Engineering Commons^™

Simulation Of Residual Stress Generation In Additive Manufacturing Of Complex Lattice Geometries, Katie Sue Bruggeman

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Residual stresses developed during additive manufacturing (AM) can influence the mechanical performance of structural components in their intended applications. In this study, thermomechanical residual stress simulations of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process are conducted for both simplified (plate and cube-shaped) geometries as well as five complex lattice geometries fabricated with Inconel 718. These simulations are conducted with the commercial software package Simufact Additive©, which uses a non-linear finite element analysis and layer-by-layer averaging approach in determining residual stresses. To verify the efficacy of the Simufact Additive© simulations, numerical results for the plate and cube-shape geometries are analyzed for …

Hypersonic Conceptual Design Tool Comparison, James G. Wnek

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The many iterations needed to explore a design space in the conceptual design process preclude the use of time-consuming RANS CFD for all but a few flight conditions. This research focuses on identifying the level of fidelity needed to adequately predict the aerothermodynamic characteristics of hypersonic vehicles. Three tools with differing levels of fidelity – CBAERO, Cart3D, and Kestrel – were used to analyze the Generic Hypersonic Vehicle (GHV) at the design condition of Mach 5.85 and an off-design condition of Mach 4.5. The results are representative of the different design tools but are not definitive due to the mesh …

Vibration Bending Fatigue Analysis Of Additively Repaired Ti-6al-4v Airfoil Blades, Lucas Jordan Smith

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Repairing airfoil blades is necessary to extend the life of turbine engines. Directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing (AM) provides the ability to add material at a specific location on an existing component. In this work, AM repairs on Ti-6Al-4V airfoil blades were analyzed to determine what effect the repair will have on the blade performance in high cycle vibration fatigue testing. Targeted sections were cut out of airfoil blades near high stress locations and repaired using DED. To understand the defects that arose with this type of repair, computed tomography imaging was used to quantify the defects from the …

Novel Natural Language Processing Models For Medical Terms And Symptoms Detection In Twitter, Farahnaz Golrooy Motlagh

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This dissertation focuses on disambiguation of language use on Twitter about drug use, consumption types of drugs, drug legalization, ontology-enhanced approaches, and prediction analysis of data-driven by developing novel NLP models. Three technical aims comprise this work: (a) leveraging pattern recognition techniques to improve the quality and quantity of crawled Twitter posts related to drug abuse; (b) using an expert-curated, domain-specific DsOn ontology model that improve knowledge extraction in the form of drug-to-symptom and drug-to-side effect relations; and (c) modeling the prediction of public perception of the drug’s legalization and the sentiment analysis of drug consumption on Twitter. We collected …

Further Exploration Of Optical/Thermal Interaction Effects On High-Power Laser System Performance And Optimization Through Multiphysics System-Level Modeling, Nathaniel J. Butt

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High-power laser systems (HPLS) have wide-ranging applications in many prominent areas. HPLS use laser diodes to pump fiber gain media. Understanding the functionality of both components is critical for achieving effective HPLS operation. System optical efficiency is a function of diode junction temperature. As junction temperature changes, the wavelength spectrum of the diode output shifts causing optical power losses in the fiber gain media. Optical/thermal interactions of the dynamically coupled laser diodes and fiber gain media are not fully understood. A system level modeling approach considering the interactions between optical performance and component temperature is necessary. Four distinct models were …

A Solder-Defined Computer Architecture For Backdoor And Malware Resistance, Marc W. Abel

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This research is about securing control of those devices we most depend on for integrity and confidentiality. An emerging concern is that complex integrated circuits may be subject to exploitable defects or backdoors, and measures for inspection and audit of these chips are neither supported nor scalable. One approach for providing a “supply chain firewall” may be to forgo such components, and instead to build central processing units (CPUs) and other complex logic from simple, generic parts. This work investigates the capability and speed ceiling when open-source hardware methodologies are fused with maker-scale assembly tools and visible-scale final inspection.

