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Articles 1351 - 1380 of 3180

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Harmful Algal Blooms And Biological Toxins Productions; From Integrated Monitoring Approach To On-Site Solar Photocatalytic Decomposition, Hesam Zaman Khan Malayeri Dec 2016

Harmful Algal Blooms And Biological Toxins Productions; From Integrated Monitoring Approach To On-Site Solar Photocatalytic Decomposition, Hesam Zaman Khan Malayeri

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) worldwide has caused concern to environmental and health authorities because of their potential to generate and release biological toxins. In particular, microcystins (MCs) produced from cyanobacteria are of great concern. MCs are among the most powerful natural poisons. The presence of MCs in drinking water sources has raised major concern. The overall goal of this research is to predict formation of biological toxins in water bodies and to develop a new sustainable approach to decompose them, if feasible, on-site and in real-time with minimal efforts, less chemicals, and low energy inputs. In order to …


Moisture Distribution Efficiency And Performance Evaluations Of Bioreactor Landfill Operations, Md Zahangir Alam Dec 2016

Moisture Distribution Efficiency And Performance Evaluations Of Bioreactor Landfill Operations, Md Zahangir Alam

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Bioreactor landfills are operated in a modern engineered way to accelerate waste decomposition, gas production, and waste stabilization. The major aspect of a bioreactor landfill operation is associated with the addition of supplemental liquid or leachate recirculation, and the effective operation primarily depends on efficient moisture distribution throughout the waste mass, which enhances performance. The performance of an effective landfill operation can be assessed by several indicators, i.e., leachate generation, gas production, and landfill settlement. Bioreactor landfill operations have several significant economic and environmental advantages, but the impact of efficient moisture distribution and the assessment of performance through combined indicators …


Investigation Of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Crack Width Measurement By Finite Element Method, Sina Abhaee Dec 2016

Investigation Of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Crack Width Measurement By Finite Element Method, Sina Abhaee

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

This study presents numerical and experimental investigations of flexural cracking, post-cracking strength, and fracture energy of the dry-cast synthetic fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). Notched and un-notched beams for two fiber volume fractions were tested under flexural loading based on the recommendations of RILEM TC 162-TDF and ASTM C1609. The crack profile in terms of crack propagation and crack width, was assessed, using the two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D DIC) technique. Images of the specimen’s surface were captured during the test, and, surface deformation field was obtained by means of 2D DIC analysis. The nonlinear, 3D finite element method (FEM) modeling …


A Robotic Device To Assist With In-Vivo Measurement Of Human Pelvic Organ Tissue Properties, Shashank S. Kumat Dec 2016

A Robotic Device To Assist With In-Vivo Measurement Of Human Pelvic Organ Tissue Properties, Shashank S. Kumat

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Measurement of the biomechanical properties of human pelvic organ tissue without undergoing minimally invasive surgery is desired for diagnostics purposes and take precautionary actions if needed. The biomechanical properties of the bladder change with age and due to diseases. Thus, identification of the viscoelastic properties of the tissue could help in detecting early stages of the disease in the bladder. A literature survey revealed that no device exists that could be used to characterize the biomechanical properties of the human bladder in-vivo. This research contributes towards the development of a diagnostic system that could be used in a medical setting …


The Influence Of Functional Weights On The Performance Of Least Squares Finite Element Formulation On Hybrid Meshes, Anirudh Rajagopal Dec 2016

The Influence Of Functional Weights On The Performance Of Least Squares Finite Element Formulation On Hybrid Meshes, Anirudh Rajagopal

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

The Least-Squares Finite Element Method (LSFEM) is a numerical method for solving partial differential equations (PDE) approximately by minimizing the L-2 norm of the PDE residuals. Unlike the more common Galerkin approach, this method does not employ integration by parts to reduce the continuity requirements of the basis functions. Instead, the PDE is cast as a first-order system of differential equations, which allows for the solution of primary and secondary variables with the same order of accuracy. In addition, this approach always leads to a direct minimization problem and therefore not subject to the restrictive inf-sup condition and does not …


