Engineering Commons^™

Surface Area Of Small Particles, Richard Henry Ullrich

Theses

Experiments using glass beads and water were performed to obtain data to relate evaporation rates with the total surface area of a small sample of particles. The object of this work was to explore the possibility of devising a new method of determining surface areas which would be simple, rapid and non-destructive.

One gram samples of glaze beads ranging in diameter from 840 to 150 microns were wet with water and dryed to constant weight under controlled conditions. Residual water was removed by continued heating at a higher temperature. The experimental conditions were deliberately simple in keeping with the purpose …

Attrition In A Fluidized Bed, Andrew Joseph Welter

Theses

The object of this thesis is to study attrition in a fluidized bed in an attempt to find a reliable method for predicting attrition rate when fluid flow rates and particle sizes are varied.

The system studied consisted of air as the fluidizing median with bauxite and fuller's earth as the solids in suspension. Fluid flow rates were changed while all other variables were held constant. Systems with both large and small particles were studied for each material.

It was found that the attrition rate of the material when the bed is maintained at a constant mass flow rate is …

Investigation Of The Stability And Response Of A Reboiler Under Condensate Control, Francis Arthur Winter

Theses

Control of heat flux by condensate throttling was investigated theoretically by frequency response analysis and experimentally on a simulated reboiler control system.

Transfer functions were derived for each component and ware used to describe the response of the experi- mental system. Experimental controller settings were in reasonable agreement with the calculated results. However, general overall control was poor because of dead time and cyclic disturbances. Experiments showed that the process contained dead time in the order of three to seven times the ultimate period (0.5 - 1.0 minutes). Several sources of disturbances prevented an accurate evaluation of stability at low …

Physical And Electrical Properties Of The Manganin-Type Alloys, Wallace William Macintosh

Theses

This thesis is a report on the physical and electrical properties of the manganin-type alloys as compiled from the published literature on the subject. The peculiarities of these alloys, as related to mechanical history, heat treatment, and composition, are discussed. Empirical formulae, by which the temperature coefficient of resistance, the temperature of maximum resistance, the temperature-resistance equation, and the thermoelectric emf of these alloys against copper may be calculated, are shown.

A comparison of the effect of elongation on the specific resistivity of several sizes of manganin wire is made on the basis of experimental results. The effect of impurities …

The Electrolytic Preparation Of Perbromates, Robert M. Casciano

Theses

Since perchlorates and periodates can be formed by the electrolytic oxidation of chlorate and iodate solutions and since bromine lies between chlorine and iodine in the periodic table, it should be possible to electrolytically prepare perbromates. As yet, however, perbromates have not been prepared by any methods.

It was desired to attempt to prepare perbromates electrolytically and to definitely show their presence or absence after electrolysis. In order to accomplish this a new method of analysis was developed.

This work has shown that perbromates cannot be prepared by the electrolytic oxidation of bromate solutions under various conditions of temperature, current …

Effect Of Elevated Temperature On Efficiency Of Corrosion Inhibitors, Walter Dzingala

Theses

An experimental program was set up to investigate the effect of temperature on the protection efficiency of various inhibitors of metal corrosion. Contrary to most studies, an appreciable amount of the work was done with the corrosive effect being determined on the metal specimens that were exposed first to the inhibitor, then to air at different temperature, and finally to the corrosive medium with no inhibitor present. The purpose being to determine whether the inhibitor treatment would provide a permanent protection for a metal surface or would it be necessary to furnish a continuous supply of the inhibitor to the …

Binary Vapor Liquid Equilibria Isobaric Systems, Ira Lichtenstein

Theses

Oalculations of activity coefficients for thirty isobaric binary systems from vapor-liquid equilibria data were made using the Gilmont equation© An extensive literature survey showed the Gilmont equation provides an excellent means of correlating equilibrium data in most binary isothermal systems° However, the Gilmont equation’s applicability to isobaric systems had not been satisfactorily proven, and became the object of this investigation.

The Gilmont equation gave satisfactory correlation of the binary isobaric data for various systems. The correlation was found to improve as the systems approached ideal behavior. The introduction of a temperature correction to the relative volatility, term improved the correlation …

Hydraulic Characteristics Of Showerdeck Trays, Sam Gordon Marx

Theses

The hydraulic operating characteristics of the showerdeck tray were investigated. Air-water studies were made using a four plate, 11 1/4 inch I. D. plexiglas column.

Entrainment, liquid froth height, and pressure drop data were obtained at varying liquid and vapor rates.

Entrainment was found to be a function of the plate spacing, liquid height on the tray, the liquid rate and the column vapor velocity. It was found to be independent of the vapor velocity through the perforations. An equation of entrainment as a function of these variables was derived.

