Engineering Commons^™

A Study Of The Phase Behavior Of Carbon Dioxide-Methane-Normal Decane Systems, Raja Audi Mansoor

Masters Theses

“The effect of carbon dioxide concentration, on solubility has been studied for several carbon dioxide-methane-n-decane systems. Experimental results were obtained using differential vaporization tests. Computational results were obtained using equilibrium constants.

The relation between solubility, bubble point pressure and solution carbon dioxide is presented. A ternary diagram showing the bubble point pressure behavior as a function of system composition is also presented”--Abstract, page ii.

Design, Construction And Characterization Of A 10-Liter Batch Pilot Plant Fermentor., Sylvester Ogden

Masters Theses

"A 10-liter batch type pilot plant fermentor has been designed and constructed. The design incorporated most of the desirable features of previous designs reported in the literature.

The stainless steel fermentor has a multi-speed agitator and aeration rates as high as 15 cubic feet per hour. Temperature indicating, temperature controlling, pH measuring, and automatic foam controlling systems are included in the design.

Sulfite oxidation rates have been determined for the unit at 15 operating conditions. A maximum sulfite oxidation rate of 1060 millimoles of oxygen per liter per hour has been obtained.

Fermentation using a Torulopsis utilis yeast culture has …

The Anodic Dissolution Of Cadmium In Aqueous Solution, Yun-Chung Sun

Masters Theses

"The increasing importance of prevention of corrosion in industry has stimulated extensive studies on the fundamental behavior of metals in corrosive media.

The basic mechanism of the anodic dissolution of metals such as cadmium, magnesium, and zinc in salt solutions is not completely known. Several mechanisms have been proposed by different investigators, but evidence is still lacking to draw unquestionable conclusions to explain the discrepancies which often arise between coulometric data and weight loss of metal electrodes in certain salt solutions.

The purpose of this investigation was to obtain experimental data for anodic dissolution of cadmium in various electrolytes and …

Mass Transfer To Droplets: Effect Of Non-Newtonian Continuous Phase., Hsin Chih Wu

Masters Theses

"Since non-Newtonian fluids are frequently encountered in the chemical and process industries, it is important that the transport processes which are commonly encountered be thoroughly investigated. Although studies of fluid mechanics and heat transfer with these fluids have been reported, virtually no work has been reported in the study of mass transfer. This is particularly true of mass transfer in turbulent flow.

The purpose of this investigation is to study the liquid-liquid mass transfer phenomenon in turbulent flow associated with single droplets in non-Newtonian continuous phases. The results are compared with those obtained in Newtonian systems. The data obtained will …

Study Of Mass Transfer In Oscillating Droplets., Subhash Vishnu Gangal

Masters Theses

"The object of this investigation was to study the resistance to mass transfer inside single oscillating liquid droplets falling in a liquid medium. The following four systems were studied: (1) 3% acetic acid in nitrobenzene and water, (2) 25% acetic acid in nitrobenzene and water, (3) 3% acetic acid in nitrobenzene and glycerin in water, and (4) benzyl alcohol and water. The individual mass transfer coefficients were computed by using the Handlos and Baron relation and were compared with the experimentally determined dispersed phase mass transfer coefficients. The average absolute deviation of the observed values of dispersed phase mass transferred …

Separation Of Cationic And Colloidal Fractions Of Radioactive Fission Elements By Electrodialysis., Ronald Dean Mitchell

Masters Theses

"The rapid increase in radioisotope applicat i ons necessitates improved technology for separation and purification of the fission product elements. Electrodialysis techniques employing Permutit anion exchange membranes (3148) and cation exchange membranes (3142) were used to separate strontium from cesium and to fractionate cerium from promethium. The methods were based upon organic complex formations in basic solution.

Separations of radio strontium and radio cesium were affected with both anion and cation exchange membranes in a three-cell electro dialyzer with EDTA as a chelating agent at a pH of 11.0o Fractionation of radiocerium and radio promethium were affected with anion exchange …

A Study Of The Separation Of A Mixture Of Carbon Dioxide And Hydrogen By Means Of An Orifice., Larry Gene Bauer

Masters Theses

"The purpose of the investigation was an attempt to verify a statement made by Partridge in an effort to discover a new method of separating gaseous mixtures. Partridge stated that when a constant pressure is applied on two gases of different specific gravity, a larger volume of the l igl1ter gas is forced through the orifice. Orifices of 1.016, 0.319, and 0.222 millimeter in diameter were used in the course of the investigation.

It was found that with the apparatus used in the research endeavor, no separation of the mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide could be obtained"--Abstract, p. i

The Anodic Dissolution Of Zinc In Nitrate Solution., Jo Lisle Reed

Masters Theses

"The increasing demand for protective metals as coatings and non-corrosive alloys has stimulated extensive research on the fundamental behavior of metals in corrosive media.

