Engineering Commons^™

Construction Of A Capillary Viscometer And The Study Of Non-Newtonian Liquids, Hsun Kuang Yang

Masters Theses

"A capillary tube viscometer was built for the purpose of investigating the fluid properties of non-Newtonian aqueous CMC and Carbopol solutions. The viscometer was tested with Newtonian liquids (glycerine, water and two different oils) having known viscosities to insure that the viscometer was operating correctly. The shear stress-shear rate data obtained for different concentrations of CMC and Carbopol solutions were correlated using the simple power law model. The power law constants were only slightly affected by saturating the solution with iodine and carbon tetrachloride. Aging had very little effect on the viscosities of the CMC solutions but had a considerable …

Drag Reduction In Newtonian Polymer Solutions, Harry C. Hershey

Doctoral Dissertations

"Prior work in the area of drag reduction has been mainly limited to aqueous solutions. Theoretical and empirical analyses of the resulting data in aqueous solutions have been hindered by the fact that some polymers cause drag reduction and others do not...This investigation was directed to the study of how the size and configuration of the polymer molecule in solution affected drag reduction and the related phenomenon of turbulence suppression. Apparatuses were designed and built to measure viscometric flow, curves, friction factors, velocity profiles, and normal stresses (by a jet thrust technique developed by Metzner and associates)"--Summary, page 1-2.

The Microbial Hydrolysis Of Cellulose And Some Factors Affecting The Production Of Cellulase In A Submerged Culture Of Alternaria Sp, Robert Murray Logan

Doctoral Dissertations

"A mile hydrolyzing procedure was utilized to degrade oak sawdust. Its capability of producing a suitable fermentatation [sic] medium was studied. In the interest of solubilizing, enzymatically, the carbohydrate portion of oak sawdust, an investigation was conducted in which various microorganisms were examined for their ability to utilize different forms of cellulose for their growth and to produce cellulose decomposing enzymes. The microorganisms included a myxobacterium, several fungi, and a wood-rotting basidiomycete. The fungi included two highly cellulolytic organisms, Myrothecium verrucaria and Trichoderma viride. The myxobacterium used was Sorangium cellulosum and the basidiomycete was Pleurotus ostreatus. The principla substrates employed …

Application Of Radioactive Tracers In The Study Of Diffusional Phenomena, Rodolfo Cilento

Theses

The study of mass transfer of a solute through a solvent can be greatly facilitated by the use of radioactive tracers.

This experiment was developed to demonstrate that by using radioactive tracers very small quantities of matter that would be very difficult to test chemically, can not only be tested but easily followed without disturbing the apparatus in which the diffusion is taking place.

Oleic Acid tagged with radioactive iodine (I¹³¹) was diffused through hexane at constant temperature in a glass column, one inch in diameter and thirty-six inches long.

The diffusion of Oleic Acid was followed by …

Gas Phase Fugacity Coefficients, Harvey Joel Klee

Theses

A method is presented for calculation of fugacity coefficients in gas mixtures. This work is based on a recent paper by Leland, Gamson, and Chappelear, wherein they presented a new method for evaluation of ideal K values. The information required for the method presented here includes pure component physical properties, and generalized tables or equations for compressibility factors, fugacity coefficients, and real gas enthalpy departure terms. Pseudo-critical temperatures and pressures for the mixture are calculated using the expressions presented by Leland and Mueller.

Five different binary systems consisting of paraffin hydro-carbon and CO₂ mixtures containing 318 separate points were …

Decomposition Of Diacetone Alcohol In Packed Beds Of Ion Exchange Resins, Arthur Donald Lahr, Rafael Juan Puente-Duany

Theses

A study was made of the rate of decomposition of diacetone alcohol by anion exchange resins in a packed bed under adiabatic and isothermal conditions. Two different resins were compared: a conventional type gel structure resin, Amberlite IRA-400, and a newly marketed maorore-ticular resin, Amberlyst A-26.

In a substrate with low water content, the rate of decomposition of diacetone alcohol by Amberlite IRA-400 vas controlled by intraparticle diffusion. This vas due to shrinkage of the polymer chain matrix of the resin. When dry diacetone alcohol feed was introduced the amount of decomposition was not measurable.

It was found that the …

An Oxidation Of Para-Nitrotoluene, Albert Edward Meisinger

Theses

The original purpose of this paper was to investigate the reaction kinetics of the air oxidation of para-nitro-toluene (PNT) to para-nitrobenzoic acid (PNBA). The reaction was to be carried out at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures between 100 and 175° C, and in the presence of an oxidation catalyst. However the main problem became one of trying to find a catalyst that would work at these conditions. The catalysts used were nickel acetate, cobaltous acetate, manganous acetate and manganese naphthenate. Hydrogen peroxide was tried as an accelerator for the reaction. None of these worked since no yield greater than 0.01% …

Effect Of Temperature On Rate Of Absorption Of Ammonia By Water In Packed Tower, Chhotu B. Patel

Theses

Measurements of the rate of absorption of ammonia in water have been made using a 4-inch diameter Lucite column With porcelain Raschig rings packed to a height of 3 feet, Tests were made with water rates of 462 and 695 lbs./ hr-ft² and a constant gas rate of 130 lbs/hr-ft² with liquid temperature verying from 72° F. to 110° F.

