Engineering Commons^™

Performance-Related Specifications For Concrete Bridge Superstructures, Volume 3: Nonmetallic Reinforcement, Robert J. Frosch, Christopher P. Mosley, Ahmet Koray Tureyen

JTRP Technical Reports

In Volume 3 of the final report, research work conducted to investigate the behavior of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement is summarized. This study focused on the behavior of FRP reinforced concrete structures with an emphasis on bond and shear. For the bond investigation, three series of beam splice tests were performed on specimens reinforced with steel, glass FRP, and aramid FRP to determine the effect of the different types of reinforcement on bond, cracking, and deflections. The test results indicate that the use of FRP reinforcement leads to lower bond strengths and, therefore, require longer development lengths. The specimen …

An Initial Evaluation Of Design-Build Highway Projects Performed By The Indiana Department Of Transportation, Nicholas Tymvios, Bob G. Mccullouch, Kumares C. Sinha

JTRP Technical Reports

Design-Build has been an effective contracting method in the private and public arenas. Departments of Transportation have used this contracting method on various projects for a variety of reasons. The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has used this contract delivery method on a few projects with mixed responses from those involved in the process. INDOT therefore felt that an evaluation of the Design-Build program was appropriate to determine its future use in Indiana. This report gives a historical perspective of Design-Build and how the program has been received and perceived by INDOT; describes the project’s survey and the data collected …

Development Of A Portable Video Detection System For Counting Turning Vehicles At Intersections, Andrzej P. Tarko, Robert Scott Lyles

JTRP Technical Reports

This research was conducted to test the feasibility of using existing video-detection techniques for counting turning volumes with a portable installation. This was accomplished by integrating a forty-five foot mechanical tower mounted on a van with two video detection systems, Autoscope and VideoTrak. The research project has produced results in three categories: prototype methods of counting turning volumes, evaluation results, and general specifications of a portable video-based system for counting vehicles at intersections. The method based on spot detection uses redundancy of data (more spots than movements) to improve the results quality. The method for VideoTrak one-dimensional tracking classifies maneuvers …

Evaluation Of Selected Video Detection Systems At Signalized Intersections, Jeromy L. Grenard, Darcy M. Bullock, Andrzej P. Tarko

JTRP Technical Reports

Video detection technologies have been emerging in recent years as a viable alternative to inductive loop detectors to actuate intersection signal controllers. There is a need for quantitative evaluation procedures for documenting the performance of video detection technologies. This quantitative data is needed to qualify systems for procurement and provide benchmarks for training traffic signal technicians that deploy and maintain these systems. This research makes use of two new evaluation procedures for video detection, with several measures of performance. The first of these evaluation procedures involves the comparison of the occupancy times of inductive loop detectors and video detectors to …

Noise Control And Speech Intelligibility Improvement Of A Toll Plaza, Luc Mongeau, Robert J. Bernhard, Jeffery P. Feist

JTRP Technical Reports

Vehicular toll roads are one component of many municipal transportation systems. Open communication windows, often used in tollbooths, facilitate essential communication and monetary transactions. However, the vehicle noise generated outside the booth is easily transmitted into the booth via the open window. Personnel working at toll collection plazas are exposed to extended, continuous traffic noise. Sustained noise levels of this nature may cause hearing loss, induce fatigue or stress, and reduce worker productivity. The annoyance and discomfort related to continuous noise exposure may create an unpleasant working condition and may affect the hospitality of the tollbooth operators and their attitude …

Performance-Related Specifications For Concrete Bridge Superstructures, Volume 1: Performance Parameters And Related Procedure For Concrete Bridge Superstructures, J. A. Ramirez, Jhon Paul Smith

JTRP Technical Reports

In Volume 1 of the final report, the identification of performance levels and parameters, and the development of acceptance criteria, have been addressed. Emphasis has been placed on the development of a methodology for a Performance Related Specification, PRS, for concrete bridge superstructures. The implementation of the methodology, presented in the form of a user-friendly computer program, is project specific. It requires the mean and standard deviation (or definition of a probability distribution) of the input parameters for the performance predictive models. This is done for both the as-designed condition and the as-built condition of the structure. The contractor is …

