Design And Facile Synthesis Of Functional Nanostructures For Energy And Environmental Application, Zhuojun Wang

Wayne State University Theses

Environmental pollution and energy crisis are two of the major obstacles in the development of a more sustainable society. It is an interesting but technically challenging task to design novel methods for the facile and scalable synthesis of multifunctional materials for applications in both energy storage and environmental remediation. In this thesis, I tried to design and synthesize novel nanostructured materials for energy and environmental applications, achieved highly promising results. I developed a facile electrochemical approach to synthesize the zinc oxide with the zinc element for photocatalytic reactions. It demonstrated dramatically improved performances in degradation of organic pollutant in water, …

The Use Of Physically Based Models And Ensemble Forecasting For Storm Surge Risk Assessment In A Changing Climate, Jeane Camelo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Storm surge has been the deadliest and costliest hurricane induced hazard in the coastal United States. In order to save property and lives, emergency managers must issue advisories guided by numerical models in a timely manner. However, these surge models are highly dependent on weather forecasts which contain uncertainties themselves as hurricanes traverse through the waters before making landfall. This dissertation aims to understand the contribution of uncertainties in hurricane properties, particularly the wind intensity which can contribute to uncertainties in storm surge models. Investigating these properties through numerical modeling is both computationally and time intensive. However by developing a …

Uv-Ozone Oxide Treatments For High-Efficiency Silicon Photovoltaic Devices, Munan Gao

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Fabrication of solar cells with higher efficiency, simpler processes and lower cost is largely perceived as the ultimate goal for photovoltaic research. To reach such a goal each step needs to be refined and optimized. In this dissertation, a UV-ozone treatment is proposed as a simple and versatile process that can be applied to multiple fabrication steps for improvement. The UV-ozone cleaning method provides comparable surface cleaning quality to more expensive and hazardous industrial standard RCA clean with less chemical used. A good passivation quality was achieved on both n-type and p-type silicon wafer by a silicon oxide/aluminum oxide passivation …

Crash Analysis And Development Of Safety Performance Functions For Florida Roads In The Framework Of The Context Classification System, Ma'en Al-Omari

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Nowadays, technology is employed in many safety applications and countermeasures that would enhance traffic safety by influencing some crash-related factors. Therefore, crash-related factors must be determined for every roadway element by the development of safety performance functions. Safety performance functions (SPF) are employed to predict crash counts at the different roadway elements. Several SPFs have been developed for the various roadway elements based on different classifications such as functional classification and area type. Since a more detailed classification of roadway elements leads to more accurate crash predictions, multiple states have developed new system to categorize roads based on a comprehensive …

Material Properties Of 17-4ph Stainless Steel Fabricated With Cooling Holes By Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (Adam), Nandhini Raju

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The objective of this study is to investigate the material properties of 17-4PH stainless steel printed with cooling holes in different build orientations by the Atomic Diffusion Additive manufacturing technique. Samples with film cooling holes printed in different build orientations, with impingement inserts, impingement cavities were manufactured in a Markforged Metal-X machine. The presence of the holes in these samples helps to understand the printability and accuracy of internal cooling holes, as manufactured by the Metal-X machine. Manufactured samples were first washed to remove the plastic binder. These pre-sintered samples were tested, for density, microstructure analysis, roughness, Energy Dispersive X-ray …

Directional Link Management Using In-Band Full-Duplex Free Space Optical Transceivers For Aerial Nodes, A F M Saniul Haq

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Free-space optical (FSO) communication has become very popular for wireless applications to complement and, in some cases, replace legacy radio-frequency for advantages like unlicensed band, spatial reuse, and enhanced security. Even though FSO can achieve very high bit-rate (tens of Gbps), range limitation due to high attenuation and weather dependency has always restricted its practical implementation to indoor application like data centers and outdoor application like Project Loon. Building-to-building communication, smart cars, and airborne drones are potential futuristic wireless communication sectors for mobile ad-hoc FSO networking. Increasing social media usage demands high-speed mobile connectivity for applications like video call and …

