Engineering Commons^™

An Experimental Study Of The Production Of Metallic Impregnations And Coatings -- A Vacuum Process, Engle D. Southard

Chemical and Biological Engineering ETDs

The purpose of this study undertaken was threefold, (1) to design and construct an experimental vacuum apparatus to produce a metal impregnated or coated material; (2) to study some of the variables which affect the process; then (3) to examine the physical characteristics of the resultant materials. Described herein is the development and operation of a vacuum system capable of producing conditions to permit the evaporation of metals to impregnate and coat various materials. The fundamental principle involved in this process is that a rarified atmosphere reduces the temperature required for metal evaporation and protects the metal vapor from reacting …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Formaldehyde, Raymond H. Koo

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated formaldehyde were evaluated at ten degree temperature intervals from -19°C. to 400°C. and at various pressures up to 150 atmospheres.

Lydersen's correlations were used to estimate the critical constants.

Vapor pressure data were calculated using Riedel's method.

The generalized thermodynamic correlations of Hougen, Lydersen,'and Greenkorn were employed to obtain values of the thermodynamic properties in the saturated and superheated regions.

The values for temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy for saturated and super-heated formaldehyde are presented in the form of tables and graphs.

Effect Of Cleaning Methods Upon Electrochemical Behavior Of High-Carbon Steel Cathodes In A Chromic Acid Electrolyte, George Chaplenko

Theses

The quality of electrodeposited coatings is to a great ex- tent determined by cleaning or surface-conditioning methods employed in preparing the basis metal for plating. Cleaning pro- cedures are usually established empirically, by trial and error. Little or no experimental work was devoted to a quantitative stu- dy of measurable parameters that are influenced by the relative effectiveness of individual cleaning processes. The present ex- periment was designed in an attempt to establish a correlation between one such parameter (namely, the single-electrode poten- tial of polarized cathode) and the quality of subsequent plating.

High-carbon steel cathodes, -a material that is …

The Effects Of Operating Variables On The Adsorption Of Water From Iso-Propyl Alcohol Using Molecular Sieves, Warren P. Johnson

Chemical and Biological Engineering ETDs

The purpose of this paper is to present a study made on the effects of (1) feed concentration, (2) liquid flow rate, (3) column dimensions and (4) absorbent particle size on the selective absorption of water from iso-propyl alcohol with molecular sieves in a semi-continuous or fixed-bed operation.

A Flotation Process For The Concentration Of New Mexico Oolitic Iron Oxide Ores., William C. Rahmig

Chemical and Biological Engineering ETDs

The vast expansion in the production of steel in the twentieth century has turned the eyes of the steel industry toward sources of low grade iron ore. Evidence of this is dramatically presented in a recent issue of Steel Facts. Fifty two percent of the iron ore mined in the United States was concentrated before shipment to the consumers. This is an increase of 25 percent over the amount concentrated a decade ago. The marked increase will continue as technological advances light the way for economical are treatment.

Crustacean Gastroliths From The Jackson Eocene Of Louisiana

School of Mines and Metallurgy Bulletins

Wechesia louisianae, n. sp., is described from upper Eocene beds at Montgomery, Louisiana. Second species of the genus, it extends the range of Wechesia Frizzell and Exline from Claiborne (middle) Eocene and validates the generic diagnosis.

A Study Of The Dissolution Of Hafnium In Hydrofluoric Acid, James W. Johnson

Doctoral Dissertations

"The purpose of this investigation was to obtain kinetic and electrochemical information concerning the reaction of hafnium with hydrofluoric acid in order to establish the mechanism of dissolution. This included the determination of dissolution rates, the difference effect, and dissolution potentials of hafnium in hydrofluoric acid"--Abstract, page 1.

Crustacean Gastroliths From The Jackson Eocene Of Louisiana, Donna L. Frizzell, Wayne C. Horton

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy Bulletins

Wechesia louisianae, n. sp., is described from upper Eocene beds at Montgomery, Louisiana. Second species of the genus, it extends the range of Wechesia Frizzell and Exline from Claiborne (middle) Eocene and validates the generic diagnosis.

New Genera And Species Of Myripristid Fishe~ In The Gulf Coast Cenozoic, Known From Otoliths (Pisces, Beryciformes), Donna L. Frizzell, C. Kurt Lamber

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy Bulletins

Studies of fossil and Recent otoliths (sagittae) supply an important line of evidence, bearing on classification of teleost fishes, supplementary to that of anatomy, osteology, and "phylogenetic" paleo ichthyology.