One of the problems still unsolved is the nature of the mechanism of the anodic dissolution of metals like zinc, magnesium, beryllium, cadmium, and aluminum in aqueous salt solutions. Several schools of investigators have proposed different and opposing theories to explain the discrepancies which often arise between coulometric data and the weight loss of metal electrodes in certain salt solutions.

The purpose of this investigation was to obtain experimental data for the anodic dissolution of zinc …

Correlation Of Chemical Structure And Distensibility Of Polyesters., Nitin Jhaverbhai Bhimani

Masters Theses

"Maleic anhydride and fumaric acid are important raw materials for the manufacture of unsaturated polyesters. Unsaturated polyesters are the esterification products of unsaturated dibasic acids and polyvalent alcohols, polymerized to a high molecular weight resin"--Introduction, p. 1

A Study Of Turbulent Mass Transfer In A Wetted-Wall Column, David William Bunch

Doctoral Dissertations

"The field of mass transfer is one of great interest to the chemical engineer. An understanding of this field is vital in the design of many types of chemical processing equipment, particularly in the areas of distillation, extraction, absorption, adsorption, and reactor analysis and design.

However, much of the knowledge in this area at the present time is in the form of empirical relationships, and the basic theory is still not well delineated. This lack of understanding leads to expensive and over-sized or under-sized equipment.

A particular area within this field which needs additional investigation is the theory of mass …

Prediction Of Extruder Performance For Thermoplastic Materials, Aldo Bergonzoni

Theses

The object of this thesis was to predict the output of an extruder, for thermoplastic materials, by using simplified equations relating output to screw speed and screw geometry.

Three different extruders were used for this purpose and several addition-type polymers were studied. These materials included: stabilized and unstabilized polypropylene, low-density and high-density polyethylene, general-purpose polystyrene and rubber-modified poly-styrene.

The results obtained show that, by using relatively low screw speeds (up to 140 r.p.m.), shallow screw channels and back pressures at the die up to 2000 psig., a theoretical output can be calculated with a maximum deviation from the experimental data …

The Electrical And Optical Properties Of Organic Semiconductors. Part 1 : Preliminary Survey And Purification Techniques, Bohdan Robert Czorny

Theses

The purpose of this work was to investigate the field of organic semiconductors and in particular to develop the means for preparing these materials in suitable condition for measurement and study of semiconducting properties. The first aspects of this project concerned with a preliminary survey of the field and techniques of ultra purification are covered in this work.

Anthracene was selected for investigation because it is the organic semiconductor most commonly studied by other investigators, and considerable published information exists for corroboration.

The preliminary survey elucidated the most promising methods of purification, which were chemical synthesis, sublimation, recrystallization from solvents …

Application Of Transient Response Analysis To An Automatically Controlled Liquid Level System, Armando Anthony Gregoli

Theses

System instability or poor control are problems which occur in commercial automatically controlled liquid level installations. A simple level control system was constructed to define the parameters which affect a level control system response. Special problems which occur in commercial installations were evaluated.

The system parameters were defined. To simplify the mathematical analysis, a negligible measurement and controller time constant were assumed. These were later shown to be reasonable assumptions. Transfer functions were derived for each component and were used to describe the system response. The system response was predicted by transient response analysis and compared with experimental results. An …

The Design And Fabrication Of A Cell To Measure The Thermal Conductivity Of Viscous Fluids, Donald William Hagedorn

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to design and construct a device to measure the thermal conductivity of viscous fluids. The thermal conductivity data obtained with this device will be used in later work on predicting film coefficients of heat transfer to non-Newtonian fluids.

A cell of the concentric cylinder type was fabricated. Main features of the cell are: two concentric bronze cylinders separated by a 1/8 inch annular space, a central water capable of producing a 10° C temperature gradient in the annular space, and two guard heaters on individual rheostats to control the end looses. The temperatures are …

Separation Of Mononitrotoluenes By Clathration, Eugene Ivashkiv

Theses

Thirty-one Werner-type compounds have been prepared, at least 10 of which were not previously investigated. Manganus tetra(4-methylpyridine)dithiocyanate, zinc tetra(4-methylpyridine)dithiocyanate, ferrous tetra(4-methylyridine)dithiocyanate, nickel tetra(4-methylpyridine)dithiocyanate and nickel tetra(pyridine) dithiocyanate can be used for clathration of mononitrotoluenes. The best results have been obtained with the complex formed between nickel dithiocyanate and l-methylpyridine. Three clathration stanges are needed to obtain 99 percent pure para-nitrotoluene. A clathration efficiency of 60 percent has been achieved per stage. A new process for the recovery of clathrated compounds has been developed. Clathration can be carried out as a cyclic process without the complex consumption when the developed method …

A Correlation Of Viscosity Of N-Paraffin Hydro-Carbons, Sheldon Krueger

Theses

A linear relationship between the Log viscosity and the Log vapor pressure is shown to exist for each n-paraffin hydrocarbon from C₃ to C₂₀. The average error of these equation e is ± 1.5 per cent of the American Petroleum Institute's¹ experimental values. The use of individual slopes for each equation is shown to be store accurate than one alone for all the viscosity data. These slopes e:thibit an unusual behavior by having a minimum value at undecane.