The liquid froth height on a tray was found to …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Formaldehyde, Raymond H. Koo

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated formaldehyde were evaluated at ten degree temperature intervals from -19°C. to 400°C. and at various pressures up to 150 atmospheres.

Lydersen's correlations were used to estimate the critical constants.

Vapor pressure data were calculated using Riedel's method.

The generalized thermodynamic correlations of Hougen, Lydersen,'and Greenkorn were employed to obtain values of the thermodynamic properties in the saturated and superheated regions.

The values for temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy for saturated and super-heated formaldehyde are presented in the form of tables and graphs.

Effect Of Cleaning Methods Upon Electrochemical Behavior Of High-Carbon Steel Cathodes In A Chromic Acid Electrolyte, George Chaplenko

Theses

The quality of electrodeposited coatings is to a great ex- tent determined by cleaning or surface-conditioning methods employed in preparing the basis metal for plating. Cleaning pro- cedures are usually established empirically, by trial and error. Little or no experimental work was devoted to a quantitative stu- dy of measurable parameters that are influenced by the relative effectiveness of individual cleaning processes. The present ex- periment was designed in an attempt to establish a correlation between one such parameter (namely, the single-electrode poten- tial of polarized cathode) and the quality of subsequent plating.

High-carbon steel cathodes, -a material that is …

Hiding Power Of White Pigments : Theory And Measurement, Parker Bovaird Mitton, Lawrence Vejnoska

Theses

Optical properties of pigmented films such as hiding power, scattering coefficient, and absorption coefficient were measured at three bands of wavelength of light (blue, green, red) for ten white pigments at seven pigment concentrations in a paint. These pigments range from the highest index of refraction (rutile) to the very low index of an extender pigment (CaC031); they range from a fine particle size (average 0.2 microns) to a relatively coarse size (average 2.2 microns).

Among the findings presented below the first two confirm the general observations of pigment behavior found by others; the rest of the findings are new. …

Prediction Of Binary-Liquid System Viscosity From Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Data, Eugene Henry Okrent

Theses

This paper reviews the proposed methods for prediction of binary mixture viscosity. A calculation method is developed which predicts the binary liquid mixture viscosity of non-ideal systems of organic materials. The calculation method is an extension of the statistical mechanically derived equation:

η_m = Nh/V exp[χ₁Δ_G1⁺⁺ + χ₂ΔG₂⁺⁺ -ΔG^?/κ vap]/RT

A method has been developed for establishing the value of (ΔG^E/RT)vap from the constants of the Margules equation, which is an improvement over previous methods. The proposed equation is:

Log η_m = χ₁ log η …

The Electrochemical Product Of Sodium Meta Periodate, John Joseph Mooney

Theses

An investigation of an electrolytic cell utilizing a nickel anode in alkaline solution for the production of sodium meta periodate from sodium iodate was conducted. The problem was to find an improved method of producing the salts of periodic acid.

The test conditions of cell operation were varied, i. e., temperature, concentration, hydrogen ion concentration, current density and the physical dimensions of the electrolytic cell. The optimum conditions cell operation were found to be a temperature of 21°C, a concentration of 0.10 grams per milliliter of sodium iodate, a pH of 13, current density of between 32 and 42 milliamperes …

Correlation Of Pressure Drop And Holdup In A Packed Distillation Column, Nello Del Gobbo

Theses

Reed and Fenske have proposed a relationship that correlates the variables of packing dimensions, operating conditions, and fluid properties involved in countercurrent flow through packed distillation columns. Pressure drop and holdup data, obtained by atmosphere is distillation in columns packed with wire helices, was applied to the correlation by Reed and Fenske with good results. At reduced pressures limited data indicated the possibility of variations in the correlation as a function of the molecular weight of the material distilled.

Cummins investigated the effect of reduced pressure and holdup in distillation for several liquids using protruded packing. An attempt to correlate …

Heat Transfer Coefficients In Nucleate Boiling, Gerald Burt Fefferman

Theses

The purpose of this study was to investigate some new approaches to the problem of correlating heat transfer coefficients in nucleate boiling, A survey of previous work done in this field reveals much inconsistency in recorded data relating the heat transfer coefficient to other properties of the observed system, but general agreement has been reached, however, concerning the important influence of the temperature difference between the heating element surface and the boiling liquid. As this temperature difference is increased, the surface coefficient of heat transfer rises until a critical point is reached, marking the end of nucleate boiling and the …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Carbon Tetrachloride, Benzene, Methyl Cellosolve, Frederick Ormande Fisher

