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Student Theses and Dissertations

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Full-Text Articles in Educational Leadership

Enhancing Students' Motivational Capacities In Music Classrooms Through Gamification Of Curriculum, Nikita Mamedov Mar 2024

Enhancing Students' Motivational Capacities In Music Classrooms Through Gamification Of Curriculum, Nikita Mamedov

Student Theses and Dissertations

The study examined the influence of gamification on students’ motivation in the music theory curriculum in eighth through twelfth grades. The study measured students’ motivation by applying a gamified assessment method in the high school music coursework covering music theory in the curriculum. Through educational gamification, self-regulated motivation, interest and enjoyment, competence, and autonomy were assessed within the student motivation. The study employed an experimental research design with 57 participants in the control group and 59 participants in the experimental group enrolled in music courses at the North America International School in Shanghai, China. The control group completed the traditional …


Teacher Perceptions Of The Boundless Learning Professional Development On Instruction In A Co-Taught Class, Debbie Fleming Mar 2024

Teacher Perceptions Of The Boundless Learning Professional Development On Instruction In A Co-Taught Class, Debbie Fleming

Student Theses and Dissertations

The concept of serving students with disabilities in their least restrictive environment is a fundamental principle of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. This mandate emphasizes that students with disabilities should receive their education alongside their non-disabled peers to the greatest extent possible. This is often achieved in a co-taught class led by a general education and a special education co-teacher. Frequently, these educators feel unprepared to provide instruction that is adequate to meet the diverse needs of their students. General educators do not feel they have the skills necessary to teach students with disabilities, and special educators question if …


An Examination Of The Relational Aspect Of Cohesive Co-Teaching Relationships, Debra L. Byers Mar 2024

An Examination Of The Relational Aspect Of Cohesive Co-Teaching Relationships, Debra L. Byers

Student Theses and Dissertations

Co-teaching has developed as a successful instructional strategy to support various learning requirements and differentiation, especially as more students with disabilities are integrated into general education classrooms. To establish efficacious co-teaching partnerships, it is important to surmount some interpersonal barriers and apply relational skills. To better understand the dynamics of meaningful co-teaching relationships, this phenomenological study interviewed seven co-teaching pairs who had participated in the Arkansas Co-Teaching Project's year-long professional development program. Additionally, to understand how to foster equality and synergy, both individual and group interviews were conducted. Findings highlighted the need for more intensive training and support systems to …


Do Blended Learning Systems Improve Student Engagement? A Closer Look At The Role Of On-Site Leadership And Teacher Professional Development, Lou Jackson Mar 2024

Do Blended Learning Systems Improve Student Engagement? A Closer Look At The Role Of On-Site Leadership And Teacher Professional Development, Lou Jackson

Student Theses and Dissertations

The current study examined the effectiveness of blended learning systems in a selected group of five elementary schools in one school district. It analyzed the influence of on-site leadership and teacher professional development on the implementation of blended learning and its influence on student engagement. Although blended learning integrates different teaching methods based on multiple theories, such as Cognitivism, Constructivism, and Behaviorism, this study adopted a guiding theory based primarily on Cognitivism. A qualitative approach with a multiple-case study design was employed. The qualitative data was collected through a semi-structured interview protocol, and individual interviews took place via Zoom with …


The Effects Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On The Mental Health Of School-Age Children And Adolescents With The Loss Of In-Person Learning And Socialization, Sheri Harber Mar 2024

The Effects Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On The Mental Health Of School-Age Children And Adolescents With The Loss Of In-Person Learning And Socialization, Sheri Harber

Student Theses and Dissertations

This phenomenological study highlighted the perceived mental health effects on school-age children and adolescents because of the COVI-19 pandemic. The people directly impacted by this problem were the students, with parents and educators being indirectly impacted. The study examined the perceptions of teachers who witnessed perceived mental health issues in their students. The guiding theoretical framework used for this dissertation included the social psychological theories for loneliness and interdependence. The sample of participants included elementary, middle and high school teachers who met the requirements for the study. Each teacher selected participated in an interview, which the researcher transcribed and coded …


