Engineering Commons^™

Freeze-And-Thaw Of Concretes And Aggregates, James H. Havens, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

This report summarizes several years of research relating to damage to concrete and aggregates undergoing freezing and thawing. Basic principles involving freezing and attendant pressures are considered. Application of these principles to the evaluation of concrete was accomplished in experiments on concrete having low and high air contents. The effects of air entrainment upon freeze-thaw resistance were demonstrated.

Freeze-thaw characteristics of saturated aggregates relative to physical properties such as porosity, absorption, and bulk specific gravity were studied by submerging individual particles in pre-chilled mercury. Pressures associated with popouts in concrete were monitored and are presented along with accompanying theoretical considerations.

Effect Of Pavement Texture On Traffic Noise, Kenneth R. Agent, Charles V. Zegeer

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Noise from highway vehicles emanates primarily from engine exhausts, tire-pavement interaction) gears, and rattles. Studies have shown that at high speeds tires become the dominant generators of noise. Measurements on different road surfaces have produced different noise-versus-speed relationships (1). This led to the road surface adjustment used in the noise prediction procedure developed in NCHRP Report 117 (2). This adjustment called for a 5 dBA reduction for smooth surfaces (very smooth, seal-coated asphalt pavement) and a 5 dBA increase for rough surfaces (rough asphalt pavement with voids 1/2 inch (12 mm) or larger in diameter and grooved concrete). …

Highway Accidents At Bridges, Kenneth R. Agent, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Grade-separation structures (bridges) at interchanges, crossroads, over streams, railroads, etc., which are intended to provide greater convenience and safety, otherwise involve features which either obstruct the range of free travel or serve as containment barriers. The objective of this study was to identify those principal features of bridges and appurtenances which may be related to accident frequency and severity and to provide some further insights toward highway safety.

Pedestrian Accidents In Kentucky, Charles V. Zegeer, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

When a pedestrian is hit by a motor vehicle, he is usually injured or killed; there is no protective cushion to absorb the impact. The high concentration of pedestrians in urban areas, coupled with heavy vehicle traffic, often results in large numbers of pedestrian accidents. In rural areas, there are considerably fewer pedestrians but traffic speeds are higher and, therefore, accidents are more often fatal.

Pedestrian fatalities have increased in the United States from about 7,800 in 1960 to approximately 10,500 in 1973 (1). There are 120,000 pedestrian accidents each year. Total traffic accidents in the US number about …

Speed Reduction In School Zones, Charles V. Zegeer, James H. Havens, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The use of flashing beacons together with signing has become somewhat standard throughout the country to alert drivers to the presence of school children and to regulate vehicle speed in school zones. Yellow beacons, usually two flashing alternately, may be used with both warning signs and regulatory signs. The only regulatory signs related to school zones are speed-limit signs. Both hazard identification beacons and speed-limit sign beacons are intended to operate only during hours when the warning and speed regulations are in effect. The effectiveness of signs and flashing lights in reducing speeds in school zones has been questioned.

The …

Development Of A Water Quality Simulation Model Applicable To Great Salt Lake, Utah, Craig T. Jones, Calvin G. Clyde, William J. Grenney, J. Paul Riley

Reports

The development of a model capable of predicting the long term (seasonal) . distribution of water quality constituents within Great Salt Lake was undertaken as a portion of the ongoing Great Salt Lake project at Utah State University. The overall goal of the project is the development of a modeling framework to assist relevant decision making bodies in the comprehensive management of the Great Salt Lake system. Phase I of the project provided the overall structural framework for management of the Great Salt Lake system, identified data needs, and established priorities for the development of submodels for incorporation into the …

An Energy Accounting Evaluation Of Several Alternatives For Hydropower And Geothermal Development, J. Clair Batty, J. Paul Riley, William J. Grenney, David A. Bell

Reports

Alternative management strategies for hydropower and geothermal development are myriad. This study does not attempt to evaluate or even summarize the many schemes which are possible. In an era of plentiful natural resources, economic analysis procedures for selecting a particular alternative have been developed which traditionally have tended to optimize on the basis of capital and labor. The approach taken in this study is based on the notion of optimum deployment of finite resources. A legitimate question which this study has attempted to address is: Does the construction of large water management facilities, such as hydropower dams, which involve huge …