Application Of Artificial Neural Network For Evaporative Cooling In Data Centres, Feyisola Adejokun Dec 2016

Application Of Artificial Neural Network For Evaporative Cooling In Data Centres, Feyisola Adejokun

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

A data center is a facility that may be used to house telecommunication or storage devices. Because of the 24/7 required operation of a data center, large segments of a data center are geared towards evacuating heat generated from operating one. Data centers entail multiple operating configurations, great amount of constraints and nonlinear correlations. The need to effectively optimize a data center operation presents a daunting challenge. The data center considered in this research is a test bed modular data center (MDC). Comprising of an Information Technology (IT), DEC and IEC module. Typical MDC are dynamic and complex in nature …


Shape Optimization Of Helical Coil Tube For Maximizing Heat Transfer, Venkat Manoj Kandukuri Dec 2016

Shape Optimization Of Helical Coil Tube For Maximizing Heat Transfer, Venkat Manoj Kandukuri

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Many researchers have observed the enhancement of heat transfer in coiled tubes compared to straight tubes with the same diameter and length. It is known fact, that in a helical coil tube the maximum axial velocity shifted towards the outer wall of the pipe and imbalance between centrifugal forces and inertial loads to a secondary motion of the fluid in the cross-section of the tube. This secondary motion is responsible for improved transport of heat energy to/from the tube walls. Previous conducted Experimental and computational parametric studies show the relationship between the increased heat transfer and parameters such as pitch, …


Self-Transport Of Liquid Drops Through A Functional Mesh For Removing Sweat Away From Skin, Manasvikumar Oza Dec 2016

Self-Transport Of Liquid Drops Through A Functional Mesh For Removing Sweat Away From Skin, Manasvikumar Oza

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

In this work, a functional mesh is developed to transport liquid drops from one side of the mesh to the other. A theoretical model is established, which has been used to obtain three design criteria. Based on these design criteria, functional meshes have been generated and tested with commercially available sponge attached to the mesh. Finally, such a mesh is demonstrated to be effective to remove sweat from human skin. As an application of this research, the concept of this functional mesh solves existing problems with a sport wear. The current sport wear is capable of absorbing sweat, but not …


Thermal Stress Analysis Of Unidirectional Composite Material By Fem Modeling, Gopal D. Gulwani Dec 2016

Thermal Stress Analysis Of Unidirectional Composite Material By Fem Modeling, Gopal D. Gulwani

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Micromechanics of composite is study of complex mechanism of stress and strain transfer between fiber and matrix within a composite as well as distributions of physical fields inside heterogeneous medium. It was used successfully in predicting accurately physical properties like effective stiffness, effective linear thermal expansion of heterogeneous materials like composite. However, when it comes to strength characteristics of composite especially in transversal direction it failed to predict more accurate results. This thesis is focused on thermally induced stress analysis of unidirectional composite by finite element method. Thermal stresses which are dangerously ignored factor in mechanics of composite usually occur …


Formation Flight For Fuel Saving In Coronet Missions Of Kc-135r And F-15c/E, Christopher Allen Kniffin Dec 2016

Formation Flight For Fuel Saving In Coronet Missions Of Kc-135r And F-15c/E, Christopher Allen Kniffin

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

The fuel saving benefit of formation flight has been demonstrated through theoretical and computational analyses, simulation, wind tunnel and flight tests. When an aircraft flies in a specific region in the wake of another aircraft, it experiences upwash, which results in reduced drag and thus reduced thrust requirement. One specific USAF mission that can potentially benefit from formation flight is coronet missions. In a coronet mission, fighter aircraft are escorted and refueled, as needed, by tanker aircraft over a long range. During the flight, the receiver aircraft fly in formation with the tanker but outside of the wake of the …


Hydrocarbon Pool Fire Performance Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Strengthened And Thermally Insulated Bridge Girders, Eyosias Solomon Beneberu Dec 2016

Hydrocarbon Pool Fire Performance Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Strengthened And Thermally Insulated Bridge Girders, Eyosias Solomon Beneberu