Squirrelfishes (" Holocentridae" of authors) are generalized forms in which evolutionary divergence of some magnitude is reflected in unpreservable details of anatomy, inconspicuous skeletal structures, and striking differentiation of the sagittae. Otoliths show the holocentroid complex to consist of one homogeneous unit (l\fyripristidae, elevated) and another more heterogeneous group (Holocentridae, restricted). These lineages have been separated at least since the middle Eocene.

A revised classification, based on available lines of evidence …

Evaluation Of Protective Paint Films On Steel By X-Ray Diffraction Techniques, Donald Charles Knobeloch

Masters Theses

"Paints and related organic materials provide the most widely used means of protecting metals against corrosion. While corrosion measurements are based on a full range of quantitative methods in physical and analytical chemistry, the basic problem of evaluation work in the field of paint chemistry has been characterized by empirical testing procedures. Field tests are still of major importance and secondly, the relative value of paints may be predicted through exacting laboratory tests. However, the results of accelerated exposure tests have never successfully been correlated with service experience despite the efforts of many laboratories over a period of 35 years …

A Study Of Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids, Edward R. Tegland

Masters Theses

"Since invert emulsions are being applied as drilling fluids to cope with special drilling and completion problems, evaluations of existing and new types of emulsions are needed. Three types of emulsions are evaluated in this study: (1) type A emulsions prepared with a commercial emulsifier, (2) type B emulsions prepared by adding clay to the external phase, and (3) type C emulsions containing no externally added emulsifier.

Standard testing procedures were used to measure the viscosity and filtration properties of the emulsions studied. Interfacial tension measurements were made using a technique described in the literature. The degree of stability for …

Design, Construction And Operation Of Equipment For The Study Of Evaporation Of Aqueous Solutions Using A Simplified Reactor Design Approach, Virendra Kumar Mathur

Masters Theses

"The study of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in flow reactors has attracted the attention of many workers for a long time due to its wide application in the industrial field. These heat and mass transfer studies play an important role in determining the rate equations and in turn the size of the reactor itself. A large number of chemical reactions have been studied by various workers….

The purpose of this work comprised only the initial or exploratory phase of this overall project, and deals with the design, construction and assembling of the equipment necessary to carry out the vaporization …

A Heterocyclic Alkyd Resin, Bhailalbhai M. Patel

Masters Theses

" 'Alkyd’ is a word coined by Kienle in 1927 to designate a class of synthetic resins which include the complexes resulting from the reaction of polyhydric alcohols and resinifying carboxylic organic aromatic acids or their anhydrides. The word in a broad sense is generally considered to apply to many modifications of these resins - drying, semi-drying and non-drying oil-modified alkyds. It was derived from the words alcohol and acid by combining “al” and “cid” and for euphony changing the ”cid” to “kyd” – al(cid)kyd.

Compounds having rings composed solely of carbon atoms are called homocyclic compounds or carbocyclic compounds. …

Hiding Power Of White Pigments : Theory And Measurement, Parker Bovaird Mitton, Lawrence Vejnoska

Theses

Optical properties of pigmented films such as hiding power, scattering coefficient, and absorption coefficient were measured at three bands of wavelength of light (blue, green, red) for ten white pigments at seven pigment concentrations in a paint. These pigments range from the highest index of refraction (rutile) to the very low index of an extender pigment (CaC031); they range from a fine particle size (average 0.2 microns) to a relatively coarse size (average 2.2 microns).

Among the findings presented below the first two confirm the general observations of pigment behavior found by others; the rest of the findings are new. …

Prediction Of Binary-Liquid System Viscosity From Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Data, Eugene Henry Okrent

Theses

This paper reviews the proposed methods for prediction of binary mixture viscosity. A calculation method is developed which predicts the binary liquid mixture viscosity of non-ideal systems of organic materials. The calculation method is an extension of the statistical mechanically derived equation:

η_m = Nh/V exp[χ₁Δ_G1⁺⁺ + χ₂ΔG₂⁺⁺ -ΔG^?/κ vap]/RT

A method has been developed for establishing the value of (ΔG^E/RT)vap from the constants of the Margules equation, which is an improvement over previous methods. The proposed equation is:

Log η_m = χ₁ log η …

The Electrochemical Product Of Sodium Meta Periodate, John Joseph Mooney

Theses

An investigation of an electrolytic cell utilizing a nickel anode in alkaline solution for the production of sodium meta periodate from sodium iodate was conducted. The problem was to find an improved method of producing the salts of periodic acid.

