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Articles 15211 - 15240 of 21740

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Nature Of The Ferroelectric Phase Transition In Pbtio3, Noam Sicron, B. Ravel, Y. Yacoby, Edward A. Stern, Fatih Dogan, John J. Rehr Nov 1994

Nature Of The Ferroelectric Phase Transition In Pbtio3, Noam Sicron, B. Ravel, Y. Yacoby, Edward A. Stern, Fatih Dogan, John J. Rehr

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

We have measured quantitatively the temperature dependence of the local distortions of PbTiO3 crystals below and above the structural ferroelectric phase transition, using x-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) measurements. Two probe atoms, Pb and Ti, were used. The results were analyzed by fitting parametrized theoretical XAFS spectra to the experimental results. These measurements provide quantitative ‘‘distortion parameters’’ defined as the difference between the distance of the probe to its nearest neighbor measured in the actual structure and that in a centrosymmetric structure with the same unit cell dimensions. At low temperatures the Pb-edge spectra were fit using four shells and included …

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Finite Element Studies On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz Oct 1994

Finite Element Studies On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper is second in a series of three papers describing the research sponsored by the American Iron and Steel Institute. Physical test results described in the first paper combined with the finite element solution parametric studies described in this paper were used in the third paper to develop improved design procedures for edge stiffened elements.

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Analysis And Design Of Continuous Sandwich Beams, Paavo Hassinen, Lassi Martikainen Oct 1994

Analysis And Design Of Continuous Sandwich Beams, Paavo Hassinen, Lassi Martikainen

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Sandwich panels are composed of two thin face layers and a lightweight core between them. Panels are used to carry large bending moments and axial forces, which capacity is reduced, if imperfections, for example initial deflections or transverse loads, appear in the face layers. At intermediate supports the panel is stressed by a high bending moment and, in addition, by a concentrated lateral support reaction. The strength against the simultaneous bending moment and support reaction depends on the bending stiffness and on the bending and buckling strength of the face and on the compressive strength of the core. The paper …

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A Design Procedure For Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz Oct 1994

A Design Procedure For Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper is third in a series of three papers describing the research sponsored by the American Iron and Steel Institute. Physical test results described in the first paper combined with the finite element solution parametric studies described in the second paper were used in this paper to develop improved design procedures for edge stiffened elements.

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Local Buckling Of Stiffened And Unstiffened Elements Under Nonuniform Compression, Venkatakrishnan Kalyanaraman, P. Jayabalan Oct 1994

Local Buckling Of Stiffened And Unstiffened Elements Under Nonuniform Compression, Venkatakrishnan Kalyanaraman, P. Jayabalan

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Thin plates subjected to linearly varying inplane compression in one direction may undergo local buckling before failure. An analytical procedure is presented for evaluating the local buckling strength based on which equations for the local buckling stress of unstiffened and stiffened elements are presented.

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The Compressional Behaviour Of Perforated Elements, J. Rhodes, Falk D. Schneider Oct 1994

The Compressional Behaviour Of Perforated Elements, J. Rhodes, Falk D. Schneider

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The behaviour of stub columns with a series of different perforation patterns is examined on the basis of tests. The tests concentrate on plain channel cross sections with perforation layouts systematically varied to examine the effects of perforation position, dimensions and number on the section performance. The application of existing cold formed steel design codes to perforated members is examined on the basis of comparison with the tests, and various modifications to the design codes are considered to take perforations into account These are described and the comparison with test results is illustrated.

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Fatigue Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Steel Sections, Dimos Polyzois, Glenn Morris, S. K. Hassan Oct 1994

Fatigue Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Steel Sections, Dimos Polyzois, Glenn Morris, S. K. Hassan

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

In the expected life span of a transmission tower, the members are subjected to a large number of alternating wind applications. Fatigue behaviour due to repeated loading must therefore be considered in design. This paper presents the fatigue-test results for 52 cold-formed steel members. The results obtained can be used to establish additional guidelines for fatigue design of cold-formed steel sections.