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Highway bridges encounter various extreme load hazards, such as earthquake, flood, blast, collision, wind and fire during their design lives. The effect of accidental, natural or man-made fire on bridges is one of the least investigated which may be due to the assumption that bridge fire has a low probability of occurrence. However, a bridge failure survey showed that fire had caused more bridge collapse in the USA than earthquakes. The main objective of the current research is to study concrete bridges in general, and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthened bridge girders in particular against fire hazard. The research is …


Life Cycle Assessment Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Traditional Air Pollutants, Water Depletion, And Cumulative Energy Demand From 2-Mw Wind Turbines In Texas, Ali Alsaleh Dec 2016

Life Cycle Assessment Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Traditional Air Pollutants, Water Depletion, And Cumulative Energy Demand From 2-Mw Wind Turbines In Texas, Ali Alsaleh

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

¶One renewable energy source that has witnessed a significant growth in the recent years is wind energy, with the installation of new wind farms around the globe as well as the innovations in wind power technology, which have increased the efficiency of this source. Wind power generates electrical energy from the wind’s kinetic energy without causing emissions or pollution from power production; however, environmental effects are caused by the wind turbine manufacturing, transport, and other phases. Therefore, the overall goal of this study was to analyze the environmental effects associated with wind energy technology by taking into consideration the entire …


Automated Voxel Classification Used With Atlas-Guided Diffuse Optical Tomography For Assessment Of Functional Brain Networks In Young And Older Adults, Lin Li, Mary Cazzell, Olajide Babawale, Hanli Liu Oct 2016

Automated Voxel Classification Used With Atlas-Guided Diffuse Optical Tomography For Assessment Of Functional Brain Networks In Young And Older Adults, Lin Li, Mary Cazzell, Olajide Babawale, Hanli Liu

Bioengineering Faculty Publications - Archive

No abstract provided.


Heat Transfer In Unsaturated Soil With Application To Borehole Thermal Energy Storage, Ali Moradi, Kathleen M. Smits, Ning Lu, John S. Mccartney Sep 2016

Heat Transfer In Unsaturated Soil With Application To Borehole Thermal Energy Storage, Ali Moradi, Kathleen M. Smits, Ning Lu, John S. Mccartney

Civil Engineering Faculty Publications - Archive

In this study, we numerically and experimentally evaluated heat transfer in soils under unsaturated conditions in the context of simulating a laboratory-scale, three-dimensional soil-borehole thermal energy storage (SBTES) system. Most previous studies assumed that soil thermal and hydraulic properties are constant and that heat transfer in soil occurs only in the form of conduction, neglecting convective and latent heat transfer. In addition, there is a lack of data from controlled experiments to validate multiphase numerical models that can be used to better study SBTES systems installed in the vadose zone. The goal of this study was to evaluate the significance …


Interplay Between Up-Regulation Of Cytochrome-C-Oxidase And Hemoglobin Oxygenation Induced By Near-Infrared Laser, Xinlong Wang, Fenghua Tian, Sagar S. Soni, F. Gonzalez-Lima, Hanli Liu Aug 2016

Interplay Between Up-Regulation Of Cytochrome-C-Oxidase And Hemoglobin Oxygenation Induced By Near-Infrared Laser, Xinlong Wang, Fenghua Tian, Sagar S. Soni, F. Gonzalez-Lima, Hanli Liu

Bioengineering Faculty Publications - Archive

Photobiomodulation, also known as low-level laser/light therapy (LLLT), refers to the use of red-tonear-infrared light to stimulate cellular functions for physiological or clinical benefits. The mechanism of LLLT is assumed to rely on photon absorption by cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), the terminal enzyme in the mitochondrial respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen for energy metabolism. In this study, we used broadband near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure the LLLT-induced changes in CCO and hemoglobin concentrations in human forearms in vivo. Eleven healthy participants were administered with 1064-nm laser and placebo treatments on their right forearms. The spectroscopic data were …


Study Of An All-Vanadium Photoelectrochemical Cell For High-Efficiency Solar Energy Storage, Zi Wei Aug 2016