An Examination Of Credit Accrual And Graduation Rates Through The Modalities Of Instruction In An Online Learning Environment, Jennifer L. Wilkinson Mar 2024

An Examination Of Credit Accrual And Graduation Rates Through The Modalities Of Instruction In An Online Learning Environment, Jennifer L. Wilkinson

Student Theses and Dissertations

The problem addressed in this study was the high dropout rate and the resulting low graduation rate in alternative virtual school settings. This quantitative correlational case study examined the influence of three instructional modalities on students’ credit accrual and graduation rates in one alternative education virtual high school. The three modalities of instruction included a synchronous pathway, an asynchronous pathway, and a combination of synchronous and asynchronous instructional delivery. The lens of connectivism learning theory served as the theoretical framework that supports understanding the relationships between different modalities of instruction and students’ learning outcomes (e.g., accrual rates and graduation rates) …


Influence Of Professional Learning Communities On Teachers’ Stress: A Case Study, Jason Young Mar 2024

Influence Of Professional Learning Communities On Teachers’ Stress: A Case Study, Jason Young

Student Theses and Dissertations

Teachers are opting to exit the profession at an unprecedented rate. This trend has led to hiring shortages and the state department lowering licensure standards in the State of Arkansas. The increase in job demands placed on teachers has led to elevated stress levels among educators, ultimately driving them to abandon the field altogether. The current qualitative case study was to explore teachers’ perspectives on the influence professional learning communities (PLCs) can have in reducing job-related stress. The job-demands resource (JD-R) model, which explains how the job-demands cause teacher stress and make it possible to understand teachers’ perceptions of PLCs …


Changing The Culture Of Secondary School Mathematics: What Are The Effects Of Interventions On Student Attitudes, Beliefs, And Motivation?, Meagan Coronado Mar 2024

Changing The Culture Of Secondary School Mathematics: What Are The Effects Of Interventions On Student Attitudes, Beliefs, And Motivation?, Meagan Coronado

Student Theses and Dissertations

In this study, 80 ninth-grade students enrolled in Algebra I from a high school in south Texas completed the Implicit Theories of Intelligence Scale for Children (ITIS) Survey and the Attitudes Toward Mathematics Inventory (ATMI) Survey, before and after a set of interventions. The students were divided into one of four groups, three with applied intervention and one control group: intelligence theory, utility value theory, both intelligence theory and utility value theory, and no interventions (control group). Analyses were conducted to determine the impact of the interventions on the overall scores on the ITIS and ATMI surveys. The results showed …


Examining The Influence Of Teacher And Student Variables On Teachers’ Levels Of Self-Efficacy, Rachel Pugh Mar 2024

Examining The Influence Of Teacher And Student Variables On Teachers’ Levels Of Self-Efficacy, Rachel Pugh

Student Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this descriptive correlational quantitative study was to examine contributing factors of students and teachers affecting teacher self-efficacy and students' reading achievement in rural Oklahoma elementary schools in grades first through fifth. The contributing factors of students being analyzed included (a) poverty and (b) race or ethnic backgrounds. The teachers’ contributing factors include their self-efficacy levels on students' reading achievement, instructional strategies, classroom management, and student engagement levels. The proposed theory was that student and teacher variables beyond their control influenced teachers' self-efficacy levels in poverty-stricken classrooms. The study employed a quantitative approach, which used an online questionnaire …


A Mentor's Effect On Beginning Teacher Self-Efficacy, Emily Alison Peters Feb 2024

A Mentor's Effect On Beginning Teacher Self-Efficacy, Emily Alison Peters

Student Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study is to understand how beginning teachers’ self-efficacy changes after working with a mentor in Mountain West School District as a response to the problem of increasing teacher attrition rates. Social cognitive theory is used to explain the impacts on beginning teachers’ self-efficacy. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, qualitative data will be collected through focus groups, interviews, and questionnaires from both beginning teachers and their mentors. Themes drawn from this study include mentorship, new learning, teacher support, and self-doubt. Findings illustrate how mentors can provide beginning teachers support for the demands of the teaching profession. The …


A Study On The Effectiveness Of Instructional Coaching On Student Academic Success For Elementary School Learners From Underrepresented Backgrounds, Nikki Nix Feb 2024