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Pallet Racking Using Cold-Reduced Steel, J. S. Cowen, J. Michael Davies Oct 1994

Pallet Racking Using Cold-Reduced Steel, J. S. Cowen, J. Michael Davies

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Codes of practice for the design of cold-formed sections have generally included a requirement for the coil material to possess a specified amount of ductility prior to forming. The scientific basis for such ductility requirements is shrouded in historical mystery but code drafting committees have been reluctant to remove these requirements in the absence of good reason. However, very low ductility steels have been used for the manufacture of cold-formed steel components for many years by the two leading UK manufacturers of storage racks without this lack of ductility giving rise to any problems during either manufacture or service. This …

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Residual Stresses In Cold Formed Steel Sections, G. Roy, Dimos Polyzois, M. A. Mohamedien Oct 1994

Residual Stresses In Cold Formed Steel Sections, G. Roy, Dimos Polyzois, M. A. Mohamedien

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Initial or residual stresses are considered one of the major factors that affect the design of the cold-formed steel sections, since they could reach 50% of the yield stress of the material. As part of a comprehensive experimental program on the use of cold-formed steel sections in transmission towers, an investigation on the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses in cold-formed steel sections was undertaken. The study involved 83 tests using two nondestructive methods, and two destructive methods, to determine the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses. The paper summarizes the results from this investigation and outlines a number of …

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Multiple Stiffened Deck Profiles, M. Sommerstein, R. P. Papazian, R. M. Schuster Oct 1994

Multiple Stiffened Deck Profiles, M. Sommerstein, R. P. Papazian, R. M. Schuster

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

CAN/CSA-S136-M89 and the AISI Specification on Cold Formed Steel Design use different methods to determine the effective width of multiple stiffened compressive elements when no local buckling in the sub-elements occurs. Both methods replace the multiple stiffened element with a flat plate element centered at the neutral axis of the multiple stiffened element. The methods differ in assigning an equivalent thickness to the straight line element. The AISI method provides sufficient thickness to match the moment of inertia of the multiple stiffened element, while the S136 method makes use of orthotropic plate theory, however, dealing only with the elastic buckling …

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Ultimate Behaviour Of Trapezoidal Steel Sheets In Bending, Raffaele Landolfo, Fredrico M. Mazzolani Oct 1994

Ultimate Behaviour Of Trapezoidal Steel Sheets In Bending, Raffaele Landolfo, Fredrico M. Mazzolani

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A systematic analysis of existing trapezoidal steel sheets commonly used in the market is performed in order to compare their carrying capacity at the light of their ultimate behaviour. The complete investigation has been developed both from theoretical and experimental points of view. In this paper, the description of the experimental techniques, the numerical simulation of the obtained results as well as the exploitation of these data in order to check the codified design rules are reported.

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Stub Column Study Using Welded, Cold-Reduced Steel, L. Randy Daudet, K. H. Klippstein Oct 1994

Stub Column Study Using Welded, Cold-Reduced Steel, L. Randy Daudet, K. H. Klippstein

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The primary goal of the subject study was to investigate the behavior and load capacity of stub columns using cold-reduced, low-ductility steel versus un-reduced, normal-ductility steel. Specimens that were cold-reduced were also welded transversely across the entire stud cross section. Therefore, this study also yielded data with regard to the axial performance of welded studs. In addition, since stub columns were punched and un-punched, further conclusions can be drawn about the effect of a weld located at a web perforation. A total of 133 stub column tests were performed at the Dietrich Material Testing Laboratory in Hammond, Indiana, between December …

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Behavior And Failure Mechanism Of Composite Slabs, J. J. Roger Cheng, Michael C. H. Yam, E. B. Davison Oct 1994

Behavior And Failure Mechanism Of Composite Slabs, J. J. Roger Cheng, Michael C. H. Yam, E. B. Davison

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The behavior of a composite slab using a 636 deck profIle was investigated experimentally. Twenty-three one-way slab tests and twenty-four pull-out tests were performed. It was found that the behavior and shear bond load of the composite slab were significantly affected by the depth of the embossment shear key. The average shear stress from the pull-out tests was generally lower than that of the one-way slab tests due to a lack of the transverse load effects which influenced the frictional resistance between the concrete slab and the steel deck.

