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Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering

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Articles 3601 - 3630 of 13833

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Mesoscopic Traffic Simulation Model And Calibration Considering Stretching-Segment Design, Zhaocheng He, Xuanhua Lin, Peilin Nie, Ronghui Zhang Apr 2021

Mesoscopic Traffic Simulation Model And Calibration Considering Stretching-Segment Design, Zhaocheng He, Xuanhua Lin, Peilin Nie, Ronghui Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to make the simulation model fit the characteristics of urban traffic, both high accuracy and high performance, a lightweight mesoscopic traffic simulation system and the process of calibration are established. The speed-density model and vertical queue model are equivalent to the vehicle movement processes, the simulation accuracy and calibration efficiency are improved by the stretching-segment design at urban intersections of vertical queuing model, and the real individual vehicle information is used as the calibration data source. The application of the model in Xuancheng urban road network shows that, compared with the vertical queuing model, it can …

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Modeling And Simulation Of Electric Vehicle Industry Development Based On System Dynamics, Yueqiang Fu, Tiantian Xia Apr 2021

Modeling And Simulation Of Electric Vehicle Industry Development Based On System Dynamics, Yueqiang Fu, Tiantian Xia

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: New energy electric vehicle are the main trend of automobile industry upgrading. It plays an important role in ensuring the energy security and improving the ecological environment. It is of theoretical and practical significance to carry out research on the development of new energy electric vehicles. The affecting factors are systematically analyzed, the causal relationship model and stock flow model are established, and the dynamic equation of the model are determined and the parameter assignments are made. The model is verified and the system simulation and analysis are performed. The development trend and main influencing factors of …

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Small Fault Detection Based On Cumulative Sum Of Neighbor Statistic, Xiaoping Guo, Jiajun Gao, Jianbin Guo, Li Yuan Apr 2021

Small Fault Detection Based On Cumulative Sum Of Neighbor Statistic, Xiaoping Guo, Jiajun Gao, Jianbin Guo, Li Yuan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the small faults and the common data non-linear problems of industrial process, a fault detection method based oncumulative sum of neighbor statistic (CUSUM-NS) is proposed. Mutual information principal component analysis (MIPCA) is used to reduce the dimension of training data, and the principal components based on mutual information are extracted to construct a new sample space. For the new sample space after dimensionality reduction, the nonlinear features of the process data can be fully extracted through the distance square sum statistics of k nearest neighbors. Cumulative summation(CUSUM) method is used to accumulate the sum of squares of …

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Visual Simulation Platform For Visible Light Reconnaissance Load Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Yuzhou Chen, Li Yuan, Qinglin Wang, Zhang Qing, Jinyuan Zhang Apr 2021

Visual Simulation Platform For Visible Light Reconnaissance Load Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Yuzhou Chen, Li Yuan, Qinglin Wang, Zhang Qing, Jinyuan Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of the simulation and evaluation requirement of the visual system parameters on the performance of video imaging during the operation and reconnaissance of unmanned aerial vehicle, a visual simulation platform for the reconnaissance load is designed and constructed. The collected video is processed according to the visual system parameters and the flight parameters, and the support for the evaluation and the index design of the unmanned aerial vehicle reconnaissance load system is provided, and the guidance is provided for the flight parameters and the flight track setting when the unmanned aerial vehicle reconnaissance and operation …

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Research On Some Questions Of Simulation Body Of Knowledge, Xiaogang Qiu, Duan Hong, Xie Xu, Bin Chen Apr 2021

Research On Some Questions Of Simulation Body Of Knowledge, Xiaogang Qiu, Duan Hong, Xie Xu, Bin Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Simulation body of knowledge (BOK) is the knowledge required to conduct Modeling and Simulation (M&S) activities, which is a logic system consisting of concepts, propositions, and inferences that are tightly related to each other. The simulation BOK organizes the M&S knowledge in a hierarchical way, reflects the composition and structure of the knowledge in the M&S domain. The establishment of the simulation BOK is crucial to advance the M&S research and education. The requirements for establishing the simulation BOK are summarized, three basic features of the simulation knowledge, practical, systematical, and epochal are discussed, the challenges of establishing the …