A Study On The Effectiveness Of Instructional Coaching On Student Academic Success For Elementary School Learners From Underrepresented Backgrounds, Nikki Nix

Student Theses and Dissertations

The problem addressed in this study was low student achievement among students from underrepresented student groups. In this quasi-experimental research study, the self-efficacy theory was utilized to examine the relationship between teachers’ receipt of instructional coaching and student achievement scores. The purpose of this quasi-experiment was to use a series of independent sample t-tests to determine if a statistically significant difference existed between the mean achievement scores of diverse students instructed by novice and veteran teachers who had received instructional coaching support. Student achievement data was collected from the participating school district’s third-grade students’ State of Texas Assessments of Academic …


Current Students’ Perceived Effectiveness Of Early Alert Intervention Strategies At A Public Two-Year College In Arkansas, Catherine Burton Feb 2024

Current Students’ Perceived Effectiveness Of Early Alert Intervention Strategies At A Public Two-Year College In Arkansas, Catherine Burton

Student Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative narrative inquiry study explored students’ perceptions of intervention strategies used in the early alert program at an Arkansas two-year college. The problem addressed in this study was that student perceptions do not inform early alert program designs. By assessing the student’s perceptions of intervention strategies, improvements can be made to the effectiveness of the method of intentional support through these intervention strategies. The guiding theoretical framework that served as the basis for this study was Tinto’s (1993) theory of student integration. Interviews were conducted with current college students attending a public, two-year college in Arkansas to collect student …


Teacher, Student Support Staff, And School Leader Perceptions About Utilizing A Block Of Time Daily To Meet The Academic, Social-Emotional, And Behavioral Needs Of Students, Olivia P. Cammon-Stevenson Feb 2024

Teacher, Student Support Staff, And School Leader Perceptions About Utilizing A Block Of Time Daily To Meet The Academic, Social-Emotional, And Behavioral Needs Of Students, Olivia P. Cammon-Stevenson

Student Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative case study aimed to explore school practitioners' perceptions regarding the allocation of time during the school day to address the overall needs of high school students. The Researcher utilized Abraham Maslow’s Theory of Needs and the Whole Child Approach to show the need for a holistic approach to support and intervention. The MTSS framework applied in this study illustrated the benefits of using a tiered approach. The lack of information on successful research-based models and school practitioner voice for high school intervention blocks is a problem. Three questions framed this study: What are the perceptions of teachers, school …


Transforming Arkansas Schools: Leadership Practices To Promote The Inclusion Of Students With Disabilities, Amanda K. Goddard Jan 2024

Transforming Arkansas Schools: Leadership Practices To Promote The Inclusion Of Students With Disabilities, Amanda K. Goddard

Student Theses and Dissertations

The education of students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment is mandated by law and supported by empirical research. Yet systems of segregation persist and, in Arkansas, at rates higher than the national average. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to examine the practices of successful inclusion-focused leaders and to determine how their approach to inclusion was consistent with Transformational Leadership theory. Leader utilization of occupational therapy practitioners in inclusion initiatives was investigated. Data was collected from three leaders of schools in Arkansas committed to inclusive education. The findings revealed that creating inclusive culture and building …


Retention Of Female Sophomore Students Who Participate In Recreational And Wellness Program, Angie Jane Reay Jan 2024

Retention Of Female Sophomore Students Who Participate In Recreational And Wellness Program, Angie Jane Reay

Student Theses and Dissertations

The study evaluated the relationship between female sophomore students' participation in campus recreational sports, retention at the university, and graduation rates. The purpose is to identify the potential influence of participation in recreational activities on persistence toward graduation. Alexander Astin’s Theory of Student Involvement and Vincent Tinto’s Theory of Student Departure provide the theoretical framework to show the importance of student involvement in higher education. The quantitative binary logistics regression explored the relationship in variables (Creswell & Creswell, 2018) between female sophomore students participating in recreational sports and those not participating. The finding revealed evidence that supports Astin’s and Tinto’s …


Educator Perceptions Of Secondary Students’ Pleasure Reading: Obstacles And Motivation, Andrew Mark Brunner Jan 2024