Strengthening Of Deteriorating Decks Of Highway Bridges In Indiana Using Frpc, Elisa D. Sotelino, Ming-Hung Teng

JTRP Technical Reports

Many industries, such as the aerospace and the automotive industries have successfully used Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites (FRPC). These types of composite materials offer significant advantages over conventional civil engineering materials, such as concrete and steel. This is due to their chemical and corrosion resistance, lightweight, and high strength, which make them attractive for the rehabilitation of civil infrastructures. The objective of this research project is to study the feasibility of using of FRP as a retrofit or construction material for bridge decks. This has been accomplished by means of a synthesis study. This study included a comprehensive literature review …

Use Of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (Rap) Under Superpave Specifications: A Regional Pooled Fund Project, Rebecca Mcdaniel, Hamid Soleymani, Ayesha Shah

JTRP Technical Reports

This regional pooled fund project was conducted to investigate the performance of Superpave asphalt mixtures incorporating RAP. This study was closely coordinated with a national study on the same topic (NCHRP 9-12, Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the Superpave System). Specifically, this regional project looked at typical materials from the North Central United States to determine if the findings of NCHRP 9-12 were valid for Midwestern materials and to expand the NCHRP findings to include higher RAP contents.

Three RAP materials from Indiana, Michigan and Missouri were evaluated. Mixtures were designed and tested in the laboratory with each RAP, …

Virtual Weigh Station, John Gregory Green, Andrew P. Nichols, Ed Allen, Luke Nuber, Jose E. Thomaz, Darcy M. Bullock, Guy Boruff, Jay Wasson, Mark Newland

JTRP Technical Reports

Overweight trucks shorten highway life and indirectly increase the costs of maintaining roads. Improved methods for enforcement of commercial vehicle weight laws may increase the number of overweight vehicles caught, thereby prolonging highway life. Improved enforcement may also reduce the number of illegally operating vehicles. This report describes the concept of using existing INDOT Weigh-In-Motion equipment, a laptop computer, and wireless communication equipment, to develop a virtual weigh station screening tool. The Virtual Weigh Station screening tool developed in this project allows officers to read the weights of vehicles crossing WIM scales, in real time, in their patrol cars. Giving …

Performance-Related Specifications For Concrete Bridge Superstructures, Volume 2: High-Performance Concrete, J. Olek, Aijsing Lu, Xiuping Feng, Bryan Magee

JTRP Technical Reports

This is Volume 2 of the Final Report for the project titled “Performance-Related Specifications for Concrete-Bridge Superstructures” dealing with the topic of High-Performance Concrete (HPC). The investigation of high-performance concrete included the development of optimized concrete mixtures and identifying their performance characteristics related to durability for the purpose of using these characteristics in performance–related specifications in the state of Indiana. The research effort described in this report was divided in two phases. Phase I was focused on development of concrete mixtures optimized with respect to selected performance-related parameters. During this phase, ten optimum concrete mixes have been identified from 45 …

Fatigue Behavior Of Beam Diaphragm Connections With Intermittent Fillet Welds, Part I, Volume 2, Laboratory Fatigue Evaluation, Amy S. Barth, Mark D. Bowman

JTRP Technical Reports

This report is the second of a two-part, three volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to evaluate the behavior of Indiana highway bridges with diaphragm members welded directly to the web of the primary beams and girders. Fatigue cracks have been observed at several bridges that utilize the welded diaphragm connection. The seriousness of the cracking and the corresponding potential risk on the integrity of the bridge superstructure were assessed. Inspection and repair guidelines for bridges with the welded diaphragm connections were also developed as part of the research effort. This volume presents …

Inspector's Job Guide, Indiana Ltap

Indiana Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) Publications

These guidelines are intended to cover the very basic duties of inspection by reference to key activities which must be supplemented by reference to contract documents, specifications, special provisions, instructional manuals, and guidance by the project engineer.

Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Electrostatics Of Carbon Nanotubes, Jing Guo, Sebastien Goasguen, Mark S. Lundstrom, Supriyo Datta

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Carbon nanotube metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors are examined theoretically. For the densely packed array of nanotubes on a planar insulator, the capacitance per tube is reduced due to the screening of the charge on the gate plane by the neighboring nanotubes. In contrast to the silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors, the calculated C-VC-V curves reflect the local peaks of the one-dimensional density-of-states in the nanotube. This effect provides the possibility to use C-VC-V measurements to diagnose the electronic structures of nanotubes. Results of the electrostatic calculations can also be applied to estimate the upper-limit on-current of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors.

Circulatory Adjuncts: Newer Methods Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Charles F. Babbs

Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Current standard CPR only provides about one fifth of normal forward blood flow and only about one quarter of the blood flow that is theoretically possible with advanced external techniques. Two such techniques are now approved as optional alternatives in resuscitation guidelines. This chapter reviews modern understanding of the physiology of blood flow during CPR and practical aspects of utilizing more advanced resuscitation methods. When properly performed these methods produce statistically significant increases in survival.

Performance Projections For Ballistic Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors, Jing Guo, Mark S. Lundstrom, Supriyo Datta

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The performance limits of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) are examined theoretically by extending a one-dimensional treatment used for silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Compared to ballistic MOSFETs, ballistic CNTFETs show similar I-VI-V characteristics but the channel conductance is quantized. For low-voltage, digital applications, the CNTFET with a planar gate geometry provides an on-current that is comparable to that expected for a ballistic MOSFET. Significantly better performance, however, could be achieved with high gate capacitance structures. Because the computed performance limits greatly exceed the performance of recently reported CNTFETs, there is considerable opportunity for progress in device performance.

A Drift-Diffusion Equation For Ballistic Transport In Nanoscale Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors, Jung-Hoon Rhew, Mark S. Lundstrom

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The performance limits of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors ~CNTFETs! are examined theoretically by extending a one-dimensional treatment used for silicon metal–oxide– semiconductor field-effect transistors ~MOSFETs!. Compared to ballistic MOSFETs, ballistic CNTFETs show similar I –V characteristics but the channel conductance is quantized. For low-voltage, digital applications, the CNTFET with a planar gate geometry provides an on-current that is comparable to that expected for a ballistic MOSFET. Significantly better performance, however, could be achieved with high gate capacitance structures. Because the computed performance limits greatly exceed the performance of recently reported CNTFETs, there is considerable opportunity for progress in device performance.

Simulating Quantum Transport In Nanoscale Mosfets: Real Vs. Mode Space Approaches, Rajesh Venugopal, Z. Ren, Supriyo Datta, Mark S. Lundstrom, D. Jovanovic

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The performance limits of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) are examined theoretically by extending a one-dimensional treatment used for silicon metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Compared to ballistic MOSFETs, ballistic CNTFETs show similar I–VI–V characteristics but the channel conductance is quantized. For low-voltage, digital applications, the CNTFET with a planar gate geometry provides an on-current that is comparable to that expected for a ballistic MOSFET. Significantly better performance, however, could be achieved with high gate capacitance structures. Because the computed performance limits greatly exceed the performance of recently reported CNTFETs, there is considerable opportunity for progress in device performance.