Theses

An Othmer still was used to determine the vapor-liquid equilibria for the ternary system: carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), benzene (C₆H₆), and methyl cellosolve (C₃H₈O₂). The solutions were assayed by refractive index and density measurements. The data were correlated to theoretical considerations by the use of the Margules 3-suffix ternary equationso

In the course of the investigation of the ternary system, vapor-liquid equilibria were determined for each of the three binary systems. The CCl₄-C₆H₆ system is well known and data are presented in the International …

Equilibrium And Reaction Rate Constants Of Esterification Of Nitrobenzoic Acids, John Nicholas Korzun

Theses

A determination of equilibrium constants and reaction kinetics for the esterification of ortho, meta, and para-nitrobenzoic acids with methanol and ethanol was performed. A search of past literature showed that the equilibrium constants for the above acids and alcohols had not been measured previously.

The equilibrium constants (Ke) obtained for ortho, meta, and para-nitrobenzoic acids using p-toluene sulfonic acid as catalyst and ethanol as the alcohol were 3.59, 4.56, and 2.91: respectively. Using methanol as the alcohol, the corresponding constants were 2.61: 2.65, and 1.92.

Hydrochloric acid was also studied as a reaction catalyst, but, a side reaction between catalyst …

Evaluation Of Heat Transfer Coefficients For Annular Spaces, Jacob Levine, Allan Mornenberg

Theses

The object of this thesis is to find the best approach for evaluating the heat transfer coefficients in annular spaces.

The system studied consisted of air in turbulent flow through steam heated annuli. Twelve pipe ratios were tested, with a pipe diameter ration range (D₂/D₁) of 7.0 to 1.3.

It WAS found, contrary to most literature, that at constant values of W/A μ, the heat transfer coefficient decreases as the standard equivalent diameter decreases (D_e=D₂-D₁). Because of this observation, the use of a Reynold’s number based on an equivalent diameter …

The Synthesis And Cyclization Of 5-Chloro-2, 3-Dichloroacetamidopyridine, Edward Aloysius Naiman

Theses

The acetylation of 5-chloropyridine-2,3-diamino with chloroacetyl-chloride to yield 5-chloropyridine-2,3-dichlo-roacetamide and the subsequent ring closure form 6-chloro-2-chloromethyl-3H-imidazo-(b)pyridine has been studied in detail. The method of experimentation utilized statistically designed mathematical experiments.

The yield of 5-chloropyridine-2,3-dichloroacetamido is dependent upon the excess of the reactants and temperature, while time is not a significant factor. An important contribution to the study was obtained by extracting the product with solvents and discovering that the ring closed material 6-chloro-2-chloromethyl-3H-imidazo-(b)pyridine yields in quantity during the diacetylation reaction.

The ring closure of 5-chloro-2,3-dichloroacetamidopyridine is markedly temperature dependent. Time has little effect on the reaction yield. The analysis of …

Enthalpies And Partial Molal Enthalpies For N-Butane-Nitrogen System, Charles Fisk Paddock

Theses

Enthalpies and partial molal enthalpies are presented for the nitrogen-n-butane system at 340°F. and at pressures from 200 to 10,000 psia. The enthalpies were calculated for the pure components and for five mixtures using a graphical residual method which is described by Van Ness.⁽¹⁾ This method makes use of the Redlich-Kwong equation of state⁽²⁾ to calculate approximate values which are then adjusted by graphical correction factors. This paper illustrates both the advantages and disadvantages of this method, the graphical residual method being advantageous only when the graphical contribution to the total result is relatively small. Calculated enthalpies of …

Fugacity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, David W. H. Roth

Theses

Fugacity coefficients of components in gaseous mixtures have been calculated by a method proposed by Joffe which is based on the use of generalized thermodynamic functions, and on Kay's rule for definition of the pseudocritical points of a gaseous mixture. The method should be applicable to compounds which can be correlated by the theory of corresponding states.

The method was tested by application to 255 experimental points comprised of four gaseous systems, and included Argon-Ethylene, Hydrogen - Nitrogen, Methane - Ethane, and Methane n Butane. Thermodynamic functions from two recent generalized correlations, that of Pitzer et al., and that of …

Particle-Liquid Flow In Vertical Tubes, Frederick John Rowe

Theses

It was the purpose of this investigation to develop an experimental Procedure which would allow the prediction of the variation of fraction void with varying liquid and solid rates from a minimum number of experiments carried out in simple apparatus. This procedure should allow prediction for both smooth and rough particles, and should be valid for several different shapes. The data collected can be plotted on a single chart showing the relation between fraction void, solids throughput, and liquid throughput for all vertical particle fluid systems. Such a method was suggested by Mertes and Rhodes1 in their work developing a …

Power Requirements For Agitation In Fully Baffled Vertical Cylinders, Leo Francis Ryan

Theses

The decrease in power number with increasing Reynolds number sought in this thesis was observed. However, the majority of the data is not an indication of this phenomenon. Only with a relatively high ratio of turbine diameter to vessel diameter could a power number fall-off be obtained. The power number fall-off thus appears to be dependent upon this ratio of turbine diameter to vessel diameter. When the power number fall-off was evidenced, a deep vortex existed despite the presence of full baffling, and large quantities of air were entrained by the liquid.

