Engineering Commons^™

An Evaluation Of Oxide Films Of Lead And Tellurium Prepared By Reactive Sputtering, Frank Groom Peters

Theses

Oxide films of lead, tellurium, and their alloys were deposited by reactive sputtering onto substrates and analyzed by X-ray emission spectrography. The sputtering process involved the bombardment of a metallic cathode with positive ions in an atmosphere containing oxygen. The preparation and analysis of these films are described. The unstrained, homogeneous films have good adherence to the substrate and may be prepared to arbitrary thicknesses. Over a range of lead-tellurium oxide compositions these films are transparent and are glassy, rather than crystalline or amorphous solids.

From the analyses of the films by X-ray emission spectrography and known cathode compositions, it …

Properties Of Non-Newtonian Fluids, George Robert Ferment

Theses

The purpose of this work was to investigate the fluid properties of non-Newtonian solutions.

The effect of temperature on the viscometric properties, flow behavior index (n) and fluid consistency index (K), was investigated. It was established that the flow behavior index was temperature dependent, tending to approach Newtonian behavior as the temperature was raised. The fluid consistency index was also temperature dependent; a plot of K vs temperature will yield a straight line on semilogarithmic coordinates.

The specific heats of non-Newtonian solutions were also determined. For systems containing large mass fractions of water, it was established that the presence of …

The Suspension Of Spherical Glass Beads In Water, David Isert, Andrew G. Zourides

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to determine, for the first time, a correlation between mixing and fluidization in a system of spherical glass beads and water.

Mixing data for the spherical glass bead-water system was obtained experimentally and abstracted from previous studies.⁽¹⁾

Fluidization data for the spherical glass beadwater system was obtained from the literature.⁽²⁾

The terminal velocity and the Reynolds Number at terminalization was calculated for the mixing system from the data obtained in this investigation. The terminal velocity and Reynolds Number, as determined experimentally was obtained from the literature,⁽³⁾ A comparison of the terminal …

Modified Coates-Orr Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Still : The Effect Of Pressure On Binary Azeotropes, John K. Jacob

Theses

In order to test the effect of pressure on binary azeotropes, an all stainless steel Coates-Orr vapor-liquid equilibrium still was constructed and then tested at atmospheric and superatmospheric pressure. To overcome operating difficulties at superatmospheric pressures, it was necessary to modify the original still design by (1) coiling a Nichrome resistance wire around the entire still body and insulating heavily over the coil, (2) substituting a "canned" seal-less pump in place of the original centrifugal pump.

A survey of the literature shows that the difficult-to-operate Jones-type equilibrium stills, from which the Coates-Orr still was developed, approach true phase equilibrium. Therefore, …

Heat Conductivity Of Adhesively Bonded Assemblies, Stanley I. Klosowski

Theses

The thermal conductivity of an epoxy compound commonly used as an adhesive, was measured using asimple apparatus specially designed to simulate adhesion, to minimize heat losses, and to simplify measurement and correction for heat losses. Variation of heat conductivity coefficient with glue line thickness and temperature was investigated. The results do not indicate that there is any consistent correlation between the heat conductiv¬ity coefficient and glue line thickness or between heat conductivity coefficient and temperature. However, the small number of samples measured does not permit any definite conclusions to be drawn. The sample with glue line thickness below 0.025 millimeters …

Processibility Factors Of Polyolefins As Determined On The Brabender Plastograph, James Thomas Ryan

Theses

Some knowledge of the behavior of a plastic during processing is required if the materials best properties for a given application are to be retained. For thermoplastic polymers¹ changes in viscosity, a function of molecular weight, can be measured by various laboratory instruments, generally, under specialised conditions. One laboratory instrument, however, called the Brabender Plastograph will, it is claimed by the C. W. Brabender Company, measure the viscosity behavior of plastics under conditions found in production equipment. The Brabender plastograph measures changes in torque, a function of viscosity, which result from chain scission, shear thinning, temperature effect, density change …

The Evaluation Of A Three Mode Temperature Controller By Pulse Techniques, Sanford Allen Schram

Theses

Work was performed to evaluate a commercial three mode temperature controller by pulse techniques. The extensive calculations were performed on an I. B. M. 1620 general purpose computer. Bode diagrams are presented to graphically show the instrument's dynamic response. The conclusions reached are as follows:

1. Pulse tests provide a quick method of testing the dynamic response of instruments.

2. A computer should be used for the efficient calculation of results from pulse tests.

3. Limitations of pulse tests are not yet defined but it appears that an increase in the energy of the input pulse leads to an increase …

A Study Of A Continuous Photochemical Reactor, John Calvin Roe

Theses

The purpose of the investigation was to construct a continuous photochemical reactor, to reinvestigate certain portions of the work of Gaertner and Kent (7) and to extend the work to include some of the more common photochemical reactions.