Optimum Compression To Ventilation Ratios In Cpr Under Realistic, Practical Conditions: A Physiological And Mathematical Analysis, Charles F. Babbs, Karl B. Kern

Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Objective: To develop and evaluate a practical formula for the optimum ratio of compressions to ventilations in CPR. The optimum value of a parameter is that for which a desired result is maximized. Here the desired result is assumed to be either oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues or a combination of oxygen delivery and waste product removal. Method: Equations describing oxygen delivery and blood flow during CPR as functions of the number of compressions and the number of ventilations delivered over time were developed from principles of classical physiology. These equations were solved explicitly in terms of the compression/ventilation ratio …

Counting Device Selection And Reliability: Synthesis Study, Srinivas Peeta, Pengchang Zhang

JTRP Technical Reports

Accuracy in traffic data detection is important for transportation operations and planning. Currently, inductive loop detectors are the most commonly used traffic counting devices in the field. New technologies are being developed to meet growing data counting and traffic surveillance needs. They include passive infrared, active infrared, passive magnetic, Doppler microwave, radar, passive acoustic, pulse and Doppler ultrasonic and video image processor. However, the relatively recent, but widespread, emergence of these technologies and the consequent sparseness in information on their performance characteristics preclude traffic agencies from making informed choices in the selection of traffic counting devices. This study performs a …

Fatigue Behavior Of Beam Diaphragm Connections With Intermittent Fillet Welds: Part Ii, Brittle Fracture Examination Of The I-64 Blue River Bridge, Mark D. Bowman

JTRP Technical Reports

This report is the second of a two-part, three volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to evaluate the behavior of Indiana highway bridges with diaphragm members welded directly to the web of the primary beams and girders. Fatigue cracks have been observed at several bridges that utilize the welded diaphragm connection. The seriousness of the cracking and the corresponding potential risk on the integrity of the bridge superstructure were assessed. Inspection and repair guidelines for bridges with the welded diaphragm connections were also developed as part of the research effort. This volume presents …

Updating Procedures To Estimate And Forecast Vehicle-Miles Traveled, Jon D. Fricker, Raymond K. Kumapley

JTRP Technical Reports

Procedures developed for the estimation of Vehicle-Miles of Travel (VMT) have been fraught with problems of inaccuracy. Emphasis on environmental issues (air quality), as mandated by current regulations (CAAA, ISTEA-91, and TEA 21), requires State DOTs to accurately estimate travel on their highway infrastructure. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has developed, and subsequently modified, the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) to assist in data collection and reporting. INDOT currently estimates VMT by a method that closely follows the HPMS method. Roads that are not on the state highway system (minor collectors, urban collectors and local) are not represented in the …

Influence Of Curing Conditions On Strength Properties And Maturity Development Of Concrete, Scott Andrew Newbolds, Jan Olek

JTRP Technical Reports

In this study, the results of both laboratory studies and a field study, conducted to evaluate the effects of different curing conditions on the strength properties and maturity development of pavement concrete, are presented. Further, a laboratory study was performed to evaluate the maturity concept in relation to the degree of hydration of cement. Concrete specimens, beams and cylinders, were prepared in the field study. The specimens in the field were cured in one of four curing conditions: lime bath, sandpit, air, or by temperature match curing. Specimens were tested for flexural strength and compressive strength, respectively. The temperature of …

Scour Monitoring Of Indiana Streams, Dennis A. Lyn, Thomas J. Cooper, Yong-Kon Yi, Rahul N. Sinha, A. Ramachandra Rao

JTRP Technical Reports

The project examines the survivability and reliability of fixed-in-place continuous scour monitors for possible use in Indiana streams. The report considers primarily the experience with a sonar device at the US52 crossing of the Wabash River. Although very large flow events did not occur over the project period, the device has survived a number of smaller events, and has operated continuously without failure due to physical damage. Further, the data obtained, after appropriate processing, were examined for their credibility in terms of their correlation with a hydrologic parameter, the stage. A reasonably strong correlation was found, suggesting that the recorded …

Sign Retroreflectivity Study, Austin Lyons Bischoff, Darcy M. Bullock

JTRP Technical Reports

Signing is a big yearly cost to state DOT’s in sign maintenance and replacement costs. In 2001 the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) replaced 14,930 signs at a cost of $1,067,931 and did maintenance work on 34,084 signs at a cost of $2,136,076. Recently, guidelines have been proposed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for minimum retroreflectivity of traffic signs for state, county, and city roads in the United States. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the majority of the signs currently used by INDOT will meet the new minimum requirements proposed by the FHWA. In addition, …