The Effects On Agriculture In Utah Of Water Transfers To Oil Shale Development, B. Delworth Gardner, Kenneth S. Lyon, Roger O. Tew

Reports

In Part I the institutional factors affecting water distribution in the Upper Colorado River Basin in general and specifically the Uintah Basin are presented. The historical development of the appropriation doctrine of water allocation is outlined and Utah water policy is examined. These institutional factors are analyzed in light of the prototype oil shale development in the Uintah Basin and potential impact on the area's agricultural sector. Oil shale water estimates are compared with Uintah Basin water availability and examined with regard to population projections and municipal water use. Lastly, Utah water policy and the appropriation doctrine are viewed as …

The Effects Of Angularity On The Compaction And Shear Strength Of A Cohesionless Material, Richard Edward Swiderski

Theses

Several physical methods are described for the practical measurement and rating of angularity (shape) of cohesionless soil particles. Angularity is determined by utilizing the fundamental property of a sphere: a sphere has the smallest contact surface area of any shape for a given volume. Therefore, any other shape will exhibit a greater contact surface area and consequently will have a greater frictional resistance which is a function of its degree of angularity.

The effects of angularity on the physical behavior (e.g. strength) of cohesionless soils was investigated at various relative compaction densities. For this purpose a combined compaction and direct …

Subcontracting By The Petrochemical Engineer-Constructor, Michael Peter Skurla

Theses

An analysis has been made of the methods used by a Petrochemical Engineer-Constructor, who has national labor agreements, in deciding if the construction phase of a project should be done by a subcontract method of construction or be accomplished on a direct hire basis. The petrochemical complex under discussion is considered to be in the $75 million range for the total installed cost including design, engineering, procurement, and construction.

The influence of subcontracting portions of the construction phase by the Engineer-Constructor is reviewed with its impact on: the client; project schedule and cost; local and national labor relations, because of …

Evaluation Of The Institute Of Transportation Engineers Program For School Pedestrian Crossing, Nabil Shafiq Hamadeh

Dissertations and Theses

The Technical Council of the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) developed a program for school crossing protection. The intent of this thesis is to evaluate the ITE program within. the context of those programs developed by other agencies throughout the nation. Research materials were obtained from the appropriate Federal, state, local and other agencies through papers, articles, reports and correspondence. Upon the analysis of these sources, the ITE program was found to be deficient in several ways. Recommendations for modifying the program which are set forth herein include a revision of the ITE program including the school route map, clarification …

Mechanical Connections In Cold-Formed Steel: Comprehensive Test Procedures And Evaluation Methods, John Fraczek, George Winter, Teoman Peköz

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

Design equations do not exist for connections in cold-formed steel formed with most types of mechanical fasteners, and such designs are presently based on test results. A lack of standard test procedures and corresponding evaluation methods impedes the acceptance of connection designs and the exchange of information vital to understanding the connection performance of a large number of mechanical fasteners with diverse properties. Initial steps toward standardization are taken with the development of fixtures and procedures for single shear, pullout and pull-over tests. The proposed single shear tests employ both a simple specimen formed with two overlapping straps and a …

Performance Of Unstiffened Compression Elements, Venkatakrishnan Kalyanaraman

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

The elastic and inelastic local buckling and elastic postbuckling behavior of unstiffened elements in cold-formed steel members and their effects on bending of beams and overall flexural buckling of columns have been investigated. An analytical investigation of the elastic and inelastic local buckling and the elastic postbuckling behavior of unstiffened elements with an elastic rotational edge restraint has been carried out. Results of experiments on short columns, long columns and beams are presented and compared with the analytical solution. An effective width equation for the elastic postbuckling range of the unstiffened element behavior has been derived by modifying the analytical …

Proposed Criteria For Load And Resistance Factor Design Of Steel Building Structures, Theodore V. Galambos

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

No abstract provided.