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Study On Composition Of Simulation Discipline Knowledge Areas, Duan Hong, Xiaogang Qiu, Xie Xu, Rusheng Ju Apr 2021

Study On Composition Of Simulation Discipline Knowledge Areas, Duan Hong, Xiaogang Qiu, Xie Xu, Rusheng Ju

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Many disciplines, such as Software Engineering, Automation, have sorted out and formed their own knowledge areas and constructed their Body of Knowledge to steer teaching and study efforts. Describing the composition of Modeling and Simulation body of knowledge from the perspective of knowledge area plays an important role in the simulation engineering education and the development of simulation technology. According to the needs of simulation teaching, the body of knowledge of simulation discipline is divided into three levels, knowledge area, knowledge unit and knowledge topic. On the basis of reviewing the current status of the research and the role …

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Research On Combat Simulation Body Of Knowledge, Xie Xu, Xiaogang Qiu, Duan Hong, Kedi Huang Apr 2021

Research On Combat Simulation Body Of Knowledge, Xie Xu, Xiaogang Qiu, Duan Hong, Kedi Huang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Combat simulation is an important research method in modern military domain, since it provides a virtual battlespace for entities of various types that are involved in a battle to interact with each other. Over last several decades, combat simulation has been widely applied in different applications, and as a result the body of knowledge of combat simulation has been extended a lot. The relevant articles and textbooks in combat simulation are extensively investigated, and a three-layer structure to organize the body of knowledge of combat simulation is proposed. Eleven knowledge areas that should be included in the combat simulation …

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Personalized Game Recommendation Method Based On Implicit Feedback, Sha Jing, Gongli Zeng, Yang Yang, Wei Yao Apr 2021

Personalized Game Recommendation Method Based On Implicit Feedback, Sha Jing, Gongli Zeng, Yang Yang, Wei Yao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Traditional recommendation systems often use explicit feedback for personalized recommendations. But the explicit feedback data is not easy to obtain, and the quality is poor, and the recommendation results unable to meet the requitrment of the user. Implicit feedback data is easier to obtain and can provide users with the better content. A personalized game recommendation method based on implicit feedback data is proposed. The method builds an implicit feedback recommendation model for game user data based on implicit feedback data such as the game duration and game numbers. A personalized recommendation of the game is implemented through an …

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Mesh Solid Construction Algorithm Of Spiral Bevel Gear Based On Virtual Collision Body, Cheng'en Li, Xiangjun Zou, Zeqin Zeng, Jianhua He, Li Hui, Zhaofeng Huang Apr 2021

Mesh Solid Construction Algorithm Of Spiral Bevel Gear Based On Virtual Collision Body, Cheng'en Li, Xiangjun Zou, Zeqin Zeng, Jianhua He, Li Hui, Zhaofeng Huang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the production automation, intelligence level and production efficiency of the tractor rear axle, the spiral bevel gear mesh entity based on the virtual collision body is constructed to carry out the human-machine interaction virtual simulation experiment of the tractor rear axle. The spiral bevel gear made by Gleason as is taken an example, the processing technology of arc spur gear is analyzed, the kinematics is used to establish a mathematical model of the spiral bevel gear forming process. The differential and interpolation methods are used to fit the gear curve and surface, the contour point …

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Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Pattern Recognition Method Based On Convolutional Neural Network, Weiguo Tong, Xuechun Pang, Genghong Zhu Apr 2021

Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Pattern Recognition Method Based On Convolutional Neural Network, Weiguo Tong, Xuechun Pang, Genghong Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the low recognition rate and subjectivity in two-phase flow pattern recognition, a method based on Landweber iterative image reconstruction algorithm and convolutional neural network is proposed. Landweber iterative image reconstruction algorithm is used to obtain the flow pattern images and build the flow pattern image database. By means of the flow pattern identification on, different convolution layers in VGG16 network and different size and resolution of the data set samples, the parameters of network frozen convolutional layer and input image are determined.The experimental results show that the combined method of resistance tomography and convolutional neural network …

