Engineering Commons^™

Biom 7904: Ultrasound Imaging Technology (Syllabus), Carl Herickhoff

Biomedical Engineering Syllabi Archive

Course Description: This course will introduce students to a variety of current and emerging methods in ultrasound imaging. Concepts will be grounded in fundamental physical principles (acoustic waves, piezoelectric transduction, diffraction, scattering) and progress to methods of array beamforming, k-space representation, and imaging system architecture. Ultrasound nonlinearity, bioeffects, safety metrics, as well as Doppler (flow), harmonic, contrast-enhanced, and elastography imaging methods will also be introduced. Students will have the opportunity to observe ultrasound experiments and perform ultrasound imaging on an abdominal phantom.

Guardians Of The Catheters, Interprofessional Collaboration Reduced Cauti Rates At Phfh, Dawn Doud, Angela Shemwell, Stephanie Brown, Tobi Bryan, Georgia Gauron, Tasha Anisimov, Peter Weitzman, Emma Peterson, Tiffanie Rampley

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

Abstract Title: A Quality Improvement Project to Reduce CAUTIs on Inpatient Units

Objectives:

1. Participants will be able to understand how interprofessional collaboration contributed to CAUTI reduction on inpatient acute care units.
2. Participants will be able to understand education nurses completed to reduce CAUTI rates on inpatient acute care units.

Purpose/Aims:

To reduce CAUTI rates for adult inpatients admitted to the acute care units: Progressive Care Unit (PCU), Surgical/Orthopedics, Medical/Oncology, and the Intensive Care Unit (ICU).

Background

An increase in CAUTI rates for adults admitted to inpatient units was identified in January of 2024. The CAUTI rate at that time was …

Development And Application Of Guided Mode Resonance Biosensor Platforms For Highly Sensitive And Real-Time Cell Killing Assays, Seyedmohsen Vaziri

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

In this work, we developed and investigated the cancer cell killing efficacy of different instances using real-time high-sensitivity measurements facilitated by Guided-Mode Resonance (GMR) sensors. The GMR biosensor technology detects shifts in the spectral peak caused by changes in the refractive index of the surrounding medium, offering a label-free method for monitoring cellular events.

A549 cell line wild type and HER2 knockout (lung cancer cells) were exposed to different concentrations of Triton X-100 and ADC (Herceptin with αHFc-CL-DMDM). The GMR-based cell killing assay demonstrated exceptional sensitivity and specificity, with shifts in wavelength exhibiting a robust correlation with cell viability and …

Strategies To Mitigate Efflorescence In Walls Constructed Using Clays Bricks; A Review Article, Marwa Abdulkareem. Anber, Soran Abdulrahman Ahmad, Naros Rahman Mahmoud, Kawan Fuoad. Kayani, Mohammed Ali Abdulrehman

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Engineering Sciences

_{The construction of buildings, especially residential housing for communities, is a significant industry on a global scale. Masonry units such as bricks, blocks, and stones are often utilized materials. Bricks are highly regarded because to their widespread availability, cost-effectiveness, and excellent insulating capabilities. Nevertheless, the presence of efflorescence presents a difficulty in the construction of brick walls. Efflorescence refers to the process in which salts move to the outer layer of the brick, resulting in the formation of white deposits and negatively impacting its visual appeal. Efflorescence is caused by various circumstances, such as the existence of salts in bricks, …}

Biom 2720: Experimental Design And Analysis For Biomedical Engineering (Syllabus), Stephen Strain

Biomedical Engineering Syllabi Archive

Description: Application of probability, statistics, error analysis, uncertainty in design and performance of biomedical engineering experimentation; discussion and evaluation of common experimental designs for medical device development.

Biom 4720/6720: Bioelectricity (Syllabus), Amy Curry

Biomedical Engineering Syllabi Archive

Course Description: Bioelectricity, including calculations of potential fields resulting from cardiac or neural electrogeneration; treatment of how heart and nerves generate and propagate electrical signals.