The slopes and intercepts are correlated with carbon number (the number of atoms in a n-paraffin Chain). These …

Slow Compression Crushing Of Glass In Fluids, Peter Joseph Lucchesi

Theses

Generally only a small fraction of the energy used in crushing, on the order of 1 or 2%, appears as new surface energy in the product. The purpose of this work was to determine if higher efficiencies could be achieved by the use of different fluids surrounding the particle during crushing.

Single particles of solid glass cylinders, standing on. end, were crushed by slow compression in the presence of air, water, methanol, carbon tetrachloride, and glycerol. No effect was found with the various fluids even when considerable pressure was developed in the surrounding fluid in some of the glycerol experiments. …

Synthesis Of Trimethyl Borate By Ester Interchange, Hugh Murphy

Theses

Trimethyl borate was prepared by transesterification of a high—boiling methyl ester with a high—boiling trialkyl borate using a metal alcholate catalyst. Interchange occurred between n—amyl borate and the following methyl esters: dimethyl sulfate, parahydroxy methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, and methyl stearate. Interchange also took place between methyl stearate and tribenzyl borate, tri—n—propyl borate, and tri—m, p—cresyl borate. Highest yields and purities resulted from reactions involving methyl stearate. Catalysts employed were magnesium—aluminum ethylate and aluminum Isopropoxide.

Two methods of separating the methanol—methyl borate azeotrope were evaluated: sulfuric acid extraction and salt splitting. Extraction with sulfuric acid was determined to be the …

Carbon Tetrachloride-Xylene Equilibria, Michael Jay Ram

Theses

The liquid-liquid equilibria of the ternary systems carbon tetra-chloride-xylene-propylene glycol and carbon tetrachloride-xylene-diethylene glycol were investigated. The effectiveness of the glycols as selective solvents for xylene was represented by a plot of weight ratio xylene to carbon tetrachloride in each phase. It was found that the diethylene glycol was the better of the two solvents at concentrations resulting in more than 75% xylene in the xylene-carbon tetrachloride rich layer. At the lower xylene concentrations the propylene glycol was found more effective as a selective solvent.

A Study Of The Fatty Alcohol-Epichlorohydrin Reaction, Roy Henry Schaufelberger

Theses

The reaction between "Lorol" 5 fatty alcohol and epichlorohydrin was found to proceed at a rate which could easily be followed, at temperatures of 80 to 140°C, when catalyzed with 0.05 percent of a boron trifluoride ether-ate catalyst, based on the total weight of reactants. The reaction was followed by determining the decrease in epichlorohydrin concentration with time using standard analytical techniques.

Kinetic studies showed that the fatty alcohol/epichlorohydrin reaction was not a simple pseudo first order or second order reaction but rather a complex one probably composed of:

1. A second order reaction between primary fatty alcohol and epichlorohydrin. …

Viscosity Of A Three Component System : Benzene-Ethanol-Acetic Acid At 20 Degrees C., 25 Degrees C., And 30 Degrees C, Alan Alvin Schetelich

Theses

The viscosity for the ternary system benzene-ethanol-acetic acid, has been determined. The viscosity maximum shown in the ethanol-acetic acid system is clearly distinguished in the ternary system as well. The viscosity minima which occur in the benzene-ethanol, and benzene-acetic acid systems are too slight to be readily apparent in the ternary system.

The ternary system viscosity was determined at temperatures of 20, 25, and 30° C. The effect of increasing the temperature from 20° C for the ternary system was to produce corresponding curves of lower viscosity. The maximum viscosity noted in the ternary system as well as the maximum …

Vapor Liquid Equilibria, Niranjan Prasad Shukla

Theses

A survey of the literature gave no reference to the n-Propanol Glycol system while the n-Propanol-Benzene system had been previously studied. Experimental data were found to agree closely with those existing in literature for the n-Propanol-Benzene binary system.

