Engineering Commons^™

Packed Bed Heat Transfer, Anthony William Sposaro

Theses

The use of various published correlations to determine apparent thermal conductivities was found to give results of differing ma; magnitudes. For this reason when these values were utilized in the theoretical relationships proposed by McAdams:

tw-t2/tw-t1 = 0.692e^-23.14X + 0.1312e^-121.9X + 0.0535e^-299.6X

in which X is defined as

X = (KaL/CpGoD²t)

For packed bed systems the results were found to be inconsistent.

In this investigation a dimensionless equation:

Ka/kg = 0.00105 (DpGo/εpμ)^1.32

has been developed which permits the prediction of apparent thermal conductivities to air flowing through a 1 inch tube picked with glass …

Power Consumption In Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks, John J. Schlager

Theses

The general correlation of Power Number vs. Reynolds Number for flat six blade turbines in a horizontal cylindrical tank without baffles has been determined. The correlation has been found to apply to this system and corresponds to the 4 - 10% baffle region in the vertical cylindrical tank as determined by Rushton, et. al. ⁽¹⁾

An important variable to be considered is the length of tank to impeller diameter ratio which was found to seriously affect the power consumption.

A power fall off was observed at high Reynolds Numbers and coincided with visual vortexing. This power fall off was found …

Detection Of Rust Formed Under Paint Films, James Larry Inglis

Masters Theses

"Corrosion is an evil that has plagued man since before the iron age. Three ways of controlling corrosion are: 1. alloy the metal to make it chemically inert to corrosion, .2. change the surroundings to a noncorrosive atmosphere, and 3. isolate the metal from the corrosive atmosphere, as for instance by the application of a number of coats of paint that has been found to be the most economical method.

At present, there is no reliable method of testing the effectiveness of a paint film that does not require the corrosion products to destroy the paint film and show themselves …

Permeability Of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate), James G. Harvey

Masters Theses

"Corrosion is a phenomenon which has been the subject of extensive research, in order to find a way to control or completely stop it. Two general methods, either placing the material which corrodes in an anti-corrosive atmosphere or protecting the material which corrodes from the corrosive atmosphere, are the chief means of preventing corrosion today.

The second method is probably most widely used presently. One of the most important methods of protection is by means of organic protective coatings, or paints, but at best these only retard corrosion, due to the fact that corrosive media e.g. water vapor, ions etc. …

The Experimental Determination And Prediction Of Ternary-Liquid Equilibria Data, Risdon William Hankinson

Masters Theses

"Although the field of liquid extraction is of increasing importance in today's chemical industry, the ternary-liquid data so necessary to the design and study of extraction operations are available in the literature only to a limited extent. During the twentieth century, approximately 120 ternary-liquid systems have been studied. However, limiting solubility data have been reported for approximately one-third of these systems, and about 30 per cent of the equilibria data reported for the remainder of these systems are incomplete or inaccurate.

Within limits, liquid equilibria data may be calculated for a ternary system from the properties of its constituents which …

Fractionation Of Fission Elements By Electrodialysis, George Joseph Bub

Masters Theses

"The development of nuclear power has presented countless problems to the scientists and engineers of today. A problem of extreme importance is the disposal of radioactive wastes. Another is the recovery of some of the useful radioisotopes from fission product waste solutions. This investigation is concerned with the recovery of some of the fission elements for use in radiochemical and medical research and in industry.

At present little effort is made to recover useful fission elements. The fission product waste solutions are treated to reduce the volume and are stored until the radiological hazard is reduced and are then disposed …

The Dissolution Of Magnesium In Strong Acids, Baldev K. Bhatia

Masters Theses

"The rapidly growing demand for magnesium and magnesium-base alloys in the manufacture of aircraft has led to a great amount of research into the corrosion characteristics of these materials. The result of such research has been the development of suitable magnesium alloys and protective coatings to retard corrosion.

The standard electrode potential of magnesium lies between -2.35 volts and -2.54 volts at 25⁰C (hydrogen scale). Thus, magnesium lies next to aluminium in the electrochemical series of elements. The atmospheric corrosion of magnesium has been studied under conditions of indoor and outdoor exposure. Under these conditions the initial attack is formation …

A Study Of The Permeability And Separation Of Carbon Dioxide And Hydrogen By Gaseous Diffusion Employing Barriers Of Polystyrene, Carl J. Wallace

Masters Theses

"The purpose of this investigation was to study the permeability and separation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen by gaseous diffusion employing barriers of polystyrene. The offset of temperature and barrier thickness on the permeability and separation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen wore Investigated for barriers of one, three, and five-mil thicknesses and for temperatures of 26, 35, 45, and 50 degrees centigrade.