At constant liquid and gas rate, the mass transfer coefficient, Κ_Ga, decreases with increasing liquid temperature and in represented by straight lines on plot of Κ_Ga versus temperature. The variation of Κ_Ga …

Esterification Of Oleic Acid, Niranjan Muljibhai Patel

Theses

The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of catalyst concentrations and temperatures on the rate of reaction and energy of activation in the reaction system of oleic acid and oleyl alcohol. It is suggested by Flory^2,3 that the p-toluene-sulfonic acid catalyzed esterification reactions follow a second order mechanism. The p-toluene-sulfonic acid is used in the present work.

Two different catalyst concentrations were used at two different temperatures. The uncatalyzed reaction at the same temperatures was also studied. The specific rate constants are calculated and from that, the energy of activations are calculated using the Arrhenius equation. …

Diffusion Of Single And Multicomponent Solutes From Capillaries, Oleh S. Sklepkowycz

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the diffusion coefficients of several single and multi-component solutes, and to establish the relations between the diffusivity, the solute composition) and the diffusion rate. Such information pertinent to the extraction and leaching operations, can not be found in literature.

The procedure developed by Piret, Wbel, and Armstrong (25), involving observation of the extraction rate of two-phase mixtures from straight capillaries, was adopted and verified on a known sodium chloride-water system.

In the course of the experimental work diffusion coefficients more determined for ursolic acid, palmitic acid, and tripalmitin in methyl isobutyl ketone. …

The Reaction Of Urea With Primary Alkyl Bromides, Ronald Lewis Stabile

Theses

The reactions between urea and the primary alkyl bromides from 1-bromobutane to 1-bromooctane were investigated. The effect of concentration, temperature, and solvents on the yield was determined. Second order reaction rate constants at temperature of 80°, 100°, and 132°C were calculated from the data for yield. The yield is defined as the percent of bromine from the alkyl bromide titrated as bromide ion.

The results indicate that the reactions of the primary alkyl bromides with urea are similar; the reaction being of the second order and the ex. tent of reaction being approximately the same for each alkyl bromide for …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Perfluoropropane, Frank Fang

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of perfluoropropane (octafluoropropane) have been determined by the author for the saturated region from -100°C to the critical temperature, 71°C. Properties in the superheated region were likewise determined by the author for temperatures from -35°C to 300°C and over a pressure range from 1 atmosphere to 40 atmospheres. Enthalpies, entropies, densities, and specific volumes are reported for both vapor and liquid phases where applicable. The datum point used in these calculations is based on a zero value for vapor enthalpy and vapor entropy at -100°C and 0.0183 atmospheres.

Constants used in the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state were …

Interphase Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer Study In A Horizontal Channel, Bruce R. Marx

Theses

The rate of transfer of hydrogen sulfide and of carbon dioxide from an atmosphere of the gas saturated with water to a flowing stream of water in a horizontal channel was investigated over a range of water flow velocities and absolute pressures.

Mathematical models describing the system in terms of the penetration and boundary layer theories were inadequate when used to calculate the diffusivity of each gas in water at various conditions. The results of the hydrogen sulfide-water system study shows a relationship between the diffusivity, the interfacial concentration and the liquid flow rate. The calculated diffusivity of the carbon …

Amination Of Alkyl Halides, Frank Joseph Stulb

Theses

The possibility of aminating alkyl halides with urea was the prime interest of the research undertaken in this thesis. Alkyl halides and urea react only to a slight degree. However the reaction is rapid when dimethylformamide is used as a solvent.

In working with compounds containing halogen on the aromatic ring we always found the halogen to be replaced by the amino group. With alkyl halides, however, this was not so. In the case of the reaction between an alkyl halide and urea in a solvent, a compound of composition close to that of a di-alkylurea was isolated and the …

Salt Effects In Liquid-Liquid Equilibria, Edwin Otto Eisen

Dissertations

The effect of lithium chloride, sodium chloride and potassium chloride on the distribution of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid between benzene and water at 25° C has been studied. The method of Hand, which has previously been used to correlate tie line data in salt-free ternary systems, has now been successfully employed to correlate distribution data for quaternary systems containing salt.