Study Of The Performance Of Acoustic Barriers For Indiana Toll Roads, Sanghoon Suh, Luc Mongeau, J. Stuart Bolton

JTRP Technical Reports

The purpose of this study was to optimize the geometry and the acoustic properties of sound barriers for traffic noise applications. The approach consisted of developing and validating boundary element predictive models, which were subsequently exercised in order to refine the barrier characteristic and determine optimized configurations. The simple geometry of a circular disk was chosen to validate the boundary element model in the first part of this work. Experiments were performed in an anechoic chamber to validate the numerical model. Complex barrier geometries were then investigated to study the effects of geometry on sound barrier performance. Boundary element models …

The Examination Of Infra-Red Techniques For Inspection Of Steel Structures I & Ii, Vachirapun Trakulyingyong, Mark D. Bowman

JTRP Technical Reports

Infra-red thermography systems that have been developed over the last few years offer great potential to locate and discover flaws in steel highway bridge structures at a relatively early stage in their development. Under ideal conditions, the use of infra-red instrumentation should allow bridge inspection personnel to rapidly scan the structure and determine if a potential structural problem has developed. If a problem spot is located by the infra-red camera, then the trouble spot can be examined carefully to determine the need for corrective maintenance. The primary purpose of this research study is to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of …

Validation, Calibration, And Evaluation Of Its Technologies On The Borman Corridor, Srinivas Peeta, Pengchang Zhang, Raghubhushan K. Pasupathy

JTRP Technical Reports

This study develops an Internet-based remote on-line traffic control architecture for route guidance in large-scale traffic systems equipped with advanced information systems and sensors. It also proposes to use the Beowulf Cluster paradigm as an economical, flexible, and customizable computing architecture to generate supercomputing capabilities within the control architecture. The Beowulf Cluster provides the enabling environment to execute and coordinate the activities of the various modules that address real-time network route guidance, data transmission, calibration and fault tolerance. In the context of large-scale traffic systems, a Beowulf Cluster can be configured in centralized as well as decentralized on-line control architectures …

Worker Exposure To Airborne Contaminates When Using Waste Foundry Sand In The Construction Of Road Embankments, Waseem Afzal, Robert Bertram Jacko

JTRP Technical Reports

A section of road was constructed in Northeastern Indiana in the summer of 1996 using waste foundry sand as the embankment construction material. Initial testing on the waste sand had determined no detrimental health effects. However, it was observed during construction that once the sand had dried, tire-road interaction raised copious clouds of black dust. This led to worker concern regarding airborne silica and silicosis. This study aimed at determining whether the threat of overexposure to airborne crystalline silica existed in regard to Occupation Health and Safety Administration’s (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL). Experiments carried out at the Auburn Foundry …

Concrete Overlay As A Rehabilitation Option For Distressed Asphalt Pavements, Sudarshan Rajan, J. Olek

JTRP Technical Reports

Ultra-thin Whitetopping (UTW) involves placing a very thin concrete overlay 50 mm to 100 mm thick (2”-4”) on the milled surface of a distressed asphalt pavement. To investigate the performance of UTW placed over a flexible pavement subjected to slow and heavy moving wheel loads, whitetopping mixes were placed over a milled pavement surface in the Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) facility of the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) Research Division in West Lafayette Indiana in the fall of 1999. The UTW installation experiment consisted of four test ‘lanes’ of two different thicknesses; each utilizing plain and fiber reinforced concrete. The …

2001 Bridge Sufficiency Rating Report For All Indiana Counties, Indiana Ltap

Indiana Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) Publications

This report contain information specific to the county of interest, plus summary tables relating information about all Indiana county bridge conditions and funding levels.