The …

Few-Shot Malware Detection Using A Novel Adversarial Reprogramming Model, Ekula Praveen Kumar

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The increasing sophistication of malware has made detecting and defending against new strains a major challenge for cybersecurity. One promising approach to this problem is using machine learning techniques that extract representative features and train classification models to detect malware in an early stage. However, training such machine learning-based malware detection models represents a significant challenge that requires a large number of high-quality labeled data samples while it is very costly to obtain them in real-world scenarios. In other words, training machine learning models for malware detection requires the capability to learn from only a few labeled examples. To address …

Evaluating Similarity Of Cross-Architecture Basic Blocks, Elijah L. Meyer

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Vulnerabilities in source code can be compiled for multiple processor architectures and make their way into several different devices. Security researchers frequently have no way to obtain this source code to analyze for vulnerabilities. Therefore, the ability to effectively analyze binary code is essential. Similarity detection is one facet of binary code analysis. Because source code can be compiled for different architectures, the need can arise for detecting code similarity across architectures. This need is especially apparent when analyzing firmware from embedded computing environments such as Internet of Things devices, where the processor architecture is dependent on the product and …

Locality Analysis Of Patched Php Vulnerabilities, Luke N. Holt

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The size and complexity of modern software programs is constantly growing making it increasingly difficult to diligently find and diagnose security exploits. The ability to quickly and effectively release patches to prevent existing vulnerabilities significantly limits the exploitation of users and/or the company itself. Due to this it has become crucial to provide the capability of not only releasing a patched version, but also to do so quickly to mitigate the potential damage. In this thesis, we propose metrics for evaluating the locality between exploitable code and its corresponding sanitation API such that we can statistically determine the proximity of …

Unit Circle Roots Based Sensor Array Signal Processing, Jared P. Smith

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As technology continues to rapidly evolve, the presence of sensor arrays and the algorithms processing the data they generate take an ever-increasing role in modern human life. From remote sensing to wireless communications, the importance of sensor signal processing cannot be understated. Capon's pioneering work on minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamforming forms the basis of many modern sensor array signal processing (SASP) algorithms. In 2004, Steinhardt and Guerci proved that the roots of the polynomial corresponding to the optimal MVDR beamformer must lie on the unit circle, but this result was limited to only the MVDR. This dissertation contains …

Amygdala Modeling With Context And Motivation Using Spiking Neural Networks For Robotics Applications, Matthew Aaron Zeglen

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Cognitive capabilities for robotic applications are furthered by developing an artificial amygdala that mimics biology. The amygdala portion of the brain is commonly understood to control mood and behavior based upon sensory inputs, motivation, and context. This research builds upon prior work in creating artificial intelligence for robotics which focused on mood-generated actions. However, recent amygdala research suggests a void in greater functionality. This work developed a computational model of an amygdala, integrated this model into a robot model, and developed a comprehensive integration of the robot for simulation, and live embodiment. The developed amygdala, instantiated in the Nengo Brain …

Erk3 And Dgkζ Interact To Modulate Cell Motility In Lung Cancer Cells, Amanda Myers

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Extracellular-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including lung cancer. This atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has a unique structure which includes a C34 domain and C-terminus and about which relatively little is known. ERK3 has been demonstrated to promote cell migration and metastasis in multiple cancer types. A yeast two-hybrid assay using ERK3 as bait indicated Diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ) is a binding partner. DGKζ is an isoform in the DGK family, all the members of which phosphorylate the lipid diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). DGKζ was shown to promote migration in mouse …

Quadrature Phase-Domain Adpll With Integrated On-Line Amplitude Locked Loop Calibration For 5g Multi-Band Applications, Xiaomeng Zhang