The slope and intercept of the Hand equations have been expressed as linear functions of the salt concentration in each system studied. Equations for slope and intercept possessing high statistical significance have been formulated using a linear …

Polypropylene Fibers, Anthony Vincent Galanti

Theses

One of the latest members of the rapidly growing therrnoplastic polymer family which appears capable of successfully competing with the currently saturated textile and chemical markets is polypropylene fiber. The objectives of this Thesis were to: (1) examine the effects of polymer characteristics and fiber processing conditions on the properties of polypropylene fibers, and (2) correlate all existing information on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of polypropylene fibers and comparatively evaluate this material with other fibers, natural and synthetic.

Polypropylene is the first member of a new group of polymers prepared by a mechanism defined as "stereospecific" polymerization. From …

Mass Transfer Into Cylindrical Liquid Films Measurement Of Liquid Diffusivities, Ronald Francis Lovenguth

Theses

This thesis was undertaken to augment and validate the previous work of Ratcliff and Reid⁽⁷⁾ in the area of diffusion of immiscible liquids. Their novel approach to this particular problem of liquid diffusion led the author to consider an experimental technique that has been used in gas-liquid studies. A short vetted-wall column was used to determine the rate of mass transfer of benzene and toluene into thin cylindrical films of water. A general analytical solution for the rate of mass transfer has been derived and is given below. This solution was checked using the system benzene-water.

G=3.63(Π(ρ_ω-ρ …

The Virial Equation Of State Based On Critical Constants, Ghanshyam R. Patel

Theses

Results obtained from the Epstein equation of state¹⁵ i.e. equation (8), which is theoretically valid up to the critical density, are compared with the experimental values of the compressibility factor. The calculated values of compressibility factor or ethylene, ethane, propane, and n-butane were obtained using two methods of evaluation for the second and third virial coefficients. In addition, using these two methods and excluding fourth, fifth, and sixth virials in the Epstein equation of state, compressibility factors were calculated for all the four compounds to test the effect of higher virial terms. In the proposed method-(A) and method-(C), the …

Esterification Of Oleic Acid With Oleyl Alcohol, Robert Persurance

Theses

The esterification of oleic acid with oleyl alcohol was studied. A literature search showed that the chemical kinetics for this reaction had not been studied previously.

In the temperature range of 150 to 200°C. and up to a conversion of about 85 per cent, the esterification was found to be a second order reaction when the water of reaction was removed from the system by simple distillation.

Para-toluenesulfonic acid is an effective catalyst for this system, and the observed specific rate constant is a linear function of the catalyst concentration.

The effect of temperature on the specific rate constant for …

Thermal Conductivity Of Solid Materials, Irwin N. Huppert

Theses

A literature search on the methods of determining the thermal conductivity of solids has been made.

A compilation of the various methods of determining the thermal conductivity of solids presented in the literature is given in the report. In general, the literature is lacking in correlations of thermal conductivity with other properties of solid materials. A review of the correlations found is presented. A summary of data presented in the literature is presented in the text.

A method of determining the thermal conductivity of solid materials without measuring the heat flow through the test specimen is presented. The use of …

The Purification, Analysis And Growth Of Single Crystals Of Organic Semiconductors, Melvin Leonard Druin

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to design and construct a furnace for growing large single crystals of organic compounds by slow crystallization from the melt by the Bridgman technique. The crystals obtained by this furnace will be used in a later investigation of the intrinsic electrical and optical properties of organic semiconductors.

The methods describe have been used width success to produce large single crystals of anthracene and ethyl-p aminobenzoate with diameters of 1/2 inch.

The most promising methods of purification of anthracene, which were chemical synthesis, washing, recrystallization from solvents, sublimation, dimerization, co-distallatian and zone refining have been …

Effect Of Liquid Viscosity On Performance Of Wire Mesh Entrainment Separators, Raymond Paul Vogel

Theses

The knitted wire mesh entrainment separator, commonly referred to as a demister*, is in common use to separate entrained liquid from vapor streams. However, little quantitative information is available concerning the effect of physical properties of the entrained liquid on allowable gas velocities.

Studies were made on two demister styles to determine the effect of liquid viscosity on demister performance, Liquid viscosities from 0.9 to 12 centipoise were investigated using water, glycerine-water mixtures and heavy no. 2 fuel oil as the test liquids. Air was used as the gas medium in all cases.

Regression analysis of the test data indicates …

A Study Of The Eddy Diffusivity In Turbulent Heat Transfer, Frank Fu-Kun Tao

Doctoral Dissertations

"The purpose of this investigation was to determine the eddy thermal diffusivity values as a function of radial position at various Reynolds numbers for a fluid flowing turbulently in a pipe. The ratios of the eddy thermal diffusivity and the eddy viscosity were also investigated.