Study Of An All-Vanadium Photoelectrochemical Cell For High-Efficiency Solar Energy Storage, Zi Wei

Material Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

In an attempt to explore a clean and renewable alternative to existing energy sources such as fossil fuel, we studied the feasibility of using vanadium redox species to store the inexhaustible solar energy via photoelectrochemical (PEC) reactions with photogenerated charge carriers from semiconductor photocatalysts such as TiO2. Based on our fundamental study of the compatibility of vanadium redox and TiO2, modification of TiO2 such as carbon coating and geometry enhancement, and development of a continuous-flow solar energy storage cell, we demonstrated high-efficiency solar energy storage cell.The research focuses on the following four directions. Firstly, a highly-efficient all-vanadium (all-V) PEC storage …


Enhanced Customer Demand Load Profiles Estimation Algorithms For Field Application, Xin Wang Aug 2016

Enhanced Customer Demand Load Profiles Estimation Algorithms For Field Application, Xin Wang

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Due to the deregulation of the power system, the electric power industry is undergoing a transformation in terms of its planning and operation strategies. Because of the importance in reducing financial and operational risk, improving load forecasting accuracy is paramount. In some load forecasting applications, K-means clustering is used to group customers prior to forecasting. This method has been shown to improve the accuracy of load predictions. However, there are situations where K-means clustering reduces load forecasting accuracy. This dissertation studies the factors that affect the performance of K-means clustering. The data used for validating the proposed strategies associated with …


Ultra-Thin Aluminum Nitride Thin Films For Flexible Mems Sensors, Md Sajeeb Rayhan Aug 2016

Ultra-Thin Aluminum Nitride Thin Films For Flexible Mems Sensors, Md Sajeeb Rayhan

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors using ultrathin aluminum nitride (AlN) film were developed and fabricated using conventional photolithography techniques in the class 100 clean room with a view to integrate them in flexible substrates along with flexible electronics. The MEMS sensors were designed, analytically modeled, fabricated and characterized. Some of the MEMS sensors were only designed and simulated using finite element method (FEM) for the scope of the dissertation. These MEMS sensors can be applied to many applications such as automobile, robotics, biomedical, biometrics, health condition monitoring, GPS tracking devices, smartphones and aircrafts. MEMS pressure sensors using AlN based piezoelectric film …


The Impact Of External And Self-Induced Magnetic Fields On The Development Of Corrosion On Ferous And Non-Ferrous Materials, Clint G. Gnegy-Davidson Aug 2016

The Impact Of External And Self-Induced Magnetic Fields On The Development Of Corrosion On Ferous And Non-Ferrous Materials, Clint G. Gnegy-Davidson

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

As the US Navy continues to field ships with an increasing number of electrical generators and loads, it is unclear how the high magnetic fields being generated throughout the ship will affect the corrosion rate of the ships structural and high current conducting alloys. Given the high- pulsed current carried by pulsed power systems, it is of increased interest to understand what impact their deployment will have on metallic corrosion. In this work, a number of experiments have been designed and performed to study these phenomena. In the first set of experiments several alloys have been subjected to a continuous, …


Multi-Modal Sensory Input And Novel Interfaces For Robotic Prosthetic Devices, Joseph Sanford Aug 2016

Multi-Modal Sensory Input And Novel Interfaces For Robotic Prosthetic Devices, Joseph Sanford

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Automated systems have progressed to begin allowing for Human-robot interaction and collaboration in the workplace and rehabilitation settings. Seamless collaboration between robotic systems and users requires intuitive modes of interaction and systems with advanced sensing capabilities. The research presented below focuses on identifying human intent through safe, intuitive and optimized input method and sensing. In this dissertation novel sensor input modalities for Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) are discussed, fundamental research regarding physical Human-Robot Interaction (pHRI) is presented, and solutions towards optimal placement of sensors to facilitate intuitive interfaces are shown. EMG and Pressure: EMG and intrasocket pressure sensors are used in …