With an increase in barrier thickness of one to five- mils, the permeability of carbon dioxide decreased to one-fourth of its value at the one-mil thickness. The hydrogen permeability decreased to approximately two- thirds of its value at …

A Study Of The Dissolution Of Zr-O Alloys In Hydrofluoric Acid, Wayne Gilbert Custead

Doctoral Dissertations

"The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain and explain, if possible, the effect of oxygen in the metal on the kinetics and electrochemistry of the reaction of zirconium in hydrofluoric acid solutions. This entailed the determination of the effect of oxygen on the dissolution rates, activation energies, dissolution potentials, and difference effect for zirconium in hydrofluoric acid and hydrofluoric-hydrochloric acid mixtures.

The alpha-phase solid solutions of oxygen and zirconium were synthesized by the powder-metallurgy technique. Both the alloy analysis and dissolution rates were obtained by the gas evolution method according to the reaction:

ZrO_x + 4HF → ZrF …

Lattice Parameters, Densities And Imperfections In Indium And Indium-Cadmium Alloys Rich In Indium, Paluri Bhimeswara Rao

Doctoral Dissertations

"An investigation of perfection of the structure of the indium-cadmium system was suggested by the interesting properties of indium and its cadmium alloys. The lattice of indium, though tetragonal, may be considered as distorted cubic, its axial ratio being 1.0767 at 20°C. Furthermore earlier studies have revealed a transformation of the tetragonal structure to cubic in the presence of cadmium.

To determine the perfection or soundness of the indium and indium-cadmium alloys rich in indium, pure indium (99.999 per cent purity) and eight samples of the indium-cadmium alloys ranging in composition from 2.977 to 10.015 per cent by weight of …

New Genera And Species Of Myripristid Fishes, In The Gulf Coast Cenozoic, Known From Otoliths (Pisces, Beryciformes)

School of Mines and Metallurgy Bulletins

Studies of fossil and Recent otoliths (sagittae) supply an important line of evidence, bearing on classification of teleost fishes, supplementary to that of anatomy, osteology, and "phylogenetic" paleoichthyology.

Squirrelfishes ( " Holocentridae" of authors) are generalized forms in which evolutionary divergence of some mag nitude is reflected in unpreservable details of anatomy, inconspicuous skeletal structures, and striking differentiation of the sagittae. Otoliths show the holocentroid complex to consist of one homogeneous unit (l\fyripristidae, elevated) and another more heterogeneous group (Holocentridae, restricted). These lineages have been separate. at least since the middle Eocene.

A revised classification, based on available lines of …

Heat Transfer Coefficients Of Non-Newtonian Slurries In Laminar Flow, Robert Frederick Roth, David B. Swanson

Theses

A total of 51 heat transfer runs were made in the first 25 runs, slurries of half micron and finer kaolin at 3.0, 5.6, 9.6 and 12.9% solids were used. Slurries of two microns and finer kaolin at 10.1, 13.7, 20.4 and 23.1% solids were used in the remaining 26 runs.

The Reynolds Numbers ranged from 0.9 to 2,020 for the 51 runs.

The data was correlated by the following equation:

H_f/C_bV_bP_b C_bR_b/K_b ^2/3 = 0.70 DV_bP_b/R_b ^-2/3

for an L/D ratio of …

Extrapolation Of Viscosity Data For Liquids, Julius Irwin Gnapp

Theses

The method of finite-difference recurrence relations* is here applied to viscosity-temperature data to determine whether it offers an improved means of extrapolating such data. The best of the existing parametric correlations, which is considered to be that of Andrade, was found to be subject to important departures from linearity and dependent upon the particular data points used in its formulation. The proposed method is non-parametric in that it does not require an assumption of the explicit function relating viscosity with temperature. Instead, it assumes that there is a linear relation between successive values of viscosity at equal intervals of temperature. …

Catalytic Activity Studies In Aromatic Sulfonation, William Marvin Jayne Jr.

Theses

The object of this investigation has been to determine the catalytic activity of several inorganic materials in promoting the sulfonation of aromatic organic compounds. Initial work involved sulfonation of p-nitroaniline with an excess of sulfuric acid. However, due to insufficient precision of the method of analysis, this system was abandoned. Thereafter, the study was concerned chiefly with the benzene and other aromatic compounds in nitrobenzene solution. This phase of the work proved to be successful, and the results are reported in the text of the thesis.

The author gratefully acknowledges the suggestions and counsel given throughout these investigations by Professor …

A Simplified Procedure For Diffusion Coefficients From Cation Exchange Studies, Robert Peter Lanyon

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to extend the data and to improve the procedures of previous investigators (1), (2), and (3), in the study of diffusion coefficients in aqueous media.