The Importance Of Cryptography In Cloud Computing, Saja Alaam Talib

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Engineering Sciences

Cloud computing has grown as a widely accepted concept simultaneously, as the alarms for the security of data and information. This paper seeks to establish the comprehensive roles of cryptography in tackling these issues in the Cloud environment. The study begins with the historical background of cryptography and then moves on to analyze trends in information technology before discussing on the challenges to security in cloud computing. The goal of its publication is to highlight the importance of using cryptographic technologies for the protection of information confidentiality, its integrity and compliance. The combination of literature review and the case study …

Pharmacology Of Boldine: Summary Of The Field And Update On Recent Advances, Juan C. Sáez, Justin C. Burrell, Catherine M. Cahill, D. Kacy Cullen, Lakshmi A. Devi, Ryan J. Gilbert, Zachary A. Graham, Vadim J. Gurvich, Leif A. Havton, Ravi Iyengar, Rajesh Khanna, Edmund F. Palermo, Mustafa Siddiq, Carlos A. Toro, Walter Vasquez, Wei Zhao, Christopher P. Cardozo

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Over the past decade, boldine, a naturally occurring alkaloid found in several plant species including the Chilean Boldo tree, has garnered attention for its efficacy in rodent models of human disease. Some of the properties that have been attributed to boldine include antioxidant activities, neuroprotective and analgesic actions, hepatoprotective effects, anti-inflammatory actions, cardioprotective effects and anticancer potential. Compelling data now indicates that boldine blocks connexin (Cx) hemichannels (HCs) and that many if not all of its effects in rodent models of injury and disease are due to CxHC blockade. Here we provide an overview of boldine's pharmacological properties, including its …

Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields Increase Antibiotic Susceptibility In Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Alexandra E. Chittams-Miles, Areej Malik, Erin B. Purcell, Claudia Muratori

Bioelectrics Publications

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs). SSTIs caused by bacteria resistant to antimicrobials, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), are increasing in incidence and have led to higher rates of hospitalization. In this study, we measured MRSA inactivation by nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF), a promising new cell ablation technology. Our results show that treatment with 120 pulses of 600 ns duration (28 kV/cm, 1 Hz), caused modest inactivation, indicating cellular damage. We anticipated that the perturbation created by nsPEF could increase antibiotic efficacy if nsPEF were applied as a co-treatment. To test this …

Dihydroethidium-Derived Fluorescence In Electrically Stressed Cells Indicates Intracellular Microenvironment Modifications Independent Of Ros, Esin B. Sözer, Iurii Semenov, P. Thomas Vernier

Bioelectrics Publications

Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is widely suggested as a trigger for biological consequences of electric field exposures, such as those in electroporation applications. ROS are linked with membrane barrier function degradation, genetic damage, and complex events like immunological cell death. Dihydroethidium (DHE) is commonly used to monitor ROS in cells. DHE is linked to intracellular ROS by a primary oxidation product, Ethidium (Eth⁺), that shows increased fluorescence upon binding to polynucleotides. We observed changes in DHE-derived fluorescence in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells post 300-ns electric pulse exposures, comparing them to tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced oxidative stress. …

Synergistic Effects Of Nanosecond Pulsed Plasma And Electric Field On Inactivation Of Pancreatic Cancer Cells In Vitro, Edwin A. Oshin, Zobia Minhas, Ruben M. L. Colunga Biancatelli, John D. Catravas, Richard Heller, Siqi Guo, Chunqi Jiang

Bioelectrics Publications

Nanosecond pulsed atmospheric pressure plasma jets (ns-APPJs) produce reactive plasma species, including charged particles and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which can induce oxidative stress in biological cells. Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) has also been found to cause permeabilization of cell membranes and induce apoptosis or cell death. Combining the treatment of ns-APPJ and nsPEF may enhance the effectiveness of cancer cell inactivation with only moderate doses of both treatments. Employing ns-APPJ powered by 9 kV, 200 ns pulses at 2 kHz and 60-nsPEF of 50 kV/cm at 1 Hz, the synergistic effects on pancreatic cancer cells (Pan02) …

Development Of A Two-Finger Haptic Robotic Hand With Novel Stiffness Detection And Impedance Control, Vahid Mohammadi, Ramin Shahbad, Mojtaba Hosseini, Mohammad Hossein Gholampour, Saeed Shiry Ghidary, Farshid Najafi, Ahad Behboodi

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

Haptic hands and grippers, designed to enable skillful object manipulation, are pivotal for high-precision interaction with environments. These technologies are particularly vital in fields such as minimally invasive surgery, where they enhance surgical accuracy and tactile feedback: in the development of advanced prosthetic limbs, offering users improved functionality and a more natural sense of touch, and within industrial automation and manufacturing, they contribute to more efficient, safe, and flexible production processes. This paper presents the development of a two-finger robotic hand that employs simple yet precise strategies to manipulate objects without damaging or dropping them. Our innovative approach fused force-sensitive …

Quantification Of Antiviral Drug Tenofovir (Tfv) By Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (Sers) Using Cumulative Distribution Functions (Cdfs), Marguerite R. Butler, Jana Hrncirova, Meredith Clark, Sucharita Dutta, John B. Cooper

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an ultrasensitive spectroscopic technique that generates signal-enhanced fingerprint vibrational spectra of small molecules. However, without rigorous control of SERS substrate active sites, geometry, surface area, or surface functionality, SERS is notoriously irreproducible, complicating the consistent quantitative analysis of small molecules. While evaporatively prepared samples yield significant SERS enhancement resulting in lower detection limits, the distribution of these enhancements along the SERS surface is inherently stochastic. Acquiring spatially resolved SERS spectra of these dried surfaces, we have shown that this enhancement is governed by a power law as a function of analyte concentration. Consequently, by definition, …

Investigating The Regulation Of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Through Fibronectin-Mediated Tgf-Β1 Mechanotransduction Using In Vitro Models Of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, Michael M. Sofroniou

Theses and Dissertations

TGF-β1 is a potent regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transtion (EMT), a cellular
transdifferentation process that promotes cellular motility and matrix remodeling, critical to tumorigenesis and metastasis. TGF-β1-induced EMT promotes the assembly of FN, which synergistically binds latent TGF-β1 to aid in its activation. The purpose of of this work is to further probe the effects of autocrine TGF-β1 signaling during EMT progression by utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of the TGFB1 gene in in vitro models of triple-negative breast cancer. The studies outlined in this work demonstrate that autocrine TGF-β1 maintains a baseline level of mesenchymal marker expression. It also functions to desensitize …

Insights Into The Characterization And Degradation Of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering Applications, Caleb B. Wells

Theses and Dissertations

Electrospun polymeric biodegradable scaffolds are essential in tissue engineering, particularly for Engineered Tissue Vascular Grafts (ETVGs), which promise advancements in treating coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, congenital cardiovascular defects, and renal disease. These scaffolds present a solution to issues with autologous graft availability and durability. While large-diameter grafts in low-pressure environments have seen success, small-diameter grafts in high-flow scenarios remain challenging. Understanding polymeric scaffold degradation and behavior during incubation, especially under dynamic mechanical loading, is vital for clinical translation of small-caliber ETVGs.

This research focuses on characterizing the mechanical and microstructural properties of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds and their …

Diagnostic Accuracy Of Cbct In The Differential Diagnosis Of Apical Cysts And Granulomas Using Histopathological Findings As A Reference Standard: A Systematic Revew, Fatima Zohra Rouggani, Chaimaa Kabil, Rachida Mayou, Sidi Mohamed . Bouzoubaa

Health Sciences

Introduction

The periapical lesions represent a complex group. Granulomas and cysts represent the two most frequent forms in routine clinical practice.

Aim: Highlight the diagnostic accuracy of CBCT imaging in the differential diagnosis between a cyst and a granuloma compared to histopathological examination as a reference technique.

Materials and Methods:

Our literature search involved articles published in the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane, science direct and Google scholar.

Our intention was to review recent articles from the last 5 years and to select studies conducted in significantly changed socio-medical contexts that could have a positive impact on the validity of our …

Inclusive Integration Of Refugees And Migrants In Djibouti's National Healthcare System: Current Situation And Prospects For Improvement, Farhan Houssein Ali, Njah Mansour, Kenza Hassouni

Health Sciences

Cet examen narratif vise à décrire et synthétiser les données actuelles sur la situation des migrants et des réfugiés à Djibouti, ainsi que les progrès de la stratégie d'intégration inclusive mise en œuvre par le gouvernement djiboutien. Il s'appuie sur diverses sources, notamment la littérature grise et les publications scientifiques. Les résultats indiquent que le nombre de migrants et de réfugiés est en augmentation constante depuis 2019, avec un état de santé vulnérable et des risques sanitaires alarmants. Il est urgent d'accélérer la mise en œuvre de la stratégie tout en l'adaptant aux données actuelles et d'établir un système fiable …

Advancing Biological Applications Through Microfluidic-Based Tool Development, K.M. Taufiqur Rahman

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This research undertook an interdisciplinary approach, integrating bioengineering, microbiology, molecular biology, and systems biology to investigate bacterial dynamics behavior. Specifically, it delved into the development of microfluidic devices for biological applications such as bacterial cell counts, real-time observation of plant roots (here, specialized lectin-coated microbeads are used that mimic root characteristics), and soil microbe interactions. Furthermore, Next-Generation Sequencing and systems biology methodologies were employed to explore the intricate, multifaceted survival mechanisms of Escherichia coli persister population. Studying and quantifying persisters or testing for the existence of VBNC (viable but nonculturable) is challenging. These experiments require precise counts. It has been …

Characterizing Human Schwann Cell Behavior Using Hyaluronic Acid Material Properties, Christine Hampton

Wayne State University Theses

Schwann cells are the principal glia in the peripheral nervous system, supporting normal peripheral nerve function, particularly in the myelination of motor and sensory axons of the peripheral nerves. Disruptions in normal Schwann cell function such as injury and disease can lead to decreased motor function, sensory capability, and neuropathic pain. Efforts to treat this do not always have consistent or favorable outcomes, so there has been an increased interest in developing tissue engineering solutions to address these problems. Studies have been conducted on various cell types to characterize the cellular response to material properties such as topography and material …

Silk Fibroin - Hyaluronic Acid Nanofibers For Peripheral Nerve Regeneration, Madeline Rose Badrak

Wayne State University Theses

Peripheral neuropathy is common and is a major source of pain that can lead to debilitating loss of function. Healing often requires medical intervention through autologous nerve grafts. However, autografting is not always successful and can lead to increased debilitation through donor site morbidity. Tissue engineering seeks to improve nerve injury treatment though the use of nerve conduits. Conduits made from functional biomaterials can be implanted into a nerve injury site encouraging and controlling axonal regrowth without causing additional harm to the patient. Both silk fibroin (SF) and hyaluronic acid (HA) have proven successful in the field of neural tissue …

The Effect Of Phase-Separated Microstructures On Cell Migration In 3d Dextran Hydrogels, Jenifer Sidhwa

Honors Theses and Capstones

No abstract provided.

Differences In Urine Creatinine And Osmolality Between Black And White Americans After Accounting For Age, Moisture Intake, Urine Volume, And Socioeconomic Status, Patrick B. Wilson, Ian P. Winter, Josie Burdin

Exercise Science Faculty Publications

Urine osmolality is used throughout research to determine hydration levels. Prior studies have found black individuals to have elevated urine creatinine and osmolality, but it remains unclear which factors explain these findings. This cross-sectional, observational study sought to understand the relationship of self-reported race to urine creatinine and urine osmolality after accounting for age, socioeconomic status, and fluid intake. Data from 1,386 participants of the 2009–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were utilized. Age, poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), urine flow rate (UFR), fluid intake, estimated lean body mass (LBM), urine creatinine, and urine osmolality were measured. In a sex-specific manner, …

Design And Development Of A Robotic Articulating Laparoscopic Instrument, Francisco Emmanuel T. Munsayac Jr Iii

Biomedical, Manufacturing and Robotics Engineering Dissertations

Laparoscopy, a minimally invasive surgical technique, has revolutionized the field of surgery by replacing traditional open procedures with smaller incisions and reduced patient trauma. However, the current design of manual laparoscopic devices limits the range of motion for surgeons, restricting their maneuverability to only two degrees of freedom (DOF). This dissertation is a study aimed at addressing this limitation by designing and developing a robotic articulating laparoscopic instrument capable of providing 7-DOF movement.

The research aims to enhance surgical precision and dexterity by creating a tool that offers improved freedom of movement, allowing surgeons to navigate complex anatomical structures more …

Muscle Activation And Coordinated Movements Of Infant Rolling, Danielle N. Siegel, Safeer F. Siddicky, Wyatt D. Davis, Erin M. Mannen

Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Rolling is a critical step of infant development, encouraging muscle coordination and enabling independent exploration. Understanding muscle activity during infant rolling movements on a flat surface is necessary to more fully characterize how the rolling milestone is achieved. The purpose of this study was to determine infants’ muscle activation throughout roll initiation for six previously established coordinated movements. Thirty-eight healthy infants (age: 6.5 ± 0.7 months; 23M/15F) were enrolled in this IRB-approved in-vivo biomechanics study. Surface electromyography sensors recorded muscle utilization from the erector spinae, abdominal muscles, quadriceps, and hamstrings while infants rolled. Each rolling movement was categorized as one …

Dynamics Of Cell Membrane Lesions And Adaptive Conductance Under The Electrical Stress, Mantas Silkunas, Olga N. Pakhomova, Giedre Silkuniene, Andrei G. Pakhomov

Bioelectrics Publications

Exceeding physiological limits of the cell membrane potential compromises structural integrity, enabling the passage of normally impermeant solutes and disrupting cell function. Electropermeabilization has been studied extensively at the cellular scale, but not at the individual membrane lesion level. We employed fast total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging of Ca(2+) entry transients to discern individual lesions in a hyperpolarized cell membrane and characterize their focality, thresholds, electrical conductance, and the lifecycle. A diffuse and momentary membrane permeabilization without a distinct pore formation was observed already at a -100 mV threshold. Polarizing down to -200 mV created focal pores with a …

Non-Invasive Monitoring Device For Early Detection Of Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema, Amy Prendergast

Honors Theses and Capstones

Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema (BCRL) is a common co-morbidity in cancer survivors following neoadjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery. It is brought about by the disruption in the lymphatic system (think lymph node biopsy) that leads to a buildup of lymphatic fluid in the arm. Current diagnostic strategies for this condition are merely retroactive, and fairly limited in the parameters that are examined to ensure patient well-being long term. We hypothesize that with an approach that mimics bioimpedance spectroscopy analysis, we will be able to provide a clinical support tool that would better determine early stages of lymphedema …

Designing A Use-Error Robust Machine Learning Model For Quantitative Analysis Of Diffuse Reflectance Spectra, Allison Scarbrough, Keke Chen, Bing Yu

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Significance

Machine learning (ML)-enabled diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is increasingly used as an alternative to the computation-intensive inverse Monte Carlo (MCI) simulation to predict tissue’s optical properties, including the absorption coefficient,μaand reduced scattering coefficient, μs′.

Aim

We aim to develop a use-error-robust ML algorithm for optical property prediction from DRS spectra.

Approach

We developed a wavelength-independent regressor (WIR) to predict optical properties from DRS data. For validation, we generated 1520 simulated DRS spectra with the forward Monte Carlo model, where μa=0.44 to 2.45cm−1, and μs′=6.53 to 9.58cm−1. We introduced common use-errors, such as wavelength miscalibrations and intensity fluctuations. Finally, we …

Development Of Spinal Tethering Device For Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Finite Element Study, Nuttawut Janwimaluang

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Adjacent Segment Disease (ASDis) is the complication occurring after Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF) surgery due to increased mechanical stress at adjacent unfused segments. Tethering techniques have been studied to mitigate the risk of ASDis by adjusting the spinal load distribution. This study investigates the biomechanical effects of tethering with Finite Element Analysis (FEA), using a validated L1-L5 spine finite element model focusing on Intervertebral Disc (IVD) pressure and Range of Motion (ROM). The model was applied in four movement directions (Flexion, Extension, Lateral bending, Axial rotation) with tethering applied at the spinous process under two pretension forces (25 N …

Development Of Porous Poly(Methylmethacrylate) Beads For Toxic Cytokine Removal Application, Nutchanon Putthabucha

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Sepsis is a vital cause of death globally, primarily due to the uncontrolled secretion of cytokines that disrupt homeostasis. Hemoperfusion is an extracorporeal blood purification technique to treat sepsis that is uncomplicated and effective. The adsorbent material is the essence part of this technique. Since it has to direct contact with blood, the material requires necessary properties, including hemocompatibility, biocompatibility, mechanical stability, etc. Here in this thesis, we developed a new adsorbent material for hemoperfusion using PMMA beads suspension polymerization. Five different porogens, including ethyl acetate, tributyrin (short-chain triglycerides), MCT oil (medium-chain triglyceride), soybean oil (long-chain triglyceride), and toluene were …

การวิเคราะห์ผลกระทบทางชีวกลศาสตร์ของการใช้เครื่องมือผูกในการผ่าตัดเชื่อมข้อกระดูกสันหลังแบบสั้นด้วยวิธีการทางไฟไนต์เอลิเมนต์, ณัฐภัทร วิริยะ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยนี้มุ่งเน้นการทดสอบผลกระทบของการใช้อุปกรณ์ผูกมัดที่มีการปรับแต่งแต่ละรูปแบบต่อการผ่าตัดเชื่อมข้อแบบสั้นบริเวณกระดูกสันหลังส่วนเอวด้วยวิธีการทางไฟไนต์เอลิเมนต์ โดยจำลองลักษณะของกระดูกสันหลังส่วนเอวตั้งข้อ L1-L5 ของมนุษย์ และจำลองลักษณะการผ่าตัดด้วยวิธีการเชื่อมข้อผ่านลักษณะการผ่าตัดแบบ Posterior lumbar interbody fusion หรือ PLIF และ Posterolateral lumbar fusion หรือ PLF ซึ่งเป็นเทคนิคการผ่าตัดที่ได้รับความนิยมในการรักษาในปัจจุบัน ซึ่งจะเปรียบผ่านการใส่และไม่ใส่อุปกรณ์ผูกมัดรูปแบบใหม่นี้ ผลการวิจัยนำเสนอผ่านปัจจัยทางชีวกลศาสตร์ที่สำคัญได้แก่ ความสามารถในการเคลื่อนไหว (Range of motion, ROM), ความดันภายในหมอนรองกระดูกสันหลัง (Intradiscal pressure, IDP) และ แรงที่กระทำบนข้อต่อ Facet (Facet joints force, FJF) ซึ่งสูงขึ้นเมื่อผ่านการผ่าตัดด้วยวิธีการดังกล่าว ผ่านการปรับแต่งของตำแหน่งการตรึง, แรงตรึงตั้งต้น และ ลักษณะการตรึง จากผลการวิจัยพบว่าการใช้อุปกรณ์ผูกมัดดังกล่าวประกอบกับการผ่าตัดทั้ง 2 รูปแบบสามารถลดผลกระทบทางชีวกลศาสตร์ได้มากกว่าการผ่าตัดแบบไม่ใช้อุปกรณ์ควบคู่ ซึ่งให้ผลที่แตกต่างกันตามแต่ลักษณะการปรับแต่งของอุปกรณ์ดังกล่าว ซึ่งการค้นพบดังกล่าวสามารถต่อยอดและสร้างความเข้าใจมากขึ้นถึงปัจจัยหรือผลกระทบการใช้อุปกรณ์ผูกมัดประกอบกับการผ่าตัดเชื่อมข้อของกระดูกสันหลังเพื่อประโยชน์สูงสุดของการผ่าตัดและการรักษาให้มีประสิทธิภาพ