A reactor of annular design with an elliptical light reflector, similar to that of Gaertner and Kent, was designed and constructed. The sources of radient energy were a cold General Electric T-6 Germicidal Lamp and a hot General Electric UA-9 Lamp.

The photochemical decomposition of oxalic acid sensitized by the uranyl ion was utilized as an actinometer. Fifty continuous runs were accomplished …

Viscosity-Vapor Pressure Correlation Of Alcohols, Methyl Ketones And Alkyl Halides, Kevin Frank

Theses

A linear relationship was found to exist between the logarithms of viscosity and vapor pressure measured at the same temperature for certain homologous series. Previous work by Di Geronimo, healing, and McGuire substantiated this correlation for n-paraflin hydrocarbons, n-paraffin fatty acids and esters, n-alkyl cyclohexanes, n-alkyl benzenes and n-l-monoolefins. The relationship takes the form

logη= A log vp + B

where A and B are constants characteristic of the homologous series.

The adaptation of this linear relationship to alcohols methyl ketones, and alkyl halides in the present work indicates a wide applicability of the correlation. the values of the series …

Extraction Of Technical Grade Lactic Acid With N-Butyl Alcohol, Joel Howard Kaplan

Theses

A possible step in a proposed industrial method for purifying and concentrating technical grade (44 per cent) lactic acid was investigated. The proposed method is the extraction of lactic acid from the crude grade by n-butyl alcohol, esterification of the extract by n-butyl alcohol and hydrolysis of the resultant purified ester to pure lactic acid. The extraction of lactic acid by n-butyl alcohol from the crude grade was the topic considered in this paper.

The extraction process was carried out at temperatures of 10.2°C, 25.0°C, 40.0°C and 60.00C using both U. S. P. lactic acid (85 per cent) and technical …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Acetone, Ethylene Dichloride, Toluene, Donald Warren Krech

Theses

The vapor-liquid equilibria data have been determined for the ternary system acetone (C₃H₆O), ethylene dichloride (C₂H4Cl₂), and toluene (C₇H₈), using a modified Othmer continuous distillation equilibrium still. The data were correlated to theoretical values using the Margules three-suffix ternary equations.

Although equilibria data are available in the literature for the three binary systems, new data were collected for each system to evaluate the validity of the experimental apparatus and techniques. Consistency of the experimental data was demonstrated.

For the acetone-ethylene dichloride binary system, where similar apparatus was …

The Stability And Response Of An Automatically Controlled Liquid Level System, Milton Kalman Rosen

Theses

Stability and response of automatically controlled liquid level systems was investigated theoretically by transient and frequency response analysis and experimentally on a laboratory liquid level system.

Transfer functions were derived for each component and were used to describe the response of the experimental system. The effect of measurement time constants on system performance was experimentally investigated. Poor control, but not instability, resulted from an increase in measurement time constant. The behavior of the system at various operating loads was determined experimentally. The system was unstable at the maximum measureable flow rate, but stable at all other loads. Theoretical response curves …

Program Evaluation And Review Technique, Anthony Immaculate Agresta

Theses

The problem of planning, controling and evaluating complex projects both engineering and non-engineering has existed as long as the projects themselves. In the past the approach of management to this problem has been one which was based heavily on the use of historical information. There have been very few attempts to predict and control the occurrence of the objective event of these projects.

This thesis deals with a review of this problem and a new approach to the planning, control, and evaluation of these complex projects. This new approach is the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) which was developed …

Urea Adduction Of Oleic Acid, Leroy A. Dahm

Theses

The purpose of this project was to study the separation of the fatty acids and waxes found in cranberry skins by means of the formation of urea adducts. Current literature does not indicate equilibrium and rate data as controlled by mixing energy for the separation. Therefore this rate data was determined for the adduct formation of oleic acid, one of the constituents of cranberry skins.

A saturated aqueous solution of urea was used in the preparation of the urea adduct of oleic acid. Methyl isobutyl ketone and methanol were investigated as solvents for the fatty acids. Methyl isobutyl ketone was …

Jurisdictional Disputes Within The Construction Industry, Dominick Joseph Magarelli

Theses

Work assignment disputes, known as jurisdictional disputes are common in the construction industry. They are not only costly but annoying as well, The construction industry has always been plagued with this type of dispute because each of its many craft unions regards certain types of work as a proprietary right. They jealously guard against any encroachment of their area of activity by other unions. Sometimes lines of demarcation between the various jurisdictions are not clear. Also, the development of new products and methods often brings with it clashes between unions each of whom claim exclusive right to the work assignment. …

The Corrosion Of Zinc-Stainless Steel Couples In Flowing Sea Water, Henry Shaw

Theses

The effect of sea water flow on passivated stainless steel 304 coupled to high purity zinc was studied for more than 1000 hours at 23°C. The corrosion of both members of the couple increased over that of the metals alone. Zinc suffered severe pitting while the Stainless Steel was not visibly corroded, When the metals were exposed alone, zinc corroded uniformly while the stainless steel was not affected at all. The use of zinc coupled to Stainless Steel is not recommended in systems exposed to sea water.

