Engineering Commons^™

Upregulation Of Dna Sensors In B16.F10 Melanoma Spheroid Cells After Electrotransfer Of Pdna, Katarina Znidar, Masa Bosnjak, Tanja Jesenko, Loree C. Heller, Maja Cemazar

Bioelectrics Publications

Increased expression of cytosolic DNA sensors, a category of pattern recognition receptor, after control plasmid DNA electrotransfer was observed in our previous studies on B16.F10 murine melanoma cells. This expression was correlated with the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and was associated with cell death. Here, we expanded our research to include the influence of features of cells in a 3-dimensional environment, which better represents the tumors’ organization in vivo. Our results show that lower number of cells were transfected in spheroids compared to 2-dimensional cultures, that growth was delayed after electroporation alone or after electrotransfer of plasmid …

Excitation And Injury Of Adult Ventricular Cardiomyocytes By Nano- To Millisecond Electric Shocks, Iurii Semenov, Sergey Grigoryev, Johanna U. Neuber, Christian W. Zemlin, Olga N. Pakhomova, Maura Casciola, Andrei G. Pakhomov

Bioelectrics Publications

Intense electric shocks of nanosecond (ns) duration can become a new modality for more efficient but safer defibrillation. We extended strength-duration curves for excitation of cardiomyocytes down to 200 ns, and compared electroporative damage by proportionally more intense shocks of different duration. Enzymatically isolated murine, rabbit, and swine adult ventricular cardiomyocytes (VCM) were loaded with a Ca²⁺ indicator Fluo-4 or Fluo-5N and subjected to shocks of increasing amplitude until a Ca²⁺ transient was optically detected. Then, the voltage was increased 5-fold, and the electric cell injury was quantified by the uptake of a membrane permeability marker dye, propidium …

Nano-Pulse Stimulation For The Treatment Of Pancreatic Cancer And The Changes In Immune Profile, Sigi Guo, Niculina I. Burcus, James Hornef, Yu Jing, Chunqi Jiang, Richard Heller, Stephen J. Beebe

Bioelectrics Publications

A Pancreatic cancer is a notorious malignant neoplasm with an extremely poor prognosis. Current standard of care is rarely effective against late-stage pancreatic cancer. In this study, we assessed nanopulse stimulation (NPS) as a local treatment for pancreatic cancer in a syngeneic mouse Pan02 pancreatic cancer model and characterized corresponding changes in the immune profile. A single NPS treatment either achieved complete tumor regression or prolonged overall survival in animals with partial tumor regression. While this is very encouraging, we also explored if this local ablation effect could also result in immune stimulation, as was observed when NPS led to …

Dielectric Properties Of Isolated Adrenal Chromaffin Cells Determined By Microfluidic Impedance Spectroscopy, A. C. Sabuncu, M. Stacey, G. L. Graviso, N. Semenova, P. T. Vernier, N. Leblanc, I. Chatterjee, J. Zaklit

Bioelectrics Publications

Knowledge of the dielectric properties of biological cells plays an important role in numerical models aimed at understanding how high intensity ultrashort nanosecond electric pulses affect the plasma membrane and the membranes of intracellular organelles. To this end, using electrical impedance spectroscopy, the dielectric properties of isolated, neuroendocrine adrenal chromaffin cells were obtained. Measured impedance data of the cell suspension, acquired between 1 kHz and 20 MHz, were fit into a combination of constant phase element and Cole-Cole models from which the effect of electrode polarization was extracted. The dielectric spectrum of each cell suspension was fit into a Maxwell-Wagner …

Lab Manual Design With Engineering Learning Style And Flipped Learning Model In Computer Engineering Technology Education, Yu Wang, Sunghoon Jang

Publications and Research

We have designed a lab manual based on Felder-Silverman learning style model (FSLSM) and the flipped classroom model for engineering education. This lab manual is developed for early junior year course of “Microcomputer Systems Technology” and emphasizes student-centered active learning experiences with more practical exercises and open-ended questions. Instead of taking traditional assembly language to study computer architecture, we are looking for a different approach to teach students to learn the assembly language by embedding an inline assembly language module into a C program. Our lab guide consists of online videos and practical exercises on various platforms including Microsoft Windows …

Treatment Wetland Remediation Via In Situ Solids Digestion Using Novel Blue Frog Circulators, Kyle T. Sipes

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

After 33 years of operation with little maintenance, the treatment wetlands at the Arcata Wastewater Treatment Facility (AWTF) suffer from reduced treatment capacity and internal loading issues, leading to reduced performance in recent years. The next NPDES permit for the facility will regulate discharge ammonia concentrations, and internal ammonia loads, associated with accumulated solids in the system, may lead to future regulation violations.