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Further Studies Of Composite Slab Strength, Angela S. Terry, Samuel W. Easterling Oct 1994

Further Studies Of Composite Slab Strength, Angela S. Terry, Samuel W. Easterling

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The results to date of a research program focusing on the strength of composite slabs are described. Full-scale experimental slab tests are compared to strengths calculated using the Steel Deck Institute Composite Deck Design Handbook. Based on the comparisons, recommendations are made for modifications to the calculation procedures.

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Local Buckling Of Filled Sections, Howard D. Wright Oct 1994

Local Buckling Of Filled Sections, Howard D. Wright

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The buckling capacity of plates in contact with a rigid medium is greater than that for free plates. Such plates occur in sections filled with a suitably stiff material. Classical analysis is used to compare restrained and free plates.

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Tests Of Thin-Walled Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes, Martin D. O'Shea, Russell Q. Bridge Oct 1994

Tests Of Thin-Walled Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes, Martin D. O'Shea, Russell Q. Bridge

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Concrete filled tubes are likely to be economical with the use of very high strength concretes and thin-walled steel tubes. The strength of the steel tube is affected by local buckling effects which may also influence the confinement to the concrete infill. Very high strength concretes exhibit rapid unloading in the post-ultimate region. The strength of the composite column is not a simple superposition of strengths of the individual steel and concrete components. This paper describes the initial tests of an experimental program to determine the effects of local buckling on concrete filled tubes. Tubes with a diameter to wall …

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Axial Load Capacity Of Sheeted C And Z Members, Richard C. Kaehler, James M. Fisher, Neil J. Glaser Oct 1994

Axial Load Capacity Of Sheeted C And Z Members, Richard C. Kaehler, James M. Fisher, Neil J. Glaser

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

An equation is developed for calculating the axial load capacity of C and Z shaped members used in roof or wall systems. The equations were determined to be valid for through fastened metal decking but not standing seam roof decking.

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Tests Of Purlins With Concealed Fixed Sheeting, Michael Celeban, Chris Healy, Gregory J. Hancock Oct 1994

Tests Of Purlins With Concealed Fixed Sheeting, Michael Celeban, Chris Healy, Gregory J. Hancock

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A test program on purlin-sheeting systems with concealed fasteners has been performed at the University of Sydney in a vacuum test rig. The test rig used a conventional vacuum box to simulate wind uplift. Z-section purlins were tested in three span lapped configurations, and as simple spans. The test purlins were supported by a range of bracing (bridging) members ranging from zero to two braces per span. In addition, a range of section slenderness values was used so as to precipitate both local buckling and yielding failures in the section. The purpose of the paper is to compare the test …

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Stainless Steel Tubular Joints - Tests And Design Of X- And K-Joints In Circular Hollow Sections, Anthony S. Hasham, Kim J. R. Rasmussen Oct 1994

Stainless Steel Tubular Joints - Tests And Design Of X- And K-Joints In Circular Hollow Sections, Anthony S. Hasham, Kim J. R. Rasmussen

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The paper describes a test program on welded stainless steel X- and K-joints fabricated from circular hollow section brace members and chords. The X-joints were tested in compression and tension using three different ratios of brace diameter to chord diameter. The K-joints were tested using three different ratios of brace diameter to chord diameter and three different angles between chord and brace members. A total of 15 tests were performed. Design rules are proposed for X- and K-joints by adopting the rules of the CIDECT Recommendations for carbon steel tubular structures and replacing the yield stress in these recommendations by …

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Buckling Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Members By Spline Finite Strip Analysis, Joachim Lindner, Y. L. Guo Oct 1994