Even after applying pseudo corrections for both entrained …

Esterification Of Technical Grade Lactic Acid, George John Swier

Theses

A step in the method for manufacturing a purified grade of lactic acid from the technical grade lactic acid (44%) was investigated. In this method, technical grade lactic acid was reacted with normal butyl alcohol, the water formed during esterification was azeotropically removed. The ester formed, was separated from the excess butanol by vacuum distillation. The final step, the hydrolysis of the distilled ester to a purified grade of lactic acid was not covered in this investigation.

In this study, several features are reported, which to the best of knowledge, appear in a publication for the first time. They are …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, Lionel James Sirois

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methy1-2-pentanone, hexone) have been determined for the saturated region from 32°F to the critical temperature, 569°F. Properties in the superheated region were determined for temperatures from 200°F to 2000°F and over a pressure range from 5 psia to 1000 psia. Enthalpies, entropies, and specific volumes are reported for both phases where applicable. The datum point for all calculations was zero enthalpy and entropy for a unit mass of saturated liquid at 32°F and 0.083 psia.

Pressure-volume-temperature relations were predicted using the equation of state of Martin and Hou.⁽⁶⁾ This equation of state …

Absolute Viscosity Of The N-Paraffin Liquids, Gerald Permutt

Theses

The absolute viscosity of the normal paraffins C₅H₁₂ to C₂₀H₄₂ was studied to determine a relationship more useful in predicting liquid viscosities than existing correlations such as the methods of Andrade, Souders, Thomas, and Doolittle.

It was found that a function of corresponding liquid states could be designed which related viscosity to the number of carbon atoms. This function, here called liquidity, is defined as the extent to which a substance exists as a liquid with respect to temperature. This function can be expressed mathematically as:

L_c = (t - t_m)/(t …

Behavior Change Through Training, Robert Walter Messerschmidt

Theses

This thesis represents an investigation of attitude and behavior change as a result of human relations training, The elements of heredity and environment are proffered as a basis for attitude and behavior formation. It is denoted that these elements are also instrumental in subsequent development of adult behavior.

As noted in the literature, the term "individual differences" embodies the effect of virtually unique heredity and environmental conditions to which each person is exposed. These differences are also partly determined by the growth in developmental trends, which varies from individual to individual and from time to time.

The existence of individual …

Correlation Of Maximum Air Velocity With Angle Of Installation For Wire Mesh Mist Eliminators, John Lawrence Reid

Theses

Wire mesh entrainment separators were installed in a vertical cylindrical column at varying angles from the horizontal. With a fixed liquid loading, air flow rates were varied in order to determine the maximum capacity of the mist eliminator for any given angle of installation. Mist eliminators studied were 4" thick and constructed of 0. 011" diameter Type 304 stainless steel wire with a density of 12 lbs. per cubic foot and 5 lbs. per cubic foot.

For normal installations of mist eliminators in the horizontal plane, the following equation is used to determine maximum allowable design capacity:

V = K …

Single Particle Crushing Of Glass, John Boyd Painter

Theses

An investigation was made to determine the relationship between new surface formed and energy input in the slow compression crushing of single glass particles at levels of high energy input.

Particle geometry, as represented by various sized hollow and solid cylinders, showed no effect on the energy-area relationship obtained.

Using an average particle size relationship as a measure of surface area, a definite relationship was found to exist between the new surface formed and the energy input for the slow compression crushing of glass.

Surface area measurements were attempted by employing gas adsorption techniques using a continuous flow method. This …

Diffusion Coefficient From Hydrogen Ion Exchange Studies, Michael Maxwell Kahn, Norman A. Martin

Theses

The study of monovalent and bivalent ion diffusion coefficients was undertaken to determine the practicability of using the Reichen berg equation to calculate a film thickness from a single diffusion coefficient and through the use of this film thickness to predict the diffusion coefficient of any monovalent or bivalent ion.

Experimentation employed the use of a mixing vessel with a two bladed propellor into which a solution of known ion concentration was kept at a constant temperature and mixing speed. Dowex 50 x -8 hydrogen ion type resin was added to the solution and by means of a pH meter …