To begin addressing this problem, the City of Arcata entered into a rental agreement with Absolute Aeration to install two Blue Frog circulators in Treatment Wetland 3 (TW3). The goal of this project was to determine if …

Technical And Economic Feasibility Of Utilizing Efficient Photovoltaic Systems To Power Rural Health Centres In The Federal Capital Territory (Fct) Of Nigeria, Jimento G. Aikhuele

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

Delivering reliable electricity to rural health centres in Nigeria has long been a challenge. This study presents a technical and economic feasibility analysis involving a comparison between efficient solar photovoltaic systems, small gasoline generators, and the (unreliable) grid as power supply sources for rural health centres in Nigeria. Twenty-eight rural health centres were visited in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) in Nigeria whereupon an assessment was taken to know their energy needs and how these needs are met. Ibwa 1 Primary Health Centre (PHC), one of the health centres audited, was used as a case study for technical design and …

Methods, Systems, And Devices Relating To Force Control Surgical Systems, Shane M. Farritor, Thomas Frederick, Kearney Lackas, Joe Bartels, Jacob Greenburg

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

The various embodiments herein relate to robotic surgical systems and devices that use force and/or torque sensors to measure forces applied at various components of the system or device. Certain implementations include robotic surgical devices having one or more force/torque sensors that detect or measure one or more forces applied at or on one or more arms. Other embodiments relate to systems having a robotic surgical device that has one or more sensors and an external controller that has one or more motors such that the sensors transmit information that is used at the controller to actuate the motors to …

Frequency Dependent Deformation Reversibility During Cyclic Loading, Shuai Shao, Michael M. Khonsari, Jian Wang, Nima Shamsaei, Nan Li

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

High-frequency testing (HFT) is useful for accelerated fatigue testing of conventional materials that typically serve under low-frequency loading conditions, as well as for the assessment of the robustness of microelectromechanical systems which typically experience high-frequency service conditions. Using discrete dislocation dynamics, we attempt to elucidate the effect of loading frequency on the reversibility of cyclic deformation. We demonstrate that the HFT induces a higher fraction of reversible cyclic deformation because of a larger portion of elastic/anelastic deformation due to limited dislocation mobility, and a higher degree of reversibility in plastic deformation owing to the less occurrence of cross-slip.

Investigation Of Toppling Ball Flight In American Football With A Mechanical Field-Goal Kicker, Chase M Pfeifer, Timothy J. Gay, Jeff A. Hawks, Shane Farritor, Judith M. Burnfield

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

A mechanical field-goal kicking machine was used to investigate toppling ball flight in American football place-kicking, eliminating a number of uncontrollable impact variables present with a human kicker. Ball flight trajectories were recorded using a triangulation-based projectile tracking system to account for the football’s 3-dimensional position during flight as well as initial launch conditions. The football flights were described using kinematic equations relating to projectile motion including stagnant air drag and were compared to measured trajectories as well as projectile motion equations that exclude stagnant air drag. Measured football flight range deviations from the non-drag equations of projectile motion corresponded …

Objectively Measuring Effects Of Electro-Acupuncture In Parkinsonian Rhesus Monkeys, Rui Zhang, Anders H. Andersen, Peter A. Hardy, Eric Forman, April Evans, Yi Ai, Jin Yue, Guihua Yue, Don M. Gash, Richard Grondin, Zhiming Zhang

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center Faculty Publications

Acupuncture has increasingly been used as an alternative therapy for treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the efficacy of acupunture for PD still remains unclear. The present study was designed to objectively and safely monitor anti-parkinsonian effects of electroacupuncture (EA) and brain activity in nonhuman primates modeling human PD. Six middle-aged rhesus monkeys were extensively studied by a computerized behavioral testing battery and by pharmacological MRI (phMRI) scans with specific dopaminergic drug stimulations. All animals were evaluated for behavior and phMRI responses under normal, parkinsonian, parkinsonian with EA treatment and parkinsonian after EA treatment conditions. Stable parkinsonian features were observed …

Review Of Literature And Maintenance Practices At State Transportation Agencies, Bryan Gibson, Nancy Albright, Candice Y. Wallace, Christopher Van Dyke, Doug Kreis

Kentucky Transportation Center Technical Assistance Report

No abstract provided.

Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute Annual Technical Report Fy 2017, Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute, University Of Kentucky

KWRRI Annual Technical Reports (USGS’s 104b Grant Program)

The 2017 Annual Technical Report for Kentucky consolidates reporting requirements for the Section 104(b) base grant award into a single document that includes: 1) a synopsis of each student research enhancement project that was conducted during the period, 2) citations for related publications, reports, and presentations, 3) a description of information transfer activities, 4) a summary of student support during the period, and 5) notable awards and achievements.

No funds were requested for general program administration activities. However, travel funds were provided to support the participation of the director and associate director in the annual meeting of the National Institutes …

Pyrolysis Of Fiber-Plastic Waste Blends, Shreyas Kolapkar

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

The main objective of this work is to investigate fast pyrolysis of fiber and plastic feedstocks in order to understand the synergistic effect from their co-pyrolysis. In this on-going work, fiber, plastic and their blend are characterized and pyrolysis oil is produced from them in the fast batch pyrolysis reactor. Based on a heat transfer model it is shown that results of oil produced from batch reactor will be applicable to the continuous paddle reactor. From feedstock characterization, chlorine was observed particularly in the plastic feedstock. Thus, chlorine removal method using torrefaction and high shear mixing was implemented and was …

A Novel Brainstorming Pedagogy To Mobilize Pico/Nano/Micro-Satellite (Pn-Msat) Engineering Research And Education In Indian Academia, Sharanabasaweshwara Asundi

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

The article describes the outcome of activities to positively impact the careers of engineering graduates in India by engaging them in pico/nano/micro-satellite (PNMSat) engineering through a novel brainstorming pedagogy. The pedagogy, derived out of a systems engineering approach developed for the design and development of PNMSat/CubeSat missions, is used to teach a comprehensive course in PNMSat design engineering. The approach involves brainstorming the participants to conceive a PNMSat payload and teach the PNMSat bus design to accommodate the conceived payload. The approach and the comprehensive treatment of the material are the first of their kind in India in the field …

Electrical Response Of Thermoelectric Generator To Geometry Variation Under Transient Thermal Boundary Condition, Elias Yazdanshenas, Alireza Rezania, Meysam Karami Rad, Lasse Rosendahl

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

A three-dimensional numerical model is applied in this study to illustrate the electrical response of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) during transient heat flux at the hot side. In this work, various types of thermal boundary conditions are considered to evaluate the performance of the TEG. Thus, a TEG under pulsed heat flux is studied numerically, and the numerical model is verified by experimental results. With the consideration of a defined reference geometry, different heat flux frequencies are applied in order to evaluate the corresponding electrical output by the TEG. In addition, variation of the module performance for various TEG leg …

เส้นใยกราฟิติกคาร์บอนไนไตรด์/แอลฟาแมงกานีสไดออกไซด์นาโนไวร์เป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาสองหน้าที่สมรรถนะสูงสำหรับแบตเตอรี่สังกะสี-อากาศ, ทักษพร ศรีมโนรถ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