A vertical column of copper tube two inches in diameter was constructed which consisted of an entrance section for the development of the velocity profile and a heating section for the development of the temperature distribution. The heating section was jacketed and maintained at a constant wall temperature at about 103 ° F by the …

The Prediction Of The Thermal Conductivity Of Various Binary Non-Polar Gaseous Mixtures., Chester Foon-Chen Feng

Masters Theses

"A simple method for predicting the thermal conductivity of binary non-polar gaseous mixtures from the force parameters of the pure components and composition was developed. The method is an extension of the application of the combining methods previously derived for viscosity predictions. Altogether, the published thermal conductivities of 683 binary non-polar mixtures at various temperature levels were compared with the corresponding calculated thermal conductivities resulting from the prediction method. The corresponding values predicted from Hirschfelder, Curtiss and Bird's expression were also compared.

Among the 683 binary mixtures, there were 138 di-di, di-poly, and poly-poly mixtures, 241 mono-

The Prediction Of The Viscosity Of Multi-Component Non-Polar Gaseous Mixtures At Atmospheric Pressure., Gary D. Fehsenfeld

Masters Theses

"The applicability of the Strunk, Custead, and Stevenson method for predicting the viscosities of multicomponent, non-polar, gaseous mixtures vas investigated. The viscosities of 24 ternary and quaternary gaseous mixtures were experimentally determined, at 3 temperature levels, and compared with the corresponding calculated viscosities resulting from the prediction method. In addition, the published viscosities of 64 multicomponent mixtures were compared with the corresponding calculated viscosities.

Altogether, the viscosities of 136 multicomponent, non-polar, gaseous mixtures were compared. The mixtures contained from 3 to 7 components including 16 different gases in the temperature range from 5• to 1014 ° c, and at a …

The Submerged Culture Of Thiobacillus Thio-Oxidans In A Pilot Scale Fermentor, Edward Hibbert Crum

Masters Theses

"A strain of Thiobaci.llus thiooxidans was isolated from a West Virginia coal mine drainage. This strain was characterized by its production of sulfuric acid in shake flasks. The strain was also compared with a pure culture of h thiooxidans obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC number 8085).

The strain was grown in submerged culture in a 16-liter pilot scale fermenter. Two aeration systems, air and air enriched with carbon dioxide, were examined. The air enriched with carbon dioxide gave a much more rapid growth rate. The culture reached the mid-log phase of growth after 80 hours of incubation …

The Dissolution Of Deformed Magnesium In Sulfuric Acid., William J. Daniels

Masters Theses

"The negative difference effect exhibited by magnesium while anodically dissolving in saline solutions has been attributed in part by Kokoulina and Kabanov to the expulsion of univalent magnesium ions ^{1, 2}. Recent experimenters have discounted the concept of the anodic expulsion of uncommon valency ions and have explained both the positive and negative difference effects observed for magnesium in dilute acids on the basis of anodic polarization, film disruption, and disintegration of the magnesium anode, i.e. "chunk effect"^{3, 4}.

The purpose of this present investigation was to study the difference effect for deformed magnesium in a dilute …

The Indole Acetic Acid Oxidase Of Hygrophorus Conicus., Dilip N. Patel

Masters Theses

"The purpose of this investigation was to determine an assay method for measuring the activity of the indole acetic acid oxidase present in Hygrophorus conicus. This enzyme converts tryptamine or indole acetic acid (IAA) into oxindole acetic acid (OIAA).

An assay method for measuring the activity of the enzyme was developed based on the spectrophotometric measurement of tryptamine, IAA, and OIAA. Several other assay methods were tried. The colorimetric method of Gordon and Weber ^(l4) was found to be useful for a quantitative determination of IAA and was insensitive to OIAA. Paper chromatography proved to be useful as a qualitative …

A New Method For The Evaluation Of Metal Primers., Bhalchandra Dave

Masters Theses

"Corrosion is the destructive attack of metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. Rusting is usually the term applied to the corrosion of iron-base alloys with formation of corrosion products consisting largely of hydrous ferric oxides. Non-ferrous metals therefore, corrode but do not rust. ^(l4) More than 40 per cent of the world's production of steel and iron is destroyed by rusting which costs about six billion dollars every year. In 1954 the American Petroleum Industry, Subcommittee on Corrosion, published a preliminary estimate that corrosion was costing 2 the petroleum refining industry between eleven and nineteen cents per …

The Removal Of Residual Organic Materials From Sewage Plant Effluents Using Continuous Foam Flotation., Ajab S. Malik

Masters Theses

"This investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of using a continuous foam flotation process for the removal of soluble organic materials from sewage treatment plant effluents. All effluents contained alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), derived from synthetic detergents. The studies were conducted on a laboratory scale. The reduction in the chemical oxygen demand was used as a measure of the effectiveness of the removal of the organic materials. In addition, ABS determinations were employed to study the fate of the detergent.

A flotation cell, equipped with the means of controlling the air and liquid flow rates, was used. Air flow …