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5th generation wireless systems (5G) have expanded frequency band coverage with the low-band 5G and mid-band 5G frequencies spanning 600 MHz to 4 GHz spectrum. This dissertation focuses on a microelectronic implementation of CMOS 65 nm design of an All-Digital Phase Lock Loop (ADPLL), which is a critical component for advanced 5G wireless transceivers. The ADPLL is designed to operate in the frequency bands of 600MHz-930MHz, 2.4GHz-2.8GHz and 3.4GHz-4.2GHz. Unique ADPLL sub-components include: 1) Digital Phase Frequency Detector, 2) Digital Loop Filter, 3) Channel Bank Select Circuit, and 4) Digital Control Oscillator. Integrated with the ADPLL is a 90-degree active …

Building An Understanding Of Human Activities In First Person Video Using Fuzzy Inference, Bradley A. Schneider

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Activities of Daily Living (ADL’s) are the activities that people perform every day in their home as part of their typical routine. The in-home, automated monitoring of ADL’s has broad utility for intelligent systems that enable independent living for the elderly and mentally or physically disabled individuals. With rising interest in electronic health (e-Health) and mobile health (m-Health) technology, opportunities abound for the integration of activity monitoring systems into these newer forms of healthcare. In this dissertation we propose a novel system for describing ’s based on video collected from a wearable camera. Most in-home activities are naturally defined by …

Reconfigurable Array Control Via Convolutional Neural Networks, Garrett A. Harris

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A method for the beam forming control of an array of reconfigurable antennas is presented. The method consists of using two parallel convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to analyze a desired radiation pattern image, or mask, and provide a suggestion for the reconfigurable element state, array shape, and steering weights necessary to obtain the radiation pattern. This research compares beam forming systems designed for three distinct element types: a patch antenna, a reconfigurable square spiral antenna restricted to a single reconfigurable state, and the fully reconfigurable square spiral. The parametric sweeps for the design of the CNNs are presented along with …

Secure Authenticated Key Exchange For Enhancing The Security Of Routing Protocol For Low-Power And Lossy Networks, Sarah Mohammed Alzahrani

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The current Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) standard provides three security modes Unsecured Mode (UM), Preinstalled Secure Mode (PSM), and Authenticated Secure Mode (ASM). The PSM and ASM are designed to prevent external routing attacks and specific replay attacks through an optional replay protection mechanism. RPL's PSM mode does not support key replacement when a malicious party obtains the key via differential cryptanalysis since it considers the key to be provided to nodes during the configuration of the network. This thesis presents an approach to implementing a secure authenticated key exchange mechanism for RPL, which ensures …

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study Of A Polymer Droplet Transport Over An Array Of Spherical Nanoparticles, Anish Thomas

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This study uses molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the dynamic behavior of a partially wetting polymer droplet driven over a nanostructured interface. We consider the bead-spring model to represent a polymeric liquid that partially wets a rough surface composed of a periodic array of spherical particles. Results show that at sufficiently small values of external force, the droplet remains pinned at the particle's surface, whereas above the threshold its motion consists of alternating periods of pinning and rapid displacements between neighboring particles. The latter process involves large periodic variation of the advancing and receding contact angles due to the attachment …

Printing, Characterization, And Mechanical Testing Of Additively Manufactured Refractory Metal Alloys, Brianna M. Sexton

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Refractory metal alloys in the tungsten molybdenum rhenium ternary system were additively manufactured using laser power bed fusion. Four ternary alloys with varying concentrations of tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium were manufactured and manufactured again with an addition of 1 wt% hafnium carbide. Samples were heat treated to heal cracks, reduce porosity, and reduce inhomogeneity. Material microstructure was characterized before and after heat treatment using microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction mapping. Mechanical testing was conducted on both three-point bend specimens and compression specimens, resulting in maximum bending strengths of 677.86 MPa, and maximum compression 0.2% yield strengths …

Realistic Virtual Human Character Design Strategy And Experience For Supporting Serious Role-Playing Simulations On Mobile Devices, Sindhu Kumari

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Promoting awareness of social determinants of health (SDoH) among healthcare providers is important to improve the patient care experience and outcome as it helps providers understand their patients in a better way which can facilitate more efficient and effective communication about health conditions. Healthcare professionals are typically educated about SDoH through lectures, questionaries, or role-play-based approaches; but in today’s world, it is becoming increasingly possible to leverage modern technology to create more impactful and accessible tools for SDoH education. Wright LIFE (Lifelike Immersion for Equity) is a simulation-based training tool especially created for this purpose. It is a mobile app …

Design, Analysis, And Optimization Of Traffic Engineering For Software Defined Networks, Mohammed Ibrahim Salman

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Network traffic has been growing exponentially due to the rapid development of applications and communications technologies. Conventional routing protocols, such as Open-Shortest Path First (OSPF), do not provide optimal routing and result in weak network resources. Optimal traffic engineering (TE) is not applicable in practice due to operational constraints such as limited memory on the forwarding devices and routes oscillation. Recently, a new way of centralized management of networks enabled by Software-Defined Networking (SDN) made it easy to apply most traffic engineering ideas in practice. \par Toward creating an applicable traffic engineering system, we created a TE simulator for experimenting …

A Digital Twin For Synchronized Multi-Laser Powder Bed Fusion (M-Lpbf) Additive Manufacturing, Shayna Petitjean

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One of the technological challenges in the widespread application of additive manufacturing is the formation of undesired material microstructure and defects. Specifically, in metal additive manufacturing, the microstructural formation of columnar grains in Ti-6Al-4V is common and results in anisotropic mechanical properties and a reduction in properties such as ductility and endurance limit. This work presents the application of hexagonal and circular arrays of synchronized lasers to alter the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V in favor of equiaxed grains. An anisotropic heat transfer model obtains the temporal/spatial temperature distribution and constructs the solidification map for various process parameters, including laser power, laser …

Automatically Generating Searchable Fingerprints For Wordpress Plugins Using Static Program Analysis, Chuang Li

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This thesis introduces a novel method to automatically generate fingerprints for WordPress plugins. Our method performs static program analysis using Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs) of WordPress plugins. The generated fingerprints can be used for identifying these plugins using search engines, which have support critical applications such as proactively identifying web servers with vulnerable WordPress plugins. We have used our method to generate fingerprints for over 10,000 WordPress plugins and analyze the resulted fingerprints. Our fingerprints have also revealed 453 websites that are potentially vulnerable. We have also compared fingerprints for vulnerable plugins and those for vulnerability-free plugins.

Cmos Wide Tuning Gilbert Mixer With Controllable If Bandwidth In Upcoming Rf Front End For Multi-Band Multi-Standard Applications, Jianfeng Ren

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The current global system for mobile communications, wireless local area, Bluetooth, and ultra-wideband demands a multi-band/multi-standard RF front end that can access all the available bandwidth specifications. Trade-offs occur between power consumption, noise figure, and linearity in CMOS Gilbert mixer wide tuning designs. Besides, it is preferable to have a constant IF bandwidth for different gain settings as the bandwidth varies with the load impedance when an RF receiver is tuned to a higher frequency. My dissertation consists of three parts. First, a tunable constant IF bandwidth Gilbert mixer is introduced for multi-band standard wireless applications such as 802.11 a/b/g …

Semantics-Driven Abstractive Document Summarization, Amanuel Alambo

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The evolution of the Web over the last three decades has led to a deluge of scientific and news articles on the Internet. Harnessing these publications in different fields of study is critical to effective end user information consumption. Similarly, in the domain of healthcare, one of the key challenges with the adoption of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) for clinical practice has been the tremendous amount of clinical notes generated that can be summarized without which clinical decision making and communication will be inefficient and costly. In spite of the rapid advances in information retrieval and deep learning techniques towards …

Development Of Enhanced User Interaction And User Experience For Supporting Serious Role-Playing Games In A Healthcare Setting, Mark Lee Alow

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Education about implicit bias in clinical settings is essential for improving the quality of healthcare for underrepresented groups. Such a learning experience can be delivered in the form of a serious game simulation. WrightLIFE (Lifelike Immersion for Equity) is a project that combines two serious game simulations, with each addressing the group that faces implicit bias. These groups are individuals that identify as LGBTQIA+ and people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The project presents healthcare providers with a training tool that puts them in the roles of the patient and a medical specialist and immerses them in social and clinical …

Behavior Of 3d Printed Polymeric Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (Tpms) Cellular Structures Under Low Velocity Impact Loads, Jesse James Leiffer

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Surface-based lattice structures such as triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattices are lightweight structures that are widely being investigated for applications in automotive, aerospace, military, railway, and naval structures. Due to the recent advent of three-dimensional (3D) printing (3DP) technologies, architected cellular materials such as surface- or strut-based periodic lattice cell structures have emerged as a unique class of lightweight metamaterials. These materials possess enhanced strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, exceptional capabilities in reducing noise and vibration, insulating heat, and effective impact energy absorption. Understanding the impact behavior of such materials are important so that they can be reliably …

A Design Thinking Framework For Human-Centric Explainable Artificial Intelligence In Time-Critical Systems, Paul Benjamin Stone

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has seen a surge in popularity as increased computing power has made it more viable and useful. The increasing complexity of AI, however, leads to can lead to difficulty in understanding or interpreting the results of AI procedures, which can then lead to incorrect predictions, classifications, or analysis of outcomes. The result of these problems can be over-reliance on AI, under-reliance on AI, or simply confusion as to what the results mean. Additionally, the complexity of AI models can obscure the algorithmic, data and design biases to which all models are subject, which may exacerbate negative outcomes, …

Effect Of Build Geometry And Build Parameters On Microstructure, Fatigue Life, And Tensile Properties Of Additively Manufactured Alloy 718, Anna Dunn

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Additive Manufacturing (AM), particularly laser powder bed fusion, is being studied for use in critical component applications. Tensile and fatigue testing shows differences when built using different laser powers. However, when fabricated in an as-printed geometry, the gauge sections of the two specimens are different and experience different thermal behavior. This work explores microhardness, microstructure size, Niobium segregation, and porosity from samples made with varying laser power and different build geometry sizes representative of the gauge sections in the tensile and fatigue bars. Results show that microhardness varies spatially across the sample. Smaller diameter metallographic coupons (fatigue diameter) have a …

Fault-Tolerant Control Of Autonomous Ground Vehicle Under Actuator And Sensor, Vaishnavi Janakiraman

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Unmanned ground vehicles have a wide range of potential applications including autonomous driving, military surveillance, emergency responses, and agricultural robotics, etc. Since such autonomous vehicles need to operate reliably at all times, despite the possible occurrence of faulty behaviors in some system components, the development of fault-tolerant control schemes is a crucial step in ensuring reliable and safe operations. In this research, a fault-tolerant control scheme is developed for a nonlinear ground vehicle model with possible occurrence of both actuator faults in the form of loss of effectiveness (LOE) and sensor bias faults. Based on the vehicle and fault models …

Deep Understanding Of Technical Documents : Automated Generation Of Pseudocode From Digital Diagrams & Analysis/Synthesis Of Mathematical Formulas, Nikolaos Gkorgkolis

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The technical document is an entity that consists of several essential and interconnected parts, often referred to as modalities. Despite the extensive attention that certain parts have already received, per say the textual information, there are several aspects that severely under researched. Two such modalities are the utility of diagram images and the deep automated understanding of mathematical formulas. Inspired by existing holistic approaches to the deep understanding of technical documents, we develop a novel formal scheme for the modelling of digital diagram images. This extends to a generative framework that allows for the creation of artificial images and their …