แบตเตอรี่สังกะสี-อากาศเป็นเทคโนโลยีที่กำลังได้รับความสนใจ เนื่องจากมีต้นทุนต่ำ ความปลอดภัยสูง และเป็นแบตเตอรี่ประเภทที่สามารถอัดประจุซ้ำได้ แต่ความช้าของจลนศาสตร์ของปฏิกิริยารีดักชันออกซิเจน (ORR) และปฏิกิริยาออกซิเดชันออกซิเจน (OER) ของขั้วอากาศเป็นตัวจำกัดสมรรถนะของแบตเตอรี่ การศึกษาวิจัยนี้มุ่งเน้นไปที่การพัฒนาตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาแบบสองหน้าที่ที่มีสมรรถนะต่อต้นทุนสูง แอลฟาแมงกานีสไดออกไซด์นาโนไวร์ (α-MnO2NWs) แสดงความเป็นตัวเร่ง ORR ที่ดีเนื่องจากมีความสามารถในการดูดซับออกซิเจนได้ดี แต่มีแนวโน้มที่จะเกิดการออกซิไดซ์กลายเป็น MnO4- ได้ วัสดุฐานคาร์บอนซึ่งเติมด้วยเฮเทอโรอะตอมได้รับการศึกษาอย่างกว้างขวางเพื่อเป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาสองหน้าที่ ORR/OER ในบรรดาวัสดุฐานคาร์บอน เส้นใยกราฟิติกคาร์บอนไนไตรด์ (GCNFs) เป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา ORR/OER ที่มีสมรรถนะดี ทั้ง α-MnO2NWs และ GCNFs มีราคาต่ำ เป็นมิตรต่อสิ่งแวดล้อม และง่ายต่อการสังเคราะห์ ด้วยเหตุนี้จึงทำการศึกษา GCNFs กับ α-MnO2NWs พบว่า GCNFs/α-MnO2NWs ในอัตราส่วน 90:10 แสดงจำนวนการถ่ายโอนอิเล็กตรอนเท่ากับ 3.74 ทั้งยังมีค่าศักย์ไฟฟ้าในการเกิด OER ที่เบี่ยงเบนไปจากค่าทางทฤษฎีเท่ากับ 0.25 V และยังมีความเสถียรในปฏิกิริยา OER นอกจากนี้แบตเตอรี่สังกะสี-อากาศที่มี GCNFs/α-MnO2NWs ในอัตราส่วน 90:10 เป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาสำหรับขั้วอากาศให้ความหนาแน่นพลังงานสูงถึง 70.9 mW/cm2 ที่ความหนาแน่นกระแส 125.4 mA/cm2 และมีความเปลี่ยนแปลงความต่างศักย์ในการปล่อยประจุลดลง 1.70% และอัดประจุเพิ่มขึ้น 2.82% ของโปรไฟล์การอัด-คายประจุจำนวน 200 รอบ ผลการวิจัยพบว่า GCNFs/α-MnO2NWs ในอัตราส่วน 90:10 สามารถปรับปรุงจลนศาสตร์ของ ORR และ OER และเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพการทำงานของแบตเตอรี่สังกะสี-อากาศได้

Effect Of Chemical Cleaning Regimes On Ageing Of Microfiltration (Mf) And Ultrafiltration (Uf) Hollow-Fiber Membranes, Mariny Chheang

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Membrane fouling is a major obstacle in microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) in wastewater treatment and water reuse. Fouling and membrane cleaning have been extensively studied in batch experiments at a short filtration time, but long-term membrane property changes (e.g. ageing) are not fully explored. Thus, this dissertation focused on changes in physical and chemical properties of the PVDF membranes, and membrane ageing. Impacts of feed water composition (tannic acid and tannic acid+Fe2O3) and chemical cleaning regimes (NaOH, citric acid) on the membrane performance and property changes were investigated. UF and MF membranes rejected iron oxide particles perfectly. Whilst both …

Processing Different Mixtures Of Regionally Available Resources To Create Pellets That Meet A Minimum Standard, Jacob Hixson

Masters Theses

There are several ways to produce energy today, one of the oldest is the gasification of biomass. This process uses a fire to heat the material until it starts to produce gasses that are used as fuel. There are several types of biomass that can be used, many of which have large pieces with low bulk densities. By pelletizing the biomass bulk density increases and allows the opportunity to add in other biomass materials.

There are standards for condensing large pieces of biomass to smaller pelletized materials. Pellet Fuels Institute has set minimum standards for pellets used in the different …

New Engineers’ First Three Months: A Study Of The Transition From Capstone Design Courses To Workplaces, Chris Gewirtz, Daria A. Kotys-Schwartz, Daniel Knight, Marie C. Paretti, Sidharth Arunkumar, Julie Dyke Ford, Susannah Howe, Laura Mae Rosenbauer, Nicholas Emory Alvarez, Jessica Deters, Cristian Hernandez

Engineering: Faculty Publications

In preparing engineering students for the workplace, capstone classes provide unique opportunities for students to develop their professional identities and learn critical skills such as engineering design, teamwork, and self-directed learning (Lutz & Paretti). While existing research explores what and how students learn within these courses, we know much less about how capstone courses affect students’ transitions into the workplace.