Fluid Dynamic Analysis Over Turbulent Flows, Bryce Mcguire, Tevin James, Dareon Medley

NSF REU: Propulsion, Aerodynamics & Controls of Aerial Vehicles (2021)

The purpose of this research is to run CFDs (Computational Fluid Dynamics) with several type of objects that consist of the following: 90-Degree Pipe, Combustors, Scramjets, Scramjets with Fuel Injectors, and Airfoils. The sole reasoning is to get a clear understanding of the mechanisms that are ran through by using the computational software called: ANSYS. With this, it will aid into running fluid flows through these objects to observe the desirable variables such as: Velocity, Temperature, Pressure, Total Pressure, Total Temperature, Eddy Viscosity, Turbulence Kinetic Energy, Turbulence Eddy Dissipation, etc.

Investigations Of The Combustion And Emissions Characteristics Of Jet-A Fuel In A Single Stage Turbo Jet Engine Through Numerical And Experimental Analysis, Amanda Weaver, Richard C. Smith Iii

NSF REU: Propulsion, Aerodynamics & Controls of Aerial Vehicles (2021)

No abstract provided.

Simulation And Modeling Of Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers Subject To Adverse Pressure Gradients Due To Concave Streamline Curvature, Gary L. Nicholson, Junji Huang, Lian Duan, Meelan M. Choudhari

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers over a planar concave wall are presented for a nominal freestream Mach number of 5, with the objective of assessing the limitations of the currently available Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models. The wall geometry and flow conditions of the DNS are representative of the experimental data for a Mach 4.9 turbulent boundary layer that was tested on a two-dimensional planar concave wall model in the high-speed blow-down wind tunnel located at the National Aerothermochemistry Laboratory at Texas A&M University (TAMU). The DNS was validated against the experimental results of TAMU for the …

Effect Of Nonlinear Mixing On Electrospray Propulsion Predictions, Mitchell J. Wainwright, Joshua L. Rovey

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

The Effect Of Laser Welding Modes On Mechanical Properties And Microstructure Of 304l Stainless Steel Parts Fabricated By Laser-Foil-Printing Additive Manufacturing, Chia Hung Hung, Wei Ting Chen, M. Hossein Sehhat, Ming C. Leu

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The success of laser-foil-printing (LFP) additive manufacturing depends critically on the laser welding of sheet metals onto the substrate or the previous layer during the part fabrication process. The welding can be generally categorized into two modes: conduction mode and keyhole mode. In this study, 304L stainless steel parts fabricated by the LFP process using the two laser welding modes are compared. The porosity, microstructure, and tensile properties of the fabricated parts in these two modes are measured and compared in the laser scanning direction (X) and part building direction (Z). The parts fabricated in the conduction mode have a …

Evolution Of Three Streambanks Before And After Stabilization And Record Flooding, Matthew Russell, Aaron R. Mittelstet, Tiffany Messer, Jesse T. Korus, R.M. Joeckel

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Stabilization projects are increasingly used to mitigate the effects of anthropogenic streambank erosion, yet the effectiveness of stabilization has been insufficiently measured. Sound monitoring practices inform adjustments in implementation and maintenance, which improve engineered effectiveness. Thus, the objectives of this study were to: 1) measure streambank migration from in three reaches stabilized with wooden jetties following a major flooding event, and 2) quantify deposition around the jetties between pre-flood and post-flood. Streambank deposition was measured in 2019 with a River Surveyor and Global Positioning System (GPS). Bank erosion rates in Reaches 1, 2 and 3 were 0.41, 0.96 and 0.07 …

Parallel Computation, Mahesh Wosti

Student Academic Conference

Parallel computing has always fascinated me since I became aware of it. I think it is the only path forward if we are to build and make a super-fast computer in days to come. For my senior seminar, I want to build a simple framework of the parallel system and dig deeper into potential benefits and drawbacks of using a parallel system compared to the serial computing that is still pervasive in today’s modern technology.