Buckling Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Members By Spline Finite Strip Analysis, Joachim Lindner, Y. L. Guo

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Local,distortional and overall buckling (including overall flexural buckling and overall flexural-torsional buckling) behaviour of cold-formed thin-walled columns is presented which is based on an inelastic spline finite strip analysis. The columns are loaded centrally at the ends. The increment of yield stresses in the corner area due to cold-forming work, together with a more real stress-strain curve of material, that exhibits continuous strain hardening for the stress above the proportional limit of material, are involved in the analysis. The cold-formed section is divided into two different types of strips, one is a flat plate strip on the central part of …

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Core Loaded Thin-Walled Sleeved Column System, S. Hariharan, K. Mahadevan, Venkatakrishnan Kalyanaraman Oct 1994

Core Loaded Thin-Walled Sleeved Column System, S. Hariharan, K. Mahadevan, Venkatakrishnan Kalyanaraman

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

In conventional columns, the load carrying capacity is governed by the yield strength of the material and its buckling strength. The yield strength of the compression member is governed by the mechanical property of the material and its area of cross section while its elastic buckling strength depends on the least flexural stiffness (EI) ofthe cross section and its effective unsupported length. The elastic flexural buckling strength of a compression member is given by the well known Euler equation. In practice the strength of conventional compression members is less than bot.h the yield strength and Euler buckling strength due to …

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Experiments On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz Oct 1994

Experiments On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A series of tests were conducted on lipped channel flexural members to study the behavior of edge stiffened elements. The details and the results of these tests as well as tests by others are discussed in this paper. All the test results are compared with those predicted by the AISI Specification.

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Strength Of Stiffened Plates With Openings, Mahen Mahendran, N. E. Shanmugam, J. Y. Richard Liew Oct 1994

Strength Of Stiffened Plates With Openings, Mahen Mahendran, N. E. Shanmugam, J. Y. Richard Liew

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The load-deflection and ultimate strength behaviour of longitudinally stiffened plates with openings was studied using a second-order elastic post-buckling analysis and a rigid-plastic analysis. The ultimate strength was predicted from the intersection point of elastic and rigid-plastic curves and the Perry strut formula. Comparison with experimental results shows that satisfactory prediction of ultimate strength can be obtained by this simple method. Effects of the size of opening, the initial geometrical imperfections and the plate slenderness ratio on the strength of perforated stiffened plates were also studied.

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Behavior Of Connections Between Shs Columns & W-Section Beams, Uk Sun Kim, Jong Suk Lee, Young Bong Kwon Oct 1994

Behavior Of Connections Between Shs Columns & W-Section Beams, Uk Sun Kim, Jong Suk Lee, Young Bong Kwon

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Connections between SHS (Square Hollow Section) columns and W-section beams are generally fabricated by welding with or without endplates in the factory. These welded connections possess some finite degree of rotational stiffness which falls between fully rigid and ideally pinned joints. The influence of partially restrained connections on structural response not only changes the moment distribution but also increases frame drift. In this paper, a series of connection tests joining SHS column and W-section beam were executed and the test results compared with theoretical values. A method to utilize nonlinear moment-rotation relations of beam-to-column connections in steel framed structures is …

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Light-Gauge Engineering In Today's Marketplace - The Challenges, Gene Farach, Robert C. Grupe Jr. Oct 1994

Light-Gauge Engineering In Today's Marketplace - The Challenges, Gene Farach, Robert C. Grupe Jr.

