Engineering Commons^™

Tests Of Continuous Purlins Under Downwards Loading, Michael Celeban, Chris Healy, Gregory J. Hancock

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The paper describes a test program on purlin-sheeting systems for which the sheeting was screw fastened to the purlins. The test program simulates downwards loading. Z-section purlins were tested in three span continuous lapped configurations. The test purlins were supported by a range of bridging (bracing) members ranging from no bracing to one brace per span. The test results are compared with the design values computed using the Australian Cold-Formed Steel Structures Standard (AS1538-1988). The Australian Standard design is based on a flexural-torsional buckling analysis which may include the restraint from attached sheeting.

The Buckling Behaviour Of Hollow Flange Beams, Mahen Mahendran, T. J. Heidt

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A new cold formed structural section known as the hollow flange beam is currently under development in Australia. This section will have many applications, particularly in portal frame buildings. This paper discusses the lateral distortional buckling behaviour of the hollow flange beam.

Recent Research And Developments In Cold-Formed Steel Design And Construction, Wei-Wen Yu, Roger A. Laboube

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Unstiffened Elements - Some Interesting Features - Tests of Profiled Steel Decks with V-Stiffeners - Bending Strength of Beams with Non-Linear Analysis - Local and Distortional Buckling of Thin-Walled Beams - Design of C-Sections Against Deformational Lip Buckling - Lateral Buckling of Singly Symmetric Beams - Flexural Capacity of Discretely Braced C's and Z's - The Buckling Behaviour of Hollow Flange Beams - Experimental Investigations of I-Beams - Tests of Continuous Purlins Under Downwards Loading - Tests of Full-Scale Roofing Systems - Profiled Sheet Behaviour Under Concentrated Load - On Design of Profiled Sheets with Varying Cross Sections - Properties …

Prediction Of Corner Mechanical Properties For Stainless Steels Due To Cold Forming, P. Van Der Merwe, G. J. Van Den Berg

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The results of a study of the degree of workhardening on stainless steel Types 304, 409, 430 and Type 3CR12 corrosion resisting steel due to cold work of forming are presented in this paper. Analytical inelastic stress-strain relationships are established for virgin tensile specimens. An equation for predicting the yield strength of comers are developed.

Stainless Steel Tubular Beams - Tests And Design, Gregory J. Hancock, Kim J. R. Rasmussen

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The paper presents tests on square and circular stainless steel tubular beams. An important part of the test programme was to quantify the increase in bending strength resulting from cold-work during the fabrication process. Tension and compression tests on coupons cut from finished tubes were also included in the test programme. Stress-strain curves for shear were obtained using the coupon test results and the concept of affinity factors. A design method is proposed for stainless steel tubular beams. The method incorporates the increase in strength produced by the cold-rolling process and is validated by comparing it to the test strengths. …

The Lateral Torsional Buckling Strength Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Lipped Channel Beams, P. Van Der Merwe, P. J. Bredenkamp, G. J. Van Den Berg

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The findings of an investigation into the lateral buckling strength of cold-formed singly-symmetric stainless steel beams are reported in this study. The singly-symmetric sections under consideration were lipped channel sections fabricated from a modified AISI stainless steel Type 409 designated 3CR12, a ferritic corrosion resisting steel. The purpose of this study was to compare the experimental strengths of singly-symmetric sections to the theoretical predictions proposed by the new ASCE Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members. It was concluded in this investigation that the tangent modulus approach adopted in the design specification for stainless steels, compared well …

Influence Of Deformed Metal Decking Composite Floors To Beam-Column Connections, Y. Xiao, D. A. Nethercot, B. S. Choo

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A series of tests designed to investigate the interaction of a variety of different steel beam to column connection details with a composite metal deck floor is described. The main emphasis is on assessing the connections' moment capacity, rotational stiffness and rotation capacity. The full details of the experimental behaviour of the flush end plate and partial depth end plate connections will be described in this paper. A simple method for moment capacity calculation based on the test results is proposed herein.

Testing And Design Of Bolted Connections In Cold Formed Steel Sections, F. Zadanfarrokh, E. R. Bryan

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A detailed analysis of the strength and rigidity of bolted connections in cold formed steel has been carried out. Design expressions are proposed that improve on the existing equations for bearing strength, and for the first time, quantify the rigidity of such connections. The effects on the design of bolted joints are described and it is shown how, by incorporating the proposed expressions, it is now possible to select the correct semirigid joint and achieve economy without having to resort to testing.