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Operation Resilience Optimization Of Power System Considering Generalized Energy Storage, Weiqing Sun, Zhang Jie, Ye Lei, Han Dong Apr 2021

Operation Resilience Optimization Of Power System Considering Generalized Energy Storage, Weiqing Sun, Zhang Jie, Ye Lei, Han Dong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on the definition and principle of power system resilience, combining the traditional energy storage equipment with the demand response, an optimization method of power system operation resilience considering generalized energy storage is proposed. Five attack schemes based on topology are evaluated according to four indexes, and the most disadvantageous attack strategy is selected to simulate the damage of power system. Taking the minimum operating cost of the system as the objective, a combined scheduling model involving wind power station and energy storage unit is carried out. A generalized energy storage scheduling method is proposed to improve the …

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Study On Relay Selection Algorithm Based On Swipt Wireless Cooperative Network, Qun Fang, Xukai Chen, He Xin, Yujun Zhu, Yiyang Liu, Yangyang Fang, Heju Li Apr 2021

Study On Relay Selection Algorithm Based On Swipt Wireless Cooperative Network, Qun Fang, Xukai Chen, He Xin, Yujun Zhu, Yiyang Liu, Yangyang Fang, Heju Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Although the wireless cooperative networks (WCN) significantly improve the communication quality and network throughput of wireless communications. However, it still faces the challenge of the network lifetime and the energy replenishment due to the energy limitation of relay nodes. In order to tackle this challenge, A multi-relay wireless cooperative network combined with the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) is proposed and the theoretical performance under the Nakagami-m assumption is analyzed. The selection of the optimal relay node for wireless cooperative networks in the framework of the proposed system is studied. The outage probability of the system …

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Compensation Sliding Cross Coupling Control Research Of Cartesian Coordinate Robot, Wang Wei, Zhimei Chen, Zhenyan Wang Apr 2021

Compensation Sliding Cross Coupling Control Research Of Cartesian Coordinate Robot, Wang Wei, Zhimei Chen, Zhenyan Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For a typical Cartesian coordinate robot controls precision is low, based on a single-axis mathematical model, a contour error model for a typical robot whose axes are orthogonal to each other is established. An improved double-power approach law is used to design a terminal sliding mode controller to improve the robot. The integral compensation terms are added to stably compensate the position accuracy of each axis to improve the overall trajectory tracking accuracy, and the cross-coupling control between the axes is used to eliminate the contour error between the axes. It not only weakens the chattering of traditional sliding …

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Design And Implementation Of Multi Level Terrain Editing Tool, Xiang Bing, Yang Gang, Xiaohong Dong Apr 2021

Design And Implementation Of Multi Level Terrain Editing Tool, Xiang Bing, Yang Gang, Xiaohong Dong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: 3D terrain is an indispensable scene element in computer games, virtual simulation, geographic information and other applications. Realistic digital terrain plays an important role in enhancing the reality of virtual scene and the immersion of users. Based on the in-depth analysis of terrain features and user modeling requirements, a multi-level terrain editing mode is constructed. In the mode, the terrain editing behavior can be expanded from three levels of point, line and face. Each level has a specific operation target and corresponding editing tools. A multi-level and comprehensive terrain editing tool set composed of point tool, curve tool and …

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Simulation And Optimization Of Support Resource Allocation For Multi-Aircraft Large Fleet Re Dispatch, Xu Gang, Zhang Lei, Yonggang Yun, Du Li Apr 2021

Simulation And Optimization Of Support Resource Allocation For Multi-Aircraft Large Fleet Re Dispatch, Xu Gang, Zhang Lei, Yonggang Yun, Du Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of the complex combination of support resources of multi-aircraft large fleet re dispatch, based on the new complex factors of different models, different support expectation time and different main resource types, the simulation model of multi-aircraft support process based on queuing network is established and a simulation algorithm for the optimal allocation of support resources is proposed. The algorithm takes the total time of fleet support, the average time of aircraft support, the average intensity of fleet support, the cost of resources, the balance of free and busy support, the balance of resource supply and demand as …