The Effect Of Liquid Surface Tension On Wire Mesh Entrainment Separators, Herbert Franklyn Schroeder

Theses

The effect of liquid surface tension on the capacity of a wire mesh entrainment separator was studied. An air-rater system was used and, the surface tension of the water was reduced through the use of surfactants.

Five test series were run, each with a different surface tension of water. The surface tensions examined covered the range of 30 dynes/cm to 70 dynes/cm. For each test run series, the effect of liquid loading was investigated. Liquid loading rates were varied between 55 and 550 lbs/hr/ft².

Entrainment separator capacity was found to vary linearly with liquid surface tension. As surface tension decreased, …

Packed Bed Heat Transfer, Anthony William Sposaro

Theses

The use of various published correlations to determine apparent thermal conductivities was found to give results of differing ma; magnitudes. For this reason when these values were utilized in the theoretical relationships proposed by McAdams:

tw-t2/tw-t1 = 0.692e^-23.14X + 0.1312e^-121.9X + 0.0535e^-299.6X

in which X is defined as

X = (KaL/CpGoD²t)

For packed bed systems the results were found to be inconsistent.

In this investigation a dimensionless equation:

Ka/kg = 0.00105 (DpGo/εpμ)^1.32

has been developed which permits the prediction of apparent thermal conductivities to air flowing through a 1 inch tube picked with glass …

Power Consumption In Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks, John J. Schlager

Theses

The general correlation of Power Number vs. Reynolds Number for flat six blade turbines in a horizontal cylindrical tank without baffles has been determined. The correlation has been found to apply to this system and corresponds to the 4 - 10% baffle region in the vertical cylindrical tank as determined by Rushton, et. al. ⁽¹⁾

An important variable to be considered is the length of tank to impeller diameter ratio which was found to seriously affect the power consumption.

A power fall off was observed at high Reynolds Numbers and coincided with visual vortexing. This power fall off was found …

Heat Transfer Coefficients Of Non-Newtonian Slurries In Laminar Flow, Robert Frederick Roth, David B. Swanson

Theses

A total of 51 heat transfer runs were made in the first 25 runs, slurries of half micron and finer kaolin at 3.0, 5.6, 9.6 and 12.9% solids were used. Slurries of two microns and finer kaolin at 10.1, 13.7, 20.4 and 23.1% solids were used in the remaining 26 runs.

The Reynolds Numbers ranged from 0.9 to 2,020 for the 51 runs.

The data was correlated by the following equation:

H_f/C_bV_bP_b C_bR_b/K_b ^2/3 = 0.70 DV_bP_b/R_b ^-2/3

for an L/D ratio of …

The Effect Of Velocity On The Electrical Conductivity Of Blood, Judea Pearl

Theses

Although the change in the conductance of blood resulting from changes in its velocity has been noted by several investigators working with electrical impedance techniques, this parameter of measurement has heretofore not been investigated from the viewpoint of practical application to blood flow measurement.

In certain regions of the body such as the tooth pulp and the cranial cavity, the volume of the contained blood cannot fluctuate during a cardiac cycle because of the rigid wall of the chamber. Therefore, impedance pulses which have been obtained in studies on the tooth pulp, must be attributed to the rhythmical fluctuation of …

Extrapolation Of Viscosity Data For Liquids, Julius Irwin Gnapp

Theses

The method of finite-difference recurrence relations* is here applied to viscosity-temperature data to determine whether it offers an improved means of extrapolating such data. The best of the existing parametric correlations, which is considered to be that of Andrade, was found to be subject to important departures from linearity and dependent upon the particular data points used in its formulation. The proposed method is non-parametric in that it does not require an assumption of the explicit function relating viscosity with temperature. Instead, it assumes that there is a linear relation between successive values of viscosity at equal intervals of temperature. …

Catalytic Activity Studies In Aromatic Sulfonation, William Marvin Jayne Jr.

Theses

The object of this investigation has been to determine the catalytic activity of several inorganic materials in promoting the sulfonation of aromatic organic compounds. Initial work involved sulfonation of p-nitroaniline with an excess of sulfuric acid. However, due to insufficient precision of the method of analysis, this system was abandoned. Thereafter, the study was concerned chiefly with the benzene and other aromatic compounds in nitrobenzene solution. This phase of the work proved to be successful, and the results are reported in the text of the thesis.