The Bi-Axial Behaviour Of Shear Connectors In Composite Slabs And Beams, Chris T. Duffy, David O'Leary, Michel Montourcy

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The use of composite beams which utilise steel beams together with a composite steel sheet/concrete floor slab is well developed. Many forms of steel profile are used and the form of attachment to the steel beam is generally by welded shear studs or shot-fired shear connectors. The design procedures for these beams require a knowledge of the shear capacity of the connectors which may be influenced by the type of profile being used for the beam. This shear capacity is often deduced from information obtained from standard push-off tests which mayor may not include in the test set-up the actual …

Design Of C-Sections Against Deformational Lip Buckling, D. Buhagiar, J. C. Chapman, P. J. Dowling

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Deformational lip buckling is one of the considerations affecting the choice of cross-section dimensions which were adopted for the C-sectlon chord members of a space frame system. No guidance on lip buckling of channel sections is given in the current British design specification. A method was therefore required for determining the lip buckling resistance of the members when subjected to axial compression or bending. A design procedure was formulated in which the lips are represented as a strut on an elastic foundation, the stiffness of which depends on the deformational stiffness of the section. The critical buckling stress and the …

Local And Distortional Buckling Of Thin-Walled Beams, Reynaud Serrette, Teoman Pekoz

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Recent research has characterized the behavior of panel beams with laterally unsupported compression flanges as either a complex local buckling mode or an overall buckling mode. Tests have shown that the behavior of the unsupported flange and web is similar to that of lateral buckling, except, rotation is enforced along the axis of the web and the tension flange--a behavior which may be described as distortional buckling. In the work described here, an analytical expression is presented for computing the elastic distortional buckling stress based on a model which treats the web and compression flange as an elastically restrained beam. …

Tests On Full-Scale Roofing Systems, D. B. Moore

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This report details an experimental investigation on three full-scale, cold-formed steel roofing systems. The test programme included both uniformly and variably distributed loadings representative of drifting snow. Comparisons between the performance of each roof subject to these distributions are made and recommendations for the design of roofs loaded with variably distributed loads are presented. Finally observations on the tests to failure are discussed.

Contrasting Behaviour Of Thin Steel Roof Claddings Uder Simulated Cyclonic Wind Loading, Mahen Mahendran

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

During an investigation on thin steel roof claddings under simulated cyclonic wind loading, it was found that trapezoidal roofing behaved quite differently to corrugated roofing due to the presence of overload cycles. This paper examines this contrasting behaviour of these two roofing profiles.

On Design Of Profiled Sheets With Varying Cross Sections, Laszlo Horvath, Miklos Nemeti, Bela Veroci

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A short review is given on the effective width concept and about its use for determining of the moment capacity of sheets. A modified method, taking into account the varying flexural rigidity along the spans, is described and illustrated on examples carried out on first -generation panels.

Properties For Cellular Decks In Negative Bending, K. Balaji, Larry D. Luttrell

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cellular roof and floor decks may be formed by attaching essentially flat sheets to a "hat-shapes" or to fluted profiles by spot welding along the contact lines. This leads to a closed cellular deck unit suitable for such purposes as in-floor power distribution or communication systems. In positive bending, or when the flat sheet is in tension and stable, cellular deck flexural properties can be determined following the American Iron and Steel Institute Cold Formed Steel Design Manual. When the flat sheet is in compression, its contribution is not described in the AISI Manual since it is not continuously connected …

Composite Slabs Analyzed By Block Bending Test, Li An, Krister Cederwall

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

A new small-scale test, concrete block bending test, was carried out to determine the amount of shear stress and the slip distribution at the interface between the steel sheet and the concrete. The result was then used in the finite element analysis to predict the behaviour of composite slabs. Good agreement has been shown between the analytical results and measured results from the full-scale composite slabs.

Repeated Point Loading Tests On Composite Slabs, Yoshimitsu Itoh, Kiyoshi Komori, Hiroshi Fujioka

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Single span and double span composite slab specimens were tested by subjecting them to concentrated repeated point loading. From the test results, it was found that the control of concrete cracks caused by the negative moment over the interior support is important in the latter case.

Thermal Shielding Near Intermediate Supports Of Continuous Span Composite Slabs, Kees Both, Leen Twilt, Jan W. B. Stark

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

At TNO Building and Construction Research, in close co-operation with the Eindhoven University of Technology, research is carried out on the behaviour of fire-exposed composite steel/concrete slabs, in the framework of a research project co-sponsored by the ECSC (European Community for Steel and Coal). The paper describes the state of the art of the research project.

Design Of Channels Against Distortional Buckling, Y. B. Kwon, Gregory J. Hancock

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Thin-walled lip-stiffened channel columns composed of high strength steel may fail in a distortional mode involving movement of the lip stiffener perpendicular to the flange plate it supports. In this report, test results for a simple lipped channel section(CH1) and an intermediate stiffened channel section (CH2) of thickness of approximately 1.1 mm (0.043 in) and 550 MPa (79.8 ksi) steel and undergoing distortional or mixed local-distortional buckling failure are compared with different design methods. The design methods compared are Australian Standard AS1538, EC3 Partl/ Annexe A, the ECCS Recommendations and the AISI Specification. In addition, new methods based on a …

Distortional Buckling Of Cold-Formed Steel Z-Section Columns, P. Charnvarnichborikarn, Dimos Polyzois

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Current North American guidelines for the design of cold-formed steel members consider the web of cold-formed steel sections under direct compression to be a fully stiffened element. This, however, may not be true if the flanges cannot provide sufficient restraint to the web. In this case, instability of the web element may cause distortional failure of the flange-edge stiffener component which may limit the load-carrying capacity of these sections with very little post-buckling strength being realized. In the present paper, the effect of web buckling on the load-carrying capacity of Z-sections with partially stiffened flanges is examined. The current design …

Flexibly Connected Thin-Walled Space Frame Stability, Sundar Chandramouli, Shien T. Wang, George E. Blandford

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The elastic stability of a cubic space frame composed of cold-formed steel members is studied for various bending and warping rigidities. A finite element technique is used to perform a parametric study of the elastic stability response of the flexibly connected frame. The results are compared with previously published observations for hot-rolled steel sections. The criterion used for deciding the significance of warping for hot-rolled sections is not found to be applicable to cold-formed sections.