A ternary miscibility diagram at fixed temperature was found to give first-type of miscibility curve, i.e. n-Propanol was completely miscible in all proportions with Benzene and Ethylene Glycol, while Benzene and Ethylene Glycol were found to be partially miscible. The plait-point was determined by drawing tie-lines and using the Sherwood method as well as by the loga rithmic method of Hand. Both …

Equations Of State For Propyne, Thomas Marshall Stark

Theses

P-V-T data for propyne have been fit using the Martin-Hou and the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equations of state. The Martin-Hou equation, with its constants calculated from the critical properties and a vapor pressure point for the gas, fit up to 1.1 to 1.5 times the critical density with deviations of less than 1%. The Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation, with its constants calculated by the method of Joffe, resulted in greater deviations in the low pressure region than did the Martin-Hou equation; however, it also provided a better approximation of the data at high pressures and lower temperatures. The best over-all fit was obtained using …

Electromotive Deposition, Storage And Dissolution Of Active Hydrogen Upon Carbon Electrodes, Joseph Gabriel Di Masi

Theses

The electromotive deposition, storage and dissolution of hydrogen upon carbon electrodes having real surface areas varying from one meter²/ gram to one-hundred ten meters²/ gram vas inves-tigated.

It has been found that a correlation exists between hydrogen storage and real area of the inner electrode. However, it has been further shown that storage of electromotive hydrogen is only for short periods of time, that is, several hours.

The Corrosiveness Of Phenols, Edgar George Kaup

Theses

The effects of oxidizing agents, heat, light, and metallic catalysts on coloration in phenols is discussed, using data collected from the literature. The oxidation reaction is concluded to be the con-trolling factor in coloration. Corrosion data from laboratory experiments, field tests, and operating plants is presented for metals and non-metals in concentrated phenolic systems.

A Study Of Continuous Photochemical Hydrolysis, Robert Parlante, Theodore Arthur Gropler

Theses

In this investigation, the ultraviolet absorption spectra and the batch photochemical hydrolysis of monochloroacetic and monobromoacetic acid, and their potassium and sodium salts, have been measured and compared with those existing in the literature.

The continuous photochemical hydrolysis of sodium chloroacetate has been investigated for the first time. The continuous photolysis of uranyl oxalate was investigated and used as a chemical actinometer.

Gaseous material in the reactant feed has been found to be important at low flow rates.

The Investigation Of Frequency Response And Stability Of A Heat Exchanger Under Condensate Control, Louis F. Fornoff

Theses

Control of a condensing steam heat exchanger by condensate throttling was investigated theoretically by a frequency response analysis. The theoretical analysis was verified by experimental operation of the heat exchanger.

The system was characterized by heat transfer calculations and Laplace transform functions. The transfer functions were used to complete a frequency response analysis of the system which predicted the controller settings, the stability of the system and its response to a step set point change. The calculations were verified by experimental operation and reasonable agreement was obtained.

It was calculated that condensate throttling can be used to obtain stable control …

Prediction Of Ternary Azeotropes From Binary Data, Eric Lustig

Theses

The Margules equation as modified by Wohl for ternary liquid-vapor systems, is used to develop ternary activity coefficients at different concentrations and varying temperatures. Corresponding binary experimental data are necessary to mathematically obtain these ternary activity coefficients. A trial and error graphical technique is used to examine the ternary data for azeotropic conditions. Convergence on ternary graph paper can be easily detected after the first two trials. Divergence is an indication that the system under consideration is nonazeotropic.

Most of the azeotropic systems investigated agreed quite well with published data. The range of disagreement of concentrations for component a in …

Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Benzene, Chlorobenzene, Phenol, Larry Madestau

Theses

Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibria were determined experimentally for the three binary systems benzene-chlorobenzene, benzene-phenol, and chlorobenzene-phenol; and for the corresponding ternary system benzene-chlorobenzene-phenol. Constants for the Chao modified Redlich-Kistler equations were calculated from the experimental data by the method of least squares. These constants were then used to predict vapor-liquid equilibria for the ternary system. The predicted values showed satisfactory agreement with those found experimentally.

A modified Ellis still was used for obtaining equilibrium data. Samples of vapor and liquid phases were analyzed by means of the F & M Model 720 vapor phase chromatograph. Benzene, chlorobenzene, and phenol used in …

Characterization Of Synthetic Resins Used In Graphite Extrusion Process, Charles I. Fairchild

Chemical and Biological Engineering ETDs

Six furan resins and one epoxy resin were used in tests to determine coking values and gas evolution characteristics of the resins. The same resins, except the epoxy, were used as binders in extruded graphite rods to determine environmental factors affecting the coked density of the rods.

Coking values of the resins containing three different activators were determined by measuring residue remaining after heat treatment to 850° C. Coking values 54-56% were obtained with 8 phr to toluenesulfonic acid actiator.

Gas evolution curves were obtained by measurement of pressure rise in a constant volume apparatus during heating to 300° C …