The main contribution of this investigation is the elimination of the tedious work of size grading, drying, weighing, and rehumidification of the Dowex 50 W - X8 resin, which is used to determine the ion exchange rates for the cations under consideration, The simplified procedure measures the resin volume by displacing a known volume of water. The method of calculating diffusion coefficients follows the procedure of (1), (2), (3), …

Electrolytic Amalgam Reduction Of Cinnamic Acid, Alan Ira Mytelka

Theses

The use of sodium amalgam and potassium amalgam to reduce cinnamic acid to hydrocinnamic acid was accomplished in two concentrically constructed cylindrical cells.

In the outer cell, liquid amalgam was prepared electrolytically using a mercury cathode. The amalgam was moved by a rocking motion into the inner cell where the cinnamic acid dissolved in ethanol was reduced to hydrocinnamic acid. The actual percent conversion as measured by iodine numbers varied from 6.0% to 567, the percentage depending upon the number of coulombs passed into the electrolytic cell, the amalgam used, and whether or not stirring in the inner reduction cell …

Fugacity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, Louis David Mazzeii

Theses

A method of Pitzer for predicting component fugacity coefficients of gases in binary mixtures is evaluated by calculating 2100 fugacity coefficients and comparing the results to experimental data.

Pitzer employed the technique of Gamson and Watson in deriving an expression for fugacity coefficients. The expression is based on a three parameter corresponding states theory set of equations, and a definition of pseudo critical properties of mixtures, both previously proposed by Pitzer.

A further comparison with values calculated by similar methods of Edmister and Ruby, and Redlich et al (which previously were established as the most accurate general methods) indicates Pitzer's …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Hydrazine, Michael Perlswieg

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of hydrazine have been evaluated for the saturated region and for the superheated vapor. The superheated vapor properties were determined for temperatures up to 2200°F and pressures to 3000 psia. Enthalpy, entropy, and specific volume are reported for the saturated vapor and liquid and the superheated vapor. Results are reported in the form of tables.

Enthalpy values are relative to the saturated liquid at 32°F. Entropy values are absolute. The thermodynamic properties have been based on experimental data where possible. Due to the lack of experimental pressure-volume-temperature data, however, the generalized correlations of Lydersen, Greenkorn, and Hougen …

Viscosity Correlations Of Saturated Fatty Acids And Their Esters, Thomas Joseph Redling

Theses

Several correlations have been developed which permit calculation of the viscosities of the n-paraffin fatty acids and esters, beginning with formic and including stearic acid.

The correlations were obtained by interrelating the Log u and the Log P_v at the same temperature, where u is the viscosity in centipoise and P_v is the vapor pressure in millimeters Hg. A single line relationship represents all the fatty acids from propionic acid to and including stearic acid, while formic acid and acetic acid each have their own line. Methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl formate can be represented by a single …

The Electrolytic Oxidation Of Para-Nitrotoluene, Mustafa Darwish Shamy

Theses

The factors affecting the electrolytic oxidation of p-nitrotoluene to p-nitrobenzoic acid have been studied, and optimum conditions determined for obtaining the best overall yield of 65.7 per cent. These Anode:lead sheetCathode:lead sheetAnolyte:250 cc of 50 per cent sulfuric acid
10 grams of p-nitrotoluene
5 grams of chromic trioxideCatholyte:250 cc of 50 per cent sulfuric acidVoltage:4.5 ± .5 voltsCurrent density:3.0 amperes per square decimeter.Temperatures65 ± 3°CReaction time:fifty per cent of the theoretical time required

It was observed that high potentials and prolonged reaction periods are detrimental to the yield.

A mechanism for the electrolytic oxidation process is suggested, based on experimental …

The Kinetics Of Hydrogen Reduction Of Chromic Oxide, Kurt Strater

Theses

The hydrogen reduction of Cr₂O₃ to chromium metal was found to be feasible at very low water vapor concentrations, approximately -38° to -24°C, over a temperature range of 1130° to 1490°C. Hydrogen reduction under these conditions was predicted by the calculated equilibrium curves which also indicated that Cr₂O₃ is reduced directly to chromium without forming the intermediate oxide, CrO. This reduction path was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.

The percent reduction of Cr₂O₃ at each reaction temperature was constant with time suggesting an inhibiting effect of the gaseous reaction product, water …

Surface Area Of Small Particles, Richard Henry Ullrich

Theses

Experiments using glass beads and water were performed to obtain data to relate evaporation rates with the total surface area of a small sample of particles. The object of this work was to explore the possibility of devising a new method of determining surface areas which would be simple, rapid and non-destructive.