Multi-Channel All-Optical Signal Processing, Lu Li Aug 2016

Multi-Channel All-Optical Signal Processing, Lu Li

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

We experimentally demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, a stand-alone all-optical regenerator capable of simultaneous 2R regeneration of multiple WDM channels. Recently, our group has proposed an all-optical 2R regeneration scheme for multiple WDM channels. This novel multi-channel regenerator is a modified configuration of Mamyshev 2R regenerator, in which a conventional highly-nonlinear-fiber (HNLF) is replaced by a novel group-delay-managed (GDM) nonlinear medium. The proposed multi-channel regeneration scheme uses multiple concatenated GDM unit cells, where each unit cell contains a piece of HNLF and a periodic-group-delay device (PGDD). Afterwards, the proof-of-principle experiment has also been demonstrated by using a …


On The Enhancement Of Thermo-Mechanical And Impact Reliability Of Passive And Active Microelectronic Devices, A R Nazmus Sakib Aug 2016

On The Enhancement Of Thermo-Mechanical And Impact Reliability Of Passive And Active Microelectronic Devices, A R Nazmus Sakib

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Microelectronic devices are an essential part of human life. The idea of Internet of Things (IoT) where all the everyday devices will be connected with each other transmitting information and operating on their own is becoming very popular. A silicon chip which has millions of transistors in it, has been the heart and brain of the everyday components ranging from personal entertainment, communication to Automotive ECU (electronic control Unit), and health care management systems to home security systems. Every aspect of modern human experience is dependent on this tiny silicon chip. Microelectronic devices can be divided into two broad categories …


Investigation Of Exothermic Reaction Dynamics Via Computational Fluid Dynamics Coupled With A Feedback Controller, Siusan Choi Aug 2016

Investigation Of Exothermic Reaction Dynamics Via Computational Fluid Dynamics Coupled With A Feedback Controller, Siusan Choi

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The control of reaction temperature under continuous flow conditions is important in a variety of chemical manufacturing industries. For many reactions, operating at off-design temperatures can result in the production of undesired products, reduced feedstock conversion and, in some cases, reduced catalyst lifetime. In many exothermic reactions, maintaining a desired set point temperature at high reactant flow rates becomes challenging if the chemical kinetics exhibit highly non-linear behavior. In these situations, the interaction between commonly used linear controllers and the physical system can lead to unexpected dynamic response and undesired swings in reaction temperature. In this research, a computational model …


General Solutions To Temperature Distribution In Orthotropic Systems Subject To Variable Heat Transfer And Biological Systems During Bioheat Transfer, Daipayan Sakar Aug 2016

General Solutions To Temperature Distribution In Orthotropic Systems Subject To Variable Heat Transfer And Biological Systems During Bioheat Transfer, Daipayan Sakar

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Bioheat transfer is the phenomenon of heat transfer in biological systems where the dominant modes of heat transfer are conduction and advection. Other factors such as rate of metabolism that are unique to biological systems contribute significantly towards bioheat transfer. In the present work, the Pennes bioheat equation has been solved for a multilayer system to derive steady state and transient temperature solutions in the multilayer skin tissue with a tumor. In nanoparticle based hyperthermia therapy, the body temperature elevates from the physiological core body temperature, 37 deg. C. Analytical solutions for three different therapeutic techniques have been developed to …


Integration Of A Portfolio-Based Approach To Evaluate Aerospace R&D Problem Formulation Into A Parametric Synthesis Tool, Amit R. Oza Aug 2016

Integration Of A Portfolio-Based Approach To Evaluate Aerospace R&D Problem Formulation Into A Parametric Synthesis Tool, Amit R. Oza

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The focus of this study is to improve R&D effectiveness towards aerospace and defense planning in the early stages of the product development lifecycle. Emphasis is on: correct formulation of a decision problem, with special attention to account for data relationships between the individual design problem and the system capability required to size the aircraft, understanding of the meaning of the acquisition strategy objective and subjective data requirements that are required to arrive at a balanced analysis and/or “correct” mix of technology projects, understanding the meaning of the outputs that can be created from the technology analysis, and methods the …