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Light-gauge has tremendous potential in the construction industry. It is a material which affords more carrying capacity per less weight. Thus less material needs to be used which leads to a reduction in labor and subsequent reduction in cost, light-gauge is a durable, recyclable product, environmentally friendly in keeping with today's concern for the world around us. It is resistant to insects such as termites, mold mildew, rotting, drying out, warping and non combustible. However the reality remains that if research and development is not undertaken soon, the window of current demand may be short lived. We must accept that …

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Seismic Response Of Single-Storey Steel Buildings, R. Tremblay, S. F. Stiemer Oct 1994

Seismic Response Of Single-Storey Steel Buildings, R. Tremblay, S. F. Stiemer

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Nonlinear time step dynamic analyses have been performed on 24 rectangular single-storey steel framed buildings including a metal roof deck diaphragm and steel bracing bays along their exterior walls. The structures were designed according to current Canadian codes and were subjected to site specific ensembles of historical earthquake accelerograms. The analyses indicated that larger in-plane deformations and bending moments developed in the diaphragm compared to the values expected from the equivalent lateral force procedure commonly used in design. The distribution of the shear forces in the diaphragm was also found to deviate significantly from the linear distribution assumed in design. …

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Comparison Of A Non-Linear Purlin Model With Tests, Catherine J. Rousch, Gregory J. Hancock Oct 1994

Comparison Of A Non-Linear Purlin Model With Tests, Catherine J. Rousch, Gregory J. Hancock

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A non-linear elastic analysis has been developed for determining the lateral deflections of, and stresses in, the unconnected flanges of simply-supported and continuous channel and Z-section purlins screw-fastened to sheeting and subject to either wind uplift or gravity loading. The analysis incorporates a model, based on a combination of those developed by Pekoz and Soroushian, and Thomasson, which depicts the unconnected purlin flange as a beam-column. The restraint against lateral deflection is provided primarily by the sheeting, and is represented by a linear extensional spring of stiffness k located at the level of the unconnected purlin flange. To verify the …

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Study On The Load-Bearing Capacity Of Cold-Formed Sigma Purlins, Markku Laine, Pentti Makelainen Oct 1994

Study On The Load-Bearing Capacity Of Cold-Formed Sigma Purlins, Markku Laine, Pentti Makelainen

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Experimental investigations conducted on the structural behaviour and ultimate load carrying capacity of cold-formed sigma purlins are reported. Three different purlin systems, i.e. the double spanning, the sleeved and the overlap system, were investigated. In addition to the full- scale tests on 2-span purlin - sheeting system with screw fastening and with continuous, sleeved and overlapped central supports, tests on single span purlins were also conducted for finding out bending moment and shear capacity values at the central support of a multiple span sigma purlin. Analytical considerations for modelling the cross-sectional behaviour of the sigma purlin itself and the local …

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The Analysis Of Restrained Purlins Using Generalised Beam Theory, C. Jiang, Philip Leach, J. Michael Davies Oct 1994

The Analysis Of Restrained Purlins Using Generalised Beam Theory, C. Jiang, Philip Leach, J. Michael Davies

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A paper presented at the Eleventh Speciality Conference in 1992(1) introduced the Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) and illustrated its use. It was used in ftrst-order analyses t0 calculate the stress distribution in a cross section takeing account of cross section distortion, and in second-order bifurcation problems to calculate the critical buckling load of a free cross section subject to axial load. Subsequent papers(2,3) have given more detailed information on the basis of GBT and used its second-order facilities to investigate the buckling of sections under both uniform and non-uniform bending moment. This paper extends the use of GBT to consider …

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Bending And Shear Behavior Of Web Elements With Openings, Roger A. Laboube, Ming-Yang Shan, Wei-Wen Yu Oct 1994

Bending And Shear Behavior Of Web Elements With Openings, Roger A. Laboube, Ming-Yang Shan, Wei-Wen Yu

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cold-formed steel C-sections are frequently used as wall studs and floor joists in both commercial and residential construction. To facilitate installation of ancillary systems such as electrical wiring and plumbing, the C-section is manufactured with a web opening. Although the opening offers construction advantages, it may degrade the structural integrity of the member. To quantify the degrading effect of a web opening, a study has been conducted at the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR). The UMR study included the loading conditions of bending, shear, web crippling and the combinations thereof. This paper summarizes the results of an experimental study of the …

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