Constant-Rate-Of-Strain And Controlled-Gradient Consolidation Testing, C. Thomas Gorman

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Controlled-gradient (CG), constant-rate-of-strain (CRS), and conventional incremental-loading (STD) consolidation testing are compared and evaluated. Undisturbed samples representing three soils common to Kentucky were used in the testing program. Settlements estimated by each testing technique were compared with settlement records from one of the sites. Results of 15 CG, 14 CRS, and 32 STD consolidation tests are shown. No significant differences were noted in values obtained from the three types of consolidation tests. Feasibility of the new test methods for routine testing is briefly discussed and recommendations were made for refinements in testing procedures.

A Survey Of Use Of Left-Turn-On-Red, Kenneth R. Agent

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The objectives of this survey were to determine the extent that a left turn on a red traffic signal (LTOR) has been used across the country and to learn how effective it has been. Responses were received from 43 of the 55 cities surveyed. Of the cities responding, 22 have either had past experience with LTOR or have recently enacted an ordinance which will allow LTOR in the future. Most LTOR laws limit its use to intersections of two one-way streets. A much higher percentage of cities in the western United States have laws permitting LTOR than cities in the …

The Socioeconomic Impact Of The Mountain Parkway And Ky 15, Joseph T. Farmer

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

A study of socioeconomic variables in a nine-county region in Eastern Kentucky was undertaken to determine whether significant growth had occurred since the opening of the Mountain Parkway and reconstruction of KY 15. It was hypothesized that these roads have acted as catalysts with available resources to promote a better quality of life.

Study revealed that, while income levels and business sales have enjoyed substantial increases, overall quality of life is still poor. Educational facilities are inadequate; economic diversification in business types is limited; coal is still the main stimulant for income and employment. However, outmigration of persons from the …

Evaluation Of Thermoplastic Pavement-Striping Materials (Louisville And Jefferson County), Jerry G. Pigman, Kenneth R. Agent

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Approximately 1,406,100 linear feet (428,579 m) of hot-sprayed thermoplastic stripe was applied to roadways in Louisville and Jefferson County in the summer of 1973. Visual observations of appearance, durability, and night visibility were conducted according to ASTM D 713-69, the standard method for conducting road service tests on traffic paint. Attempts to conduct photometer measurements of the thermoplastic striping were unsuccessful. Visual observations made during rainy, nighttime conditions were also unsuccessful because very little difference was noticeable among the various sections.

The evaluation showed that the thermoplastic stripes performed considerably better on bituminous concrete pavements than on portland cement concrete …

Assessment Of Possible Carcinogenic Hazards Created In Surrounding Ecosystems By Oil Shale Developments, Gerald L. Dassler

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

One of the purposes of an environmental assessment is to foresee potential problems created by the introduction of contaminants into an ecosystem and to suggest appropriate control devices to mitigate the effects of such inputs. In the case of the oil shale industry, very little is known about the potential hazards, especially those related to the emission of organic compounds with carcinogenic potency. The hazards will probably be due to chronic exposures to the emitted compounds and the effects of such exposures are likely to take years to manifest themselves, as is the case with many carcinogenic substances. A precise …

Development Of A Water Quality Model Applicable To Great Salt Lake, Utah, Craig T. Jones

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The development of a model capable of predicting the long term (seasonal) distribution of water quality constituents within Great Salt Lake was undertaken as a portion of the ongoing Great Salt Lake project at Utah State University. The overall goal of the project is the development of a modeling framework to assist the relevant decision making bodies in the comprehensive management of the Great Salt Lake system. Phase I of the project provided the overall structural framework for management of the Great Salt Lake system, identified data needs, and established priorities for the development of submodels for incorporation into the …

Microbial Bioassay Techniques For Assessing Acid Mine Spoil Amendments For Revegetation, Michael A. Anderson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The revegetation of sterile acid mine spoils is a costly and lengthy process due to the many factors (pH, toxic materials, low nutrients, poor soil structure, temperature, moisture, length of growing season, etc.) which impede the establishment of stable plant communities. A microbial bioassay technique applied to soil systems has been developed to allow a rapid (four weeks) and integrated (with respect to nutrients and toxicants) determination of the best amendments for stabilizing mine spoils by revegetation. Using mine spoil from the Blackbird Mine, Cobalt (near Salmon), Idaho, various comb illations of nitrogen, phosphorus, chelators, trace elements, potassium, manure and …

Effects Of Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Copper, And Mercury) On Reproduction, Growth, And Survival Of Brine Shrimp (Artemia Salina) From The Great Salt Lake, Karl A. Gebhardt

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this paper is to report findings concerning the effects of cadmium, copper, and mercury on the brine shrimp Artemia Salina, of the Great Salt Lake. Metal toxicity was observed in relation to acute susceptibility, growth, reproduction, and hatching of the brine shrimp.