The test conditions of cell operation were varied, i. e., temperature, concentration, hydrogen ion concentration, current density and the physical dimensions of the electrolytic cell. The optimum conditions cell operation were found to be a temperature of 21°C, a concentration of 0.10 grams per milliliter of sodium iodate, a pH of 13, current density of between 32 and 42 milliamperes …

Correlation Of Pressure Drop And Holdup In A Packed Distillation Column, Nello Del Gobbo

Theses

Reed and Fenske have proposed a relationship that correlates the variables of packing dimensions, operating conditions, and fluid properties involved in countercurrent flow through packed distillation columns. Pressure drop and holdup data, obtained by atmosphere is distillation in columns packed with wire helices, was applied to the correlation by Reed and Fenske with good results. At reduced pressures limited data indicated the possibility of variations in the correlation as a function of the molecular weight of the material distilled.

Cummins investigated the effect of reduced pressure and holdup in distillation for several liquids using protruded packing. An attempt to correlate …

Heat Transfer Coefficients In Nucleate Boiling, Gerald Burt Fefferman

Theses

The purpose of this study was to investigate some new approaches to the problem of correlating heat transfer coefficients in nucleate boiling, A survey of previous work done in this field reveals much inconsistency in recorded data relating the heat transfer coefficient to other properties of the observed system, but general agreement has been reached, however, concerning the important influence of the temperature difference between the heating element surface and the boiling liquid. As this temperature difference is increased, the surface coefficient of heat transfer rises until a critical point is reached, marking the end of nucleate boiling and the …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Carbon Tetrachloride, Benzene, Methyl Cellosolve, Frederick Ormande Fisher

Theses

An Othmer still was used to determine the vapor-liquid equilibria for the ternary system: carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), benzene (C₆H₆), and methyl cellosolve (C₃H₈O₂). The solutions were assayed by refractive index and density measurements. The data were correlated to theoretical considerations by the use of the Margules 3-suffix ternary equationso

In the course of the investigation of the ternary system, vapor-liquid equilibria were determined for each of the three binary systems. The CCl₄-C₆H₆ system is well known and data are presented in the International …

Equilibrium And Reaction Rate Constants Of Esterification Of Nitrobenzoic Acids, John Nicholas Korzun

Theses

A determination of equilibrium constants and reaction kinetics for the esterification of ortho, meta, and para-nitrobenzoic acids with methanol and ethanol was performed. A search of past literature showed that the equilibrium constants for the above acids and alcohols had not been measured previously.

The equilibrium constants (Ke) obtained for ortho, meta, and para-nitrobenzoic acids using p-toluene sulfonic acid as catalyst and ethanol as the alcohol were 3.59, 4.56, and 2.91: respectively. Using methanol as the alcohol, the corresponding constants were 2.61: 2.65, and 1.92.

Hydrochloric acid was also studied as a reaction catalyst, but, a side reaction between catalyst …

Evaluation Of Heat Transfer Coefficients For Annular Spaces, Jacob Levine, Allan Mornenberg

Theses

The object of this thesis is to find the best approach for evaluating the heat transfer coefficients in annular spaces.

The system studied consisted of air in turbulent flow through steam heated annuli. Twelve pipe ratios were tested, with a pipe diameter ration range (D₂/D₁) of 7.0 to 1.3.

It WAS found, contrary to most literature, that at constant values of W/A μ, the heat transfer coefficient decreases as the standard equivalent diameter decreases (D_e=D₂-D₁). Because of this observation, the use of a Reynold’s number based on an equivalent diameter …

The Synthesis And Cyclization Of 5-Chloro-2, 3-Dichloroacetamidopyridine, Edward Aloysius Naiman

Theses

The acetylation of 5-chloropyridine-2,3-diamino with chloroacetyl-chloride to yield 5-chloropyridine-2,3-dichlo-roacetamide and the subsequent ring closure form 6-chloro-2-chloromethyl-3H-imidazo-(b)pyridine has been studied in detail. The method of experimentation utilized statistically designed mathematical experiments.

The yield of 5-chloropyridine-2,3-dichloroacetamido is dependent upon the excess of the reactants and temperature, while time is not a significant factor. An important contribution to the study was obtained by extracting the product with solvents and discovering that the ring closed material 6-chloro-2-chloromethyl-3H-imidazo-(b)pyridine yields in quantity during the diacetylation reaction.