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Research On Fingerprint Location Algorithm Based On Dynamic Fingerprint Update, Lizhen Cui, Qiaoli Wang, Qianqian Guo, Yang Yong Apr 2021

Research On Fingerprint Location Algorithm Based On Dynamic Fingerprint Update, Lizhen Cui, Qiaoli Wang, Qianqian Guo, Yang Yong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: According to the characteristics of underground environment, a fingerprint location algorithm based on dynamic fingerprint updating is proposed. FCM(Fuzzy C-Means Clustering) is used to divide the location area according to the signal distribution characteristics, and the training and learning model is established in each sub area. On the basis of FCM algorithm, a HMM(Hidden Markov Model) motion information sequence model based on the location of mobile users is proposed. The dynamic update of fingerprint database is realized by users unconsciously participating in the collection of RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indication) sequence. ANFIS(Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System) algorithm …

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Load System Modeling Of Ultra-Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Unit Based On Improved Particle Swarm Optimization, Yuzhen Sun, Yiwei Tang, Li Shuai Apr 2021

Load System Modeling Of Ultra-Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Unit Based On Improved Particle Swarm Optimization, Yuzhen Sun, Yiwei Tang, Li Shuai

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the difficulties in modeling due to variables coupling of ultra-supercritical coal-fired power unit and defects in basic particle swarm optimization, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm for modeling of load system is proposed. The algorithm introduces the idea of adaptive, Cauchy mutation and gradient guidance crossover, which improves the problems of particle swarm optimization algorithm being prone to premature convergence and has the poor local searching ability. By collecting the actual operation data of the power plant, using the adaptive Cauchy mutation and gradient guidance cross particle swarm optimization (GMGPSO) algorithm, the model established and validated …

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Solving Engineering Optimization Design Problems Based On Improved Salp Swarm Algorithm, Jingsen Liu, Mengmeng Yuan, Li Yu Apr 2021

Solving Engineering Optimization Design Problems Based On Improved Salp Swarm Algorithm, Jingsen Liu, Mengmeng Yuan, Li Yu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to better solve the engineering optimization design problem and improve the optimization performance of salp swarm algorithm, an adaptive dynamic role salp swarm algorithm with effective scaling and random crossover strategy is proposed. A pareto distribution and chaotic map are introduced into the leader position updating formula to make global search more efficient. In the selection of global and local search, a leader-follower adaptive adjustment strategy is introduced to improve the convergence accuracy. A random crossover strategy is introduced in local search to increase population diversity. The improved algorithm is applied to engineering optimization problems with different …

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Combined Gearbox Transmission Ratio Optimization Research Based On Hybrid Particle Swarm, Runhong Wang, Hongjun Wang, Xiangjun Zou, Zeqin Zeng, Li Hui, Zhaofeng Huang, Weiliang Liu Apr 2021

Combined Gearbox Transmission Ratio Optimization Research Based On Hybrid Particle Swarm, Runhong Wang, Hongjun Wang, Xiangjun Zou, Zeqin Zeng, Li Hui, Zhaofeng Huang, Weiliang Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the difficulty to obtain the optimal solution for the transmission ratio distribution of combined transmission, an optimization method for the transmission ratio of the combined multi-speed transmission based on the hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed. Based on the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm, a leader population with a self-renewal mechanism is introduced to form a hybrid particle swarm algorithm. A multi-objective optimization model is established by taking the transmission ratio of each stage of single-speed transmission as a variable, combining the transmission chain layout, taking the driving power loss rate, specific fuel consumption loss …

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Research On Fjsp Of Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Considering Transportation Time, Chen Kui, Bi Li Apr 2021