To address this gap, we are following 62 new graduates from four institutions during the participants’ first 12 weeks of work. Participants were drawn from three mechanical engineering programs and one engineering science program. Women were intentionally oversampled in the …

Material Thermal Property Estimation Of Fibrous Insulation: Heat Transfer Modeling And The Continuous Genetic Algorithm, Elora Frye

Theses and Dissertations

Material thermal properties are highly sought after to better understand the performance of a material under particular conditions. As new materials are created, their physical properties will determine their performance for various applications. These properties have been estimated using many techniques including experimental testing, numerical modeling, and a combination of both. Existing methods can be time consuming, thus, a time-efficient and precise method to estimate these thermal properties was desired. A one-dimensional finite difference numerical model was developed to replicate the heat transfer through an experimental apparatus. A combination of this numerical model and the Continuous Genetic Algorithm optimization technique …

Automatic Image Processing And Conversion To Tactile Graphics, Tyler Ferro

Theses and Dissertations

Graphical information has become a critical method for portraying information for education, work and personal tasks and decisions. Unfortunately there are currently limited means of providing this information to individuals who are blind or visually impaired: alternate text is frequently missing, and accessible tactile diagrams tend to be time consuming to make and require expertise in order for them to be interpretable (which may be costly to the user and/or impossible to get). The aim of this project is to provide an accessible system to automatically generate tactile graphics for those who need to interpret information contained in visual images. …

A Rectenna For 5g Energy Harvesting, Panagiotis Efthymakis

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis describes the design of a rectenna that is capable of operating in 5G. 5G’s availability will create the opportunity to harvest energy everywhere in the network’s coverage. This thesis investigates a Rectenna device with a new proposed topology in order to eliminate coupling between input and output lines and increase the rectification efficiency. Moreover, it is designed to charge a rechargeable battery of 3V, 1mA, with a 4.8mm diameter. The current design describes using one antenna for energy harvesting; this could be expanded to use an antenna array, which would increase the input power. This would lead to …

Improving Realtime 3-D Tracking Of High Dose Rate Radiation Source Using A Flat Panel Detector, Leo Uchechukwu Udeji

Theses and Dissertations

Previous research ¹ on this subject tracked the presumed exact path the HDR source would follow in real-time, during breast brachytherapy treatments in other to ensure accurate dose delivery and effectively confirm actual source position. As a continuation, this research has three objectives. Firstly, we will extract information from patient DICOM file which will be used to perform evaluations, then we will establish communication between our C program and the new Varex Paxscan flat panel detector (FPD). Finally, we will try to embed our C codes into a MATLAB graphical user interface (GUI) This research will attempt to improve the …

Exogenous Fniii 12-14 Regulates Tgf-Β1-Induced Markers, Hilmi M. Humeid

Theses and Dissertations

The extracellular matrix protein Fibronectin (FN) plays an important role in cell contractility, differentiation, growth, adhesion, and migration. The 12th -14th Type III repeats of FN (FNIII 12-14), also referred to as the Heparin-II domain, comprise a highly promiscuous growth factor (GF) binding region. This binding domain aids in cellular signaling initiated from the ECM. Additionally, FN has the ability to assemble into fibrils under certain conditions, mostly observed during cell contractile processes such as those that initiate due to upregulation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGF-β1) [1], [2]. Previous work from our lab has shown that self-assembly of …

Developing A Cyberterrorism Policy: Incorporating Individual Values, Osama Bassam J. Rabie

Theses and Dissertations

Preventing cyberterrorism is becoming a necessity for individuals, organizations, and governments. However, current policies focus on technical and managerial aspects without asking for experts and non-experts values and preferences for preventing cyberterrorism. This study employs value focused thinking and public value forum to bare strategic measures and alternatives for complex policy decisions for preventing cyberterrorism. The strategic measures and alternatives are per socio-technical process.