The author gratefully acknowledges the suggestions and counsel given throughout these investigations by Professor …

A Simplified Procedure For Diffusion Coefficients From Cation Exchange Studies, Robert Peter Lanyon

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to extend the data and to improve the procedures of previous investigators (1), (2), and (3), in the study of diffusion coefficients in aqueous media.

The main contribution of this investigation is the elimination of the tedious work of size grading, drying, weighing, and rehumidification of the Dowex 50 W - X8 resin, which is used to determine the ion exchange rates for the cations under consideration, The simplified procedure measures the resin volume by displacing a known volume of water. The method of calculating diffusion coefficients follows the procedure of (1), (2), (3), …

Electrolytic Amalgam Reduction Of Cinnamic Acid, Alan Ira Mytelka

Theses

The use of sodium amalgam and potassium amalgam to reduce cinnamic acid to hydrocinnamic acid was accomplished in two concentrically constructed cylindrical cells.

In the outer cell, liquid amalgam was prepared electrolytically using a mercury cathode. The amalgam was moved by a rocking motion into the inner cell where the cinnamic acid dissolved in ethanol was reduced to hydrocinnamic acid. The actual percent conversion as measured by iodine numbers varied from 6.0% to 567, the percentage depending upon the number of coulombs passed into the electrolytic cell, the amalgam used, and whether or not stirring in the inner reduction cell …

Fugacity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, Louis David Mazzeii

Theses

A method of Pitzer for predicting component fugacity coefficients of gases in binary mixtures is evaluated by calculating 2100 fugacity coefficients and comparing the results to experimental data.

Pitzer employed the technique of Gamson and Watson in deriving an expression for fugacity coefficients. The expression is based on a three parameter corresponding states theory set of equations, and a definition of pseudo critical properties of mixtures, both previously proposed by Pitzer.

A further comparison with values calculated by similar methods of Edmister and Ruby, and Redlich et al (which previously were established as the most accurate general methods) indicates Pitzer's …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Hydrazine, Michael Perlswieg

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of hydrazine have been evaluated for the saturated region and for the superheated vapor. The superheated vapor properties were determined for temperatures up to 2200°F and pressures to 3000 psia. Enthalpy, entropy, and specific volume are reported for the saturated vapor and liquid and the superheated vapor. Results are reported in the form of tables.

Enthalpy values are relative to the saturated liquid at 32°F. Entropy values are absolute. The thermodynamic properties have been based on experimental data where possible. Due to the lack of experimental pressure-volume-temperature data, however, the generalized correlations of Lydersen, Greenkorn, and Hougen …

Viscosity Correlations Of Saturated Fatty Acids And Their Esters, Thomas Joseph Redling

Theses

Several correlations have been developed which permit calculation of the viscosities of the n-paraffin fatty acids and esters, beginning with formic and including stearic acid.

The correlations were obtained by interrelating the Log u and the Log P_v at the same temperature, where u is the viscosity in centipoise and P_v is the vapor pressure in millimeters Hg. A single line relationship represents all the fatty acids from propionic acid to and including stearic acid, while formic acid and acetic acid each have their own line. Methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl formate can be represented by a single …

The Electrolytic Oxidation Of Para-Nitrotoluene, Mustafa Darwish Shamy

Theses

The factors affecting the electrolytic oxidation of p-nitrotoluene to p-nitrobenzoic acid have been studied, and optimum conditions determined for obtaining the best overall yield of 65.7 per cent. These Anode:lead sheetCathode:lead sheetAnolyte:250 cc of 50 per cent sulfuric acid
10 grams of p-nitrotoluene
5 grams of chromic trioxideCatholyte:250 cc of 50 per cent sulfuric acidVoltage:4.5 ± .5 voltsCurrent density:3.0 amperes per square decimeter.Temperatures65 ± 3°CReaction time:fifty per cent of the theoretical time required

It was observed that high potentials and prolonged reaction periods are detrimental to the yield.

A mechanism for the electrolytic oxidation process is suggested, based on experimental …

The Kinetics Of Hydrogen Reduction Of Chromic Oxide, Kurt Strater

Theses

The hydrogen reduction of Cr₂O₃ to chromium metal was found to be feasible at very low water vapor concentrations, approximately -38° to -24°C, over a temperature range of 1130° to 1490°C. Hydrogen reduction under these conditions was predicted by the calculated equilibrium curves which also indicated that Cr₂O₃ is reduced directly to chromium without forming the intermediate oxide, CrO. This reduction path was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.

The percent reduction of Cr₂O₃ at each reaction temperature was constant with time suggesting an inhibiting effect of the gaseous reaction product, water …