Research On Fjsp Of Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Considering Transportation Time, Chen Kui, Bi Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the actual FJSP(Flexible Job-shop Scheduling Problem) production environment, there is not only the processing time of the workpiece, but also the transport time of the workpiece between the machines, so the flexible job shop scheduling considering the transport time is more practically significant. A hybrid discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the flexible job-shop scheduling problem considering transport time. Aiming at the instability and precocity of particle swarm optimization algorithm, the neighborhood search algorithm is applied to improve its stability, and the combination of competitive learning mechanism and random restart algorithm are introduced to avoid …

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Simulation Of Anti-Ship Missile Automatic Control Section Trajectory Based On Pso-Lssvm, Shao Cheng, Hongyuan Sun, Zhang Lin Apr 2021

Simulation Of Anti-Ship Missile Automatic Control Section Trajectory Based On Pso-Lssvm, Shao Cheng, Hongyuan Sun, Zhang Lin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The anti-ship missile trajectory simulation model cannot meet requirements of the “red and blue” confrontation simulation deduction. Trajectory modeling of anti-ship missiles based on field data will be a new method. Taking a typical anti-ship missile as an example, a trajectory modeling and simulation method of the missile self-control section based on field data is proposed. The field data is analyzed and the least square polynomial method is used to fit the missile velocity-time curve. Particle Swarm Optimization Least Square Support Vector Machine (PSO-LSSVM) is used to model. The verified and validated show the model has high credibility and …

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Modeling And Simulation Of Urination Assist System Based On Working Medium Saturated Vapor Pressure, Li Xiao, Li Shu, Weihong Peng, Ting Guan Apr 2021

Modeling And Simulation Of Urination Assist System Based On Working Medium Saturated Vapor Pressure, Li Xiao, Li Shu, Weihong Peng, Ting Guan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To design and analyze the urination assist system driven by ultrasonic-vaporized steam, a simulation model of the driving capsule and three mathematical models of working medium saturated vapor pressure, bladder pressure and urine flow are established. The simulation experiment system is built to verify the model. The effects of radiation time and sound intensity on the working medium temperature and driving pressure are simulated and analyzed. The results show that the working medium temperature and driving pressure are related to the radiation time and sound intensity. Prolonging radiation time and increasing sound intensity can increase the working medium …

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Design And Electromagnetic Simulation Of Split Switched Reluctance Dual-Rotor Motor, Deng Tao, Deng Song Apr 2021

Design And Electromagnetic Simulation Of Split Switched Reluctance Dual-Rotor Motor, Deng Tao, Deng Song

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: There are some problems such as bad heat dissipation and electromagnetic coupling for the traditional dual-rotor motor of hybrid electric vehicles. Two SRMs of same size are mechanically connected through a coupling to form a dual-rotor motor with two rotors and one stator. A split switched reluctance dual-rotor motor (SSR-DRM) is innovatively designed. The working principle and multi-operating mode of SSR-DRM are analyzed, and the parameters design, modeling and electromagnetic simulation are implemented. The parameters of design and simulation are compared and analyzed from the aspects of magnetic line distribution, magnetic density, transient torque and no-load back …

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Subway System Resilience Evaluation In Based On Anp-Extension Cloud Model, Qingjun Guo, Qianwen Hao, Yijie Wang, Wang Jing Apr 2021

Subway System Resilience Evaluation In Based On Anp-Extension Cloud Model, Qingjun Guo, Qianwen Hao, Yijie Wang, Wang Jing

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the safety defense ability and risk resistance level of the subway construction site, it is necessary to improve the risk resistance and accident recovery ability of the safety system. The resilience theory is applied in the safety management of subway construction engineering by defining whether the resilience connotation is applicable to the safety system. According to the bibliometric method and Delphi method, the resilience evaluation index is selected and the system resilience is evaluated by constructing comprehensive evaluation model of ANP-extension cloud. The Xi'an 14th Metro Line is taken as an applilation example. The evaluation …

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Modeling And Verification Of Scene Of C3+Ato System Based On Timed Automata, Zhenhai Zhang, Yao Jie Apr 2021

Modeling And Verification Of Scene Of C3+Ato System Based On Timed Automata, Zhenhai Zhang, Yao Jie