Shah Alam Sports Complex Design And Construction Of Unistrut Space-Frame Roof Structure, Khaldoun Mhaimeed, Sun Chien Hsiao

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The Shah Alam Sports Complex is a $100-million multiuse sports facility in Selangor, Malysia. The main feature of this complex is a 72000-seat multisport stadium. Seating on both sides of the stadium will be covered by a pair of barrel-vaulted acrylic sky roofs. Each roof is structurally supported by a Unistrut Space-Frame which in tum is supported at three of its four edges with a free span of 931 feet (284 m). The frame is cantilevered from the back 226 feet (69 m) over the seats. In this paper, design philosophy to satisfy serviceability and ultimate limit states is discussed. …

Some Applications Of Generalized Beam Theory, J. Michael Davies, Philip Leach

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Generalised Beam Theory (GBT) has been developed by Professor R Schardt and his colleagues at the University of Darmstadt in Germany. The definitive reference at the present time is a recent German text(1) which describes the first-order theory. For the analysis of cold-formed sections, second-order theory may be required and this is less well documented. This paper will attempt to describe the principles involved and illustrate them by means of some practical examples. GBT unifies the conventional theories for the analysis of prismatic thin-walled structural members within a consistent notation. It then extends them into new territory. Conventional beam theory …

Recent Developments In Cold Formed Steel, Robert W. Dannemann

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

During the last fifteen years the author has been working in the development of new products in cold formed steel, mainly in building applications. Cold formed steel makes possible practically an infinite variety of shapes, one for each need and function. This possibility is a continuous challenge for designers in finding, among many alternatives, the optimal solution for each problem. The author describes briefly a set of six proposals, which are either an already tested and proven product, or just its phase of design. As in any human doing, the author is conscious that these proposals may be accomplished and …

The 1989 Edition Of The Canadian Cold Formed Steel Design Standard, R. M. Schuster

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents excerpts from the latest edition of the Canadian Standard for the design of cold formed steel structural members (CAN/CSA-SI36-M89). Considerable technical changes, reflecting the latest research developments, have been incorporated into this edition of the Standard. These changes are based on an increased understanding of the behaviour of cold formed steel structures, members, and elements and of cold formed steel as a structural material. Some of the more significant technical changes of the Standard are discussed in greater detail. Comparisons with the Standard's predecessor (CAN3-S136-M84), and whenever appropriate, with the 1986 AISI Specifications are also made.

Axial Load Capacity Of Sheeted Cold-Formed C And Z Members, Neil J. Glaser, Richard C. Kaehler, James M. Fisher

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)

No abstract provided.

Ole Miss Engineer 1992

Ole Miss Engineer

No abstract provided.

Construction Of Highway Base And Subbase Layers Containing Residue From An Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion Process, David Q. Hunsucker, R. Clark Graves

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

This report summarizes findings of laboratory and construction evaluations of using residue from an atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) process as a component in an experimental road base and subbase application. The base mixture contains pulverized fuel ash, AFBC residue, and limestone aggregates used as bulk filler. The subbase mixture contains AFBC residue and pond ash (ponded fly ash and bottom ash). Mixtures containing various proportions of each component were evaluated in the laboratory relative to maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, and compressive strength development.

Two 750-foot test sections of a 22-foot wide roadway, containing the experimental mixtures, were …

Cost Effective Maintenance Contracting, Bobby W. Meade, David Q. Hunsucker

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Increased emphasis on highway maintenance and the need to accomplish the maintenance programs as efficiently as possible, prompted this study. The objectives of the study addressed herein are the identification of maintenance activities performed by contract, determination of equivalent levels of service between contract performed and in-house performed activities, cost comparison of those activities, and recommendations to implement the findings.

Findings are that activities routinely performed by contract are cost efficient. A formal make-versus-buy decision making process should be developed. The process should be made available to District personnel and the make-versus-buy decision made at that level. Decision making processes …

An Experimental Study For The Effect Of Specimen Size On Shear Behavior Of Granular Materials, Clifton Linwood Parker Iv

Civil & Environmental Engineering Theses & Dissertations

An experimental study was undertaken to look into the effect of specimen size on the volumetric behavior of granular triaxial specimens. It was hypothesized that the specimen preparation mold creates a unique particle arrangement near the perimeter of the specimen and thus, for smaller specimen diameter relative to the particle size, it will exhibit a greater effect of the unique particle arrangement on the volumetric behavior. particles was used A single distribution of spherical glass throughout the testing. The tested specimens were 3.6, 2.8, 2.0, 1.4, 1.0, and 0.6 inches in diameter with a fixed two to one specimen height …