The ring closure of 5-chloro-2,3-dichloroacetamidopyridine is markedly temperature dependent. Time has little effect on the reaction yield. The analysis of …

Enthalpies And Partial Molal Enthalpies For N-Butane-Nitrogen System, Charles Fisk Paddock

Theses

Enthalpies and partial molal enthalpies are presented for the nitrogen-n-butane system at 340°F. and at pressures from 200 to 10,000 psia. The enthalpies were calculated for the pure components and for five mixtures using a graphical residual method which is described by Van Ness.⁽¹⁾ This method makes use of the Redlich-Kwong equation of state⁽²⁾ to calculate approximate values which are then adjusted by graphical correction factors. This paper illustrates both the advantages and disadvantages of this method, the graphical residual method being advantageous only when the graphical contribution to the total result is relatively small. Calculated enthalpies of …

Fugacity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, David W. H. Roth

Theses

Fugacity coefficients of components in gaseous mixtures have been calculated by a method proposed by Joffe which is based on the use of generalized thermodynamic functions, and on Kay's rule for definition of the pseudocritical points of a gaseous mixture. The method should be applicable to compounds which can be correlated by the theory of corresponding states.

The method was tested by application to 255 experimental points comprised of four gaseous systems, and included Argon-Ethylene, Hydrogen - Nitrogen, Methane - Ethane, and Methane n Butane. Thermodynamic functions from two recent generalized correlations, that of Pitzer et al., and that of …

Particle-Liquid Flow In Vertical Tubes, Frederick John Rowe

Theses

It was the purpose of this investigation to develop an experimental Procedure which would allow the prediction of the variation of fraction void with varying liquid and solid rates from a minimum number of experiments carried out in simple apparatus. This procedure should allow prediction for both smooth and rough particles, and should be valid for several different shapes. The data collected can be plotted on a single chart showing the relation between fraction void, solids throughput, and liquid throughput for all vertical particle fluid systems. Such a method was suggested by Mertes and Rhodes1 in their work developing a …

Power Requirements For Agitation In Fully Baffled Vertical Cylinders, Leo Francis Ryan

Theses

The decrease in power number with increasing Reynolds number sought in this thesis was observed. However, the majority of the data is not an indication of this phenomenon. Only with a relatively high ratio of turbine diameter to vessel diameter could a power number fall-off be obtained. The power number fall-off thus appears to be dependent upon this ratio of turbine diameter to vessel diameter. When the power number fall-off was evidenced, a deep vortex existed despite the presence of full baffling, and large quantities of air were entrained by the liquid.

Even after applying pseudo corrections for both entrained …

Esterification Of Technical Grade Lactic Acid, George John Swier

Theses

A step in the method for manufacturing a purified grade of lactic acid from the technical grade lactic acid (44%) was investigated. In this method, technical grade lactic acid was reacted with normal butyl alcohol, the water formed during esterification was azeotropically removed. The ester formed, was separated from the excess butanol by vacuum distillation. The final step, the hydrolysis of the distilled ester to a purified grade of lactic acid was not covered in this investigation.

In this study, several features are reported, which to the best of knowledge, appear in a publication for the first time. They are …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, Lionel James Sirois

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methy1-2-pentanone, hexone) have been determined for the saturated region from 32°F to the critical temperature, 569°F. Properties in the superheated region were determined for temperatures from 200°F to 2000°F and over a pressure range from 5 psia to 1000 psia. Enthalpies, entropies, and specific volumes are reported for both phases where applicable. The datum point for all calculations was zero enthalpy and entropy for a unit mass of saturated liquid at 32°F and 0.083 psia.

Pressure-volume-temperature relations were predicted using the equation of state of Martin and Hou.⁽⁶⁾ This equation of state …

A Study Of The Flow Characteristics In The Core Region Of The Sandia Engineering Reactor, James A. Moeller

Chemical and Biological Engineering ETDs

The core region of a nuclear rector is an extremely compact area with a capability of providing a very high heat output. Regardless of the type of coolant used, the heat transfer characteristics of this region must be adequately designed to prevent any undesirable "hot-spots" from developing. The Sandia Engineering Reactor has one of the most compact cores of any in currently operating nuclear reactors. For this reason it is necessary to investigate fully the heat transfer characteristics of the core. The rate of heat transfer from the fuel elements to the coolant is directly dependent upon the temperature difference …

Absolute Viscosity Of The N-Paraffin Liquids, Gerald Permutt

Theses

The absolute viscosity of the normal paraffins C₅H₁₂ to C₂₀H₄₂ was studied to determine a relationship more useful in predicting liquid viscosities than existing correlations such as the methods of Andrade, Souders, Thomas, and Doolittle.

It was found that a function of corresponding liquid states could be designed which related viscosity to the number of carbon atoms. This function, here called liquidity, is defined as the extent to which a substance exists as a liquid with respect to temperature. This function can be expressed mathematically as:

L_c = (t - t_m)/(t …