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The C3+ATO system is in the experimental stage in our country and has the characteristics of high automation degree and high safety requirement at present. In order to confirm whether the specific function of the high-speed railway C3+ATO system meets the corresponding technical specification under the specific scene, a formal modeling and verification method based on the timed automata is proposed. The station automatic departure scene is selected as the modeling object. The functional requirements of C3+ATO system specification are extracted and the timed automata model of the scene is established. The message sequence chart of the corresponding process …

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Study On Virtual And Real Entity Configuration Of Army Units Lvc Tactical Training, Gao Ang, Zhiming Dong, Qisheng Guo, Guohui Zhang Apr 2021

Study On Virtual And Real Entity Configuration Of Army Units Lvc Tactical Training, Gao Ang, Zhiming Dong, Qisheng Guo, Guohui Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem that “real soldiers” in the LVC system cannot observe “virtual soldiers” and cannot completely meet the army's tactical training needs, the research on the configuration under the condition of limited interaction between virtual and real entities is carried out. Taking equipment is as the node, taking the interaction between the equipment that conforms to the objective facts of combat as the edge. An undirected graph description example of a virtual-real node interaction is build. All the complete subgraphs in the undirected graph are all the configuration modes of virtual and real entities, under which any …

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Crowd-Based Requirement Engineering, Ume Sauda Ghanyani Apr 2021

Crowd-Based Requirement Engineering, Ume Sauda Ghanyani

CBER Conference

Requirement elicitation through crowdsourcing is trending nowadays and due to its major benefits, some of the organizations are implementing this idea. Our research paper discusses the traditional requirement engineering concepts and then compares them with crowd-based requirement engineering to show the benefits of crowdsourcing. Features of Crowd-Based Requirements Engineering are highlighted to give an idea of the basis on which the survey was conducted. Furthermore, we have discussed the online survey and gamification methods to motivate the crowd.

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A Behavioral Model For Simultaneous Event Execution In Sequential Discrete Event System Simulations, Brian David S. Dilinila Apr 2021

A Behavioral Model For Simultaneous Event Execution In Sequential Discrete Event System Simulations, Brian David S. Dilinila

Computational Modeling & Simulation Engineering Theses & Dissertations

The sequential execution of simultaneous events in a discrete event system simulation can cause unexpected behavior in a system. Current studies have provided approaches such as applying a priority order for simultaneous events. However, this is still a problem because executing simultaneous events in sequential order can still lead to two issues of simultaneous event conflicts: the case where simultaneous events cause changes to state variables required by other simultaneous events and the case where two or more simultaneous events cause changes to the same state variables. The objective of this thesis is to develop a behavioral model as a …

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Specification, Control, And Applications Of Z-Source Circuit Breakers For The Protection Of Dc Power Networks, Sagar Bhatta Apr 2021

Specification, Control, And Applications Of Z-Source Circuit Breakers For The Protection Of Dc Power Networks, Sagar Bhatta

Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations

There is a highly-increasing demand for the DC power transmission and distribution in modern power systems for the integration of newly-installed renewable energy resources and storage systems to the existing utilities. Application of DC power systems in electric ships, battery energy devices, high-voltage DC networks, smart grids, electric vehicles, microgrids, and wind farms is a recent trend that is being highly investigated. The fault protection of DC systems is an essential but challenging issue that needs careful attention to maintain system operation reliability and device safety. In this research, the specification, control, and application of Z-source breakers (ZCBs) are investigated …

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Authentication Schemes' Impact On Working Memory, Janine D. Mator Apr 2021

Authentication Schemes' Impact On Working Memory, Janine D. Mator

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

Authentication is the process by which a computing system validates a user’s identity. Although this process is necessary for system security, users view authentication as a frequent disruption to their primary tasks. During this disruption, primary task information must be actively maintained in working memory. As a result, primary task information stored in working memory is at risk of being lost or corrupted while users authenticate. For over two decades, researchers have focused on developing more memorable passwords by replacing alphanumeric text with visual graphics (Biddle et al., 2012). However, very little attention has been given to the impact authentication …

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