One gram samples of glaze beads ranging in diameter from 840 to 150 microns were wet with water and dryed to constant weight under controlled conditions. Residual water was removed by continued heating at a higher temperature. The experimental conditions were deliberately simple in keeping with the purpose …

Attrition In A Fluidized Bed, Andrew Joseph Welter

Theses

The object of this thesis is to study attrition in a fluidized bed in an attempt to find a reliable method for predicting attrition rate when fluid flow rates and particle sizes are varied.

The system studied consisted of air as the fluidizing median with bauxite and fuller's earth as the solids in suspension. Fluid flow rates were changed while all other variables were held constant. Systems with both large and small particles were studied for each material.

It was found that the attrition rate of the material when the bed is maintained at a constant mass flow rate is …

Investigation Of The Stability And Response Of A Reboiler Under Condensate Control, Francis Arthur Winter

Theses

Control of heat flux by condensate throttling was investigated theoretically by frequency response analysis and experimentally on a simulated reboiler control system.

Transfer functions were derived for each component and ware used to describe the response of the experi- mental system. Experimental controller settings were in reasonable agreement with the calculated results. However, general overall control was poor because of dead time and cyclic disturbances. Experiments showed that the process contained dead time in the order of three to seven times the ultimate period (0.5 - 1.0 minutes). Several sources of disturbances prevented an accurate evaluation of stability at low …

Physical And Electrical Properties Of The Manganin-Type Alloys, Wallace William Macintosh

Theses

This thesis is a report on the physical and electrical properties of the manganin-type alloys as compiled from the published literature on the subject. The peculiarities of these alloys, as related to mechanical history, heat treatment, and composition, are discussed. Empirical formulae, by which the temperature coefficient of resistance, the temperature of maximum resistance, the temperature-resistance equation, and the thermoelectric emf of these alloys against copper may be calculated, are shown.

A comparison of the effect of elongation on the specific resistivity of several sizes of manganin wire is made on the basis of experimental results. The effect of impurities …

The Electrolytic Preparation Of Perbromates, Robert M. Casciano

Theses

Since perchlorates and periodates can be formed by the electrolytic oxidation of chlorate and iodate solutions and since bromine lies between chlorine and iodine in the periodic table, it should be possible to electrolytically prepare perbromates. As yet, however, perbromates have not been prepared by any methods.

It was desired to attempt to prepare perbromates electrolytically and to definitely show their presence or absence after electrolysis. In order to accomplish this a new method of analysis was developed.

This work has shown that perbromates cannot be prepared by the electrolytic oxidation of bromate solutions under various conditions of temperature, current …

Effect Of Elevated Temperature On Efficiency Of Corrosion Inhibitors, Walter Dzingala

Theses

An experimental program was set up to investigate the effect of temperature on the protection efficiency of various inhibitors of metal corrosion. Contrary to most studies, an appreciable amount of the work was done with the corrosive effect being determined on the metal specimens that were exposed first to the inhibitor, then to air at different temperature, and finally to the corrosive medium with no inhibitor present. The purpose being to determine whether the inhibitor treatment would provide a permanent protection for a metal surface or would it be necessary to furnish a continuous supply of the inhibitor to the …

Binary Vapor Liquid Equilibria Isobaric Systems, Ira Lichtenstein

Theses

Oalculations of activity coefficients for thirty isobaric binary systems from vapor-liquid equilibria data were made using the Gilmont equation© An extensive literature survey showed the Gilmont equation provides an excellent means of correlating equilibrium data in most binary isothermal systems° However, the Gilmont equation’s applicability to isobaric systems had not been satisfactorily proven, and became the object of this investigation.

The Gilmont equation gave satisfactory correlation of the binary isobaric data for various systems. The correlation was found to improve as the systems approached ideal behavior. The introduction of a temperature correction to the relative volatility, term improved the correlation …

Hydraulic Characteristics Of Showerdeck Trays, Sam Gordon Marx

Theses

The hydraulic operating characteristics of the showerdeck tray were investigated. Air-water studies were made using a four plate, 11 1/4 inch I. D. plexiglas column.

Entrainment, liquid froth height, and pressure drop data were obtained at varying liquid and vapor rates.

Entrainment was found to be a function of the plate spacing, liquid height on the tray, the liquid rate and the column vapor velocity. It was found to be independent of the vapor velocity through the perforations. An equation of entrainment as a function of these variables was derived.

The liquid froth height on a tray was found to …

Evaluation Of The Thermal Properties Of Plastic Laminates, Luciano Sedillo

Chemical and Biological Engineering ETDs

To insure the proper application of newly developed materials, it is necessary to evaluate their physical and chemical properties. In the case of plastic laminates for use as heat barrier material, thermal diffusivity is an important property. Thermal diffusivity is the parameter which governs the rate of temperature change through a material. Its value depends upon the chemical composition and the physical structure of the material and its temperature.