Heavy metal concentrations such as cadmium, copper, and mercury are known to be considerably higher in the Great Salt Lake than those in both freshwater and seawater. No published study has been concerned with heavy metal effects on organisms in salinities greater than seawater (35 grams per liter total dissolved solids). The experiments reported …

Tentative Load And Resistance Factor Design Criteria For Connections, M. K. Ravindra, Theodore V. Galambos

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

No abstract provided.

Ua64/3 Readout, Wku Industrial Education & Technology

WKU Administration Documents

Newsletter includes articles:

• Construction Complete on Environemental Science & Technology Building
• Wendt, Donald. Some Reflections on teh Kentucky Industrial Education Association
• Tomazic, Norman. Technology Assessment A Step Toward a Humanized Technology
• Frank Pittman has Individualized Course Published
• Lowrey, H.J. Industrial Arts in a Changing Society
• H.B. Clark
• Growing Interest, re: Architectural Drafting
• Old Building Begins Renovation
• Walter Nalbach: Craftsman at Home

Ole Miss Engineer 1976

Ole Miss Engineer

No abstract provided.

Accidents On Rural, Two-Lane Roads And Their Relation To Pavement Friction [Apr. 1976], Rolands L. Rizenbergs, James L. Burchett, Larry A. Warren

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Friction measurements were made with a skid trailer at 40 mph (18 m/s) on 1460 miles (2350 km) of rural, two-lane roads (US routes) in Kentucky. Maintenance sections or subsections were treated as test sections. Accident experience, friction measurements, traffic volumes, and other available data were obtained for each. Various expressions of wet-pavement accidents and pavement friction were related and analyzed. Averaging methods were used in developing trends and minimizing scatter. A moving average for progressively-ordered sets of ten test sections and test sections grouped by Skid Numbers and Peak Slip Numbers yielded more definite results. The expression of accident …

The D-Cracking Phenomenon: A Case Study For Pavement Rehabilitation, James H. Havens

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

No abstract provided.

Characteristics Of Traffic Streams On Rural, Multilane Highways, Jerry G. Pigman, Jesse G. Mayes

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The purpose of this study was to develop a data base and interrelationships for traffic characteristics on rural, multilane highways. Primary emphasis was placed on factors influencing lane distribution. Other characteristics investigated were vehicle speeds, vehicle classifications, volumes, time distributions of flow, and noise emitted by vehicle type and weight. Most analyses were based on traffic characteristics data collected in the summer of 1973. Analyses of 1968 and 1975 traffic characteristics data were compared with 1973 data for the purpose of investigating unusual trends over the various time periods. The 1968 and 1973 surveys produced similar results; however, some changes …

Guardrail Performance: An Analysis Of Accident Records, Kenneth R. Agent

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Accident records involving guardrails were analyzed and summarized.

Guardrail-related accidents comprised a significant percentage of interstate and parkway accidents, particularly those resulting in fatalities. Guardrail involvement in accidents was much less on primary and secondary highways than on interstates and parkways.

The severity of guardrail-related accidents was higher than the average severity of all accidents. The severity of guardrail-related accidents was higher on the primary and secondary system than on the interstate and parkway system.

Guardrails have not been very successful in redirecting vehicles parallel to traffic. The largest number of severe injuries involved vehicles vaulting over the guardrail Increased …

A Soils Data System For Kentucky, Dwight Spradling

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

This report discusses the development of a computerized soils data system which facilitates collection, centralized storage, and retrieval of soils data developed by engineers and scientists for projects in Kentucky. Without such a system, much soils data are essentially lost after each project is completed. This system will provide data that can conveniently be used for developing preliminary sources of information for site investigation, for preparing regional soil maps, for land use planning, and for studying new and existing empirical relationships involving soil properties and characteristics.

Various types of data systems, the design of the system to include software and …