Blockchain Scalability And Security, Tuyet Duong

Theses and Dissertations

Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin have proven to be a phenomenal success. The underlying techniques hold huge promise to change the future of financial transactions, and eventually the way people and companies compute, collaborate, and interact. At the same time, the current Bitcoin-like proof-of-work based blockchain systems are facing many challenges. In more detail, a huge amount of energy/electricity is needed for maintaining the Bitcoin blockchain. In addition, their security holds if the majority of the computing power is under the control of honest players. However, this assumption has been seriously challenged recently and Bitcoin-like systems will fail when this assumption is …

Decellularized Matrices Effect On The Adaptive Immune Response, Kegan Sowers

Theses and Dissertations

Decellularized extracellular matrices have been a growing area of interest in the biomedical engineering fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.As these materials move toward clinical applications, the immune response to these materials will be a driving force toward their success in clinical approaches. Fully digested decellularized matrix constructs derived from porcine liver, muscle and lung were created to test the adaptive immune response. Hydrogel characterization ensured that the materials had relatively similar stiffness levels to reduce variability, and in vitro studies were conducted. Each individual construct as well as a gelatin control were plated with a co-culture of macrophages …

Flood Damage Assessment: A Case Study In Bakan And Phnom Kravanh Districts, Pursat Province, Cambodia, Chhunleang Rorm

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Flood is still a major climate hazard in Pursat province, a potential province for agricultural development in Cambodia. The consequences of this water-related disaster are social problems such as poverty, food insecurity and health problems, which indirectly prolong the growth of the country's economy. To propose a proper flood mitigation measure, flood damage assessment is considered as a fundamental step to implement so that the value of elements at risk is initially evaluated. The objectives of this research are to assess flood damage in agriculture and affected people in Bakan and Phnom Kravanh districts, Pursat province from 2000 to 2014, …

การศึกษาและวิเคราะห์เครือข่ายการท่องเที่ยวภายในประเทศไทย, กฤษฎาภฤศ ปึงภัทรกิจ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยนี้มุ่งเน้นการพัฒนา ศึกษา และวิเคราะห์เครือข่ายการท่องเที่ยวของประเทศไทยผ่านทางทฤษฎีเครือข่าย และค่าความเป็นศูนย์กลางแบบต่างๆ เพื่อใช้ในการระบุบทบาทหน้าที่ของแต่ละพื้นที่การท่องเที่ยว อันจะนำไปสู่การวางแผนพัฒนาพื้นที่ท่องเที่ยวอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ และยั่งยืนต่อไปในอนาคต ทั้งนี้ เครือข่ายการท่องเที่ยวที่ถูกพัฒนาขึ้นจัดเป็นเครือข่ายแบบถ่วงน้ำหนักที่ค่าน้ำหนักของความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างพื้นที่การท่องเที่ยวแปรผันตามค่าอัตราการไหลของนักท่องเที่ยวระหว่างพื้นที่ ซึ่งขึ้นอยู่กับปัจจัยส่งเสริมการท่องเที่ยวต่างๆ เช่น จำนวนแหล่งท่องเที่ยว และที่พักในพื้นที่ท่องเที่ยว จากผลการศึกษา ผู้วิจัยพบว่า กรุงเทพมหานครถือเป็นจุดศูนย์กลางการท่องเที่ยวของประเทศไทยในทุกแง่มุม ส่วนหนึ่งเป็นผลเนื่องมาจากความพร้อมด้านประชากร และศักยภาพในการสนับสนุนการท่องเที่ยว ในขณะที่จังหวัดรอบนอกของกรุงเทพมหานครมีความสำคัญในเชิงการรองรับนักท่องเที่ยวที่จะเดินทางไปยังจุดศูนย์กลางการท่องเที่ยว นอกจากนี้ผู้วิจัยยังพบว่า จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ ปัตตานี ราชบุรี ชลบุรี ร้อยเอ็ด ถือเป็นจุดศูนย์กลางของพื้นที่การท่องเที่ยวรองในแต่ละภูมิภาคของประเทศไทย โดยมีจังหวัดนครราชสีมา ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ ชุมพร และนครสวรรค์ เป็นจังหวัดที่สำคัญต่อการเดินทางระหว่างพื้นที่การท่องเที่ยวภายในประเทศ