Educator Perceptions Of Secondary Students’ Pleasure Reading: Obstacles And Motivation, Andrew Mark Brunner

Student Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to investigate high school educators’ perspectives on obstacles and motivational factors to student pleasure reading. The study explains aspects of students' desires to read as a pleasure activity along with which aspects serve as obstacles to pleasure reading as perceived by English teachers and librarians. Through a narrative design, this study collected qualitative data by interviewing seven high school English teachers and five high school librarians regarding their experiences working with student readers. The data collected revealed themes as to what educators perceive to be the greatest obstacles to student pleasure reading and what …


Student And Principal Perceptions On Social Pedagogy For Immigrant Students, Jennifer Shure Jan 2024

Student And Principal Perceptions On Social Pedagogy For Immigrant Students, Jennifer Shure

Student Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative transcendental phenomenological study explored the perceptions of immigrant students, regarding social pedagogical praxis within the United States’ education system. In parallel, it investigated the viewpoints of school principals concerning the implementation of social pedagogy. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted to address the following research questions: 1. What perceptions do students have concerning the dimensions of social pedagogy? 2. What are the perceptions of principals toward implementing a mobilizing social pedagogical praxis? a. What roadblocks do principals experience concerning social pedagogy? b. What benefits of social pedagogy do principals perceive? Findings highlight several key insights. Immigrant students express a …


Family Engagement: Barriers, Perceptions, And Responsibilities, Carla Jean Singleton Narlesky Jan 2024

Family Engagement: Barriers, Perceptions, And Responsibilities, Carla Jean Singleton Narlesky

Student Theses and Dissertations

Twenty years of research report that family engagement makes a difference in student achievement and well-being. However, most of that research was conducted in urban and suburban settings. Therefore, there is a vital need to explore family engagement in rural settings. This study focused on that. The purpose of this quantitative correlation study was to discover the barriers rural families face when engaging with their child’s school while understanding their perceptions, roles, and responsibilities towards establishing and creating a reciprocal family engagement partnership. Using Bronfenbrenner’s’ ecological systems theory, research was conducted focusing on the first layer, microsystem. Approximately 120 participants …


Investigation Into The Influences Of Emotional Intelligence And Cultural Intelligence On Students’ Public-School Experiences, Rania Maalouf Jan 2024

Investigation Into The Influences Of Emotional Intelligence And Cultural Intelligence On Students’ Public-School Experiences, Rania Maalouf

Student Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to develop an understanding of how students’ Emotional Intelligence (EQ) and Cultural Intelligence (CQ) influence their communication with teachers and peers. This investigation is rooted in Daniel Goleman’s Theory of Emotional Intelligence and Christopher Earley’s work on Cultural Intelligence. Responses from one-on-one interviews with five teachers were analyzed for qualitative data. The analysis led to eleven emerging themes. The findings indicate that students’ EQ and CQ can influence students’ communications with peers and teachers. When students possess EQ skills such as naming emotions, recognizing others’ emotions, and responding appropriately to those emotions their …


School-To-Prison Pipeline: The Importance Of Teachers’ And Administrators’ Perceptions Of Their Social Bonds With Students, Garrett Whitley Jan 2024

School-To-Prison Pipeline: The Importance Of Teachers’ And Administrators’ Perceptions Of Their Social Bonds With Students, Garrett Whitley

Student Theses and Dissertations

The increasing trend of Black and minority students being channeled from classrooms into the juvenile and criminal justice systems, known as the school-to-prison pipeline, presents a pressing concern in the U.S. educational landscape. This study sought to address the gap in understanding the perceptions of teachers and administrators regarding effective strategies to foster social bonds, which could deter students from this pipeline. Drawing from Hirschi’s social control theory, the research emphasized the importance of attachment between students and the educational system in preventing delinquent behaviors. Utilizing a qualitative narrative approach, this study explored the lived experiences of six administrators and …


Interventions For At-Risk Students And Their Impacts On Autonomy, Connectedness, And Competence In Missouri Public High Schools, David Dawson Jan 2024

Interventions For At-Risk Students And Their Impacts On Autonomy, Connectedness, And Competence In Missouri Public High Schools, David Dawson

Student Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the interventions and strategies used with students considered at-risk of dropping out of high school in Missouri public high schools. Self-determination theory was used to explain how students became motivated to stay in school when their need for competence, connection, and autonomy are fulfilled. Based on a case study design, this study collected qualitative data by interviewing high school administrators, high school counselors, and high school teachers. One theme from the data showed that the more connected a student was to school, the higher chance that student had of graduating. Another theme …


A Qualitative Study On The Impact Of Covid-19 On The Transition From Classroom To Virtual Learning Among Elementary School Teachers With Underrepresented Students In A Rural School District, Pacey Bowens Jan 2024

A Qualitative Study On The Impact Of Covid-19 On The Transition From Classroom To Virtual Learning Among Elementary School Teachers With Underrepresented Students In A Rural School District, Pacey Bowens

Student Theses and Dissertations

In the spring of 2020, the academic school year for all educational institutions was tremendously impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused great concern with school administrations, teachers, parents, students, and their communities. In the fall of 2020 and the following two years, many school decision-makers responded by offering students options to attend either in-person, virtually, or both. Unfortunately, the decisions obstructed the learning capabilities of the minority student population, affecting their academic and social well-being. This qualitative case study explored how teachers rapidly pivoted from their natural face-to-face classroom settings and the challenges and barriers encountered while creating new …


Examining The Influence Of Principals’ Servant Leadership Practices On Teachers’ Perceived Stress In Elementary Schools, Jennifer Ann Rankin Jan 2024

Examining The Influence Of Principals’ Servant Leadership Practices On Teachers’ Perceived Stress In Elementary Schools, Jennifer Ann Rankin

Student Theses and Dissertations

Stress experienced by elementary teachers is common, and teachers often discover that stress reduces job satisfaction, performance, and overall well-being. A record number of teachers feel marginalized and leave the profession due to high levels of stress in schools. The current study employed a phenomenological research design and gathered qualitative data from 12 elementary teachers and three corresponding principals who are considered self-sacrificing servant leaders as a possible source of reducing their perceived stress through dyadic relationships. The four attributes of servant leadership conceptually outlined a deductive framework to include an administrator’s ability to communicate servant leadership through expressions of …


Examining The Influence Of A Mariachi Program On Hispanic Students’ Cultural Identity And Schooling Perceptions, Martin Cantu Jan 2024

Examining The Influence Of A Mariachi Program On Hispanic Students’ Cultural Identity And Schooling Perceptions, Martin Cantu

Student Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a mariachi multicultural program influenced the students’ formation of their cultural identities and schooling perceptions. The study was grounded on the cultural identity theoretical framework. Employing a qualitative narrative research design, the study was informed through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and classroom observations. Four significant themes emerged from the data: cultural identity, cultural consciousness, social connectedness, and student engagement at school. The findings suggested that mariachi education influenced the participating students’ cultural identity formations by fostering cultural awareness and social connections. Additionally, mariachi programs also positively influenced the students' academic …


Building A College-Going Culture For Middle School Eighth Grade Students In A Historically Low Number College-Bound Area, Silvia Elizondo Jan 2024

Building A College-Going Culture For Middle School Eighth Grade Students In A Historically Low Number College-Bound Area, Silvia Elizondo

Student Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative narrative research study aimed to address the problem of students’ low enrollment numbers in a historically low number of college-bound areas in South Texas. The theoretical frameworks utilized to explore this topic were self-efficacy and social capital. The proposed theories explored students’ level of self-efficacy, social capital networks, and teachers’ perceptions of creating and sustaining a college-going culture. The findings indicated a need for early college advisement and establishing college-going cultures in elementary and middle school, teacher professional development, college awareness and knowledge for parents, and college preparatory programs at the middle school level. This research study provided …


High School Reimagined: Student, Teacher, Parent, Administrator Perceptions Of One High School’S Experience With The Covid-19 Global Pandemic, Lawrence J. Eberlin, Jr. Jan 2024

High School Reimagined: Student, Teacher, Parent, Administrator Perceptions Of One High School’S Experience With The Covid