Performance Analysis, Dynamic Simulation And Control Of Mass-Actuated Airplane, Sukru Akif Erturk Aug 2016

Performance Analysis, Dynamic Simulation And Control Of Mass-Actuated Airplane, Sukru Akif Erturk

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The control of space, aerial and underwater vehicles requires moment generation mechanisms to change their orientation. In addition to or in place of conventional moment generation actuators, internally moving-mass actuation has been proposed and/or used for such vehicles. The primary principle for mass-actuation is to reposition gravitational force to change the associated moment while the secondary effect may come from the inertial force due to the motion of the masses. Recent development/miniaturization in flight control sensor, computing and actuation, and electric motors and expansion of applications for small UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) offer a potential for implementation of internal mass-actuation …


Complex Multidisciplinary System Composition For Aerospace Vehicle Conceptual Design, Alexis R. Gonzalez Aug 2016

Complex Multidisciplinary System Composition For Aerospace Vehicle Conceptual Design, Alexis R. Gonzalez

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Although, there exists a vast amount of work concerning the analysis, design, integration of aerospace vehicle systems, there is no standard for how this data and knowledge should be combined in order to create a synthesis system. Each institution creating a synthesis system has in house vehicle and hardware components they are attempting to model and proprietary methods with which to model them. This leads to the fact that synthesis systems begin as one-off creations meant to answer a specific problem. As the scope of the synthesis system grows to encompass more and more problems, so does its size and …


Experimental Investigation Of Methane Reformer With A Continuous Flow Reactor, Xiao Zhang Aug 2016

Experimental Investigation Of Methane Reformer With A Continuous Flow Reactor, Xiao Zhang

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Over the decades, seeking for an alternative energy source has been more and more significant because of increasing demand with rapid industry expansion. Liquid hydrocarbon from Fischer-Tropsch process is considered as an alternative fuel source because the product is considered as subtle for petroleum-derived. Syngas as feedstock for F-T process plays a crucial role in liquid hydrocarbon production. Among several commercial and experiment technologies, the most common technology for syngas production is natural gas reforming. The product from reforming process has proper carbon monoxide/hydrogen ratio for direct application in F-T synthesis. Meanwhile, combined carbon dioxide into reforming reaction has attracted …


Complex Multidisciplinary Systems Decomposition For Aerospace Vehicle Conceptual Design And Technology Acquisition, Amen Omoragbon Aug 2016

Complex Multidisciplinary Systems Decomposition For Aerospace Vehicle Conceptual Design And Technology Acquisition, Amen Omoragbon

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Although, the Aerospace and Defense (A&D) industry is a significant contributor to the United States’ economy, national prestige and national security, it experiences significant cost and schedule overruns. This problem is related to the differences between technology acquisition assessments and aerospace vehicle conceptual design. Acquisition assessments evaluate broad sets of alternatives with mostly qualitative techniques, while conceptual design tools evaluate narrow set of alternatives with multidisciplinary tools. In order for these two fields to communicate effectively, a common platform for both concerns is desired. This research is an original contribution to a three-part solution to this problem. It discusses the …


The Effects Of Temperature And Relative Humidity On Exposure Of Legacy And Future Technology Hardware, Under Real Data Center Conditions In An Ansi/Isa Classified G2 Environment, Oluwaseun Michael Awe Aug 2016

The Effects Of Temperature And Relative Humidity On Exposure Of Legacy And Future Technology Hardware, Under Real Data Center Conditions In An Ansi/Isa Classified G2 Environment, Oluwaseun Michael Awe

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

It is well established that it is safe to operate information technology (IT) equipment in a G1 classified contaminant severity level when operating within specified ASHRAE recommended and allowable limits in an air-side economizer data center. This is basis for which electronic equipment manufacturers provide warranty for their products. IT equipment manufacturers in the US now requires data centers operators to demonstrate that they meet all the specified conditions consistently before fulfilling warranty equipment failure. This places limitation to where data center utilizing air-side economizer can be located. In order to determine the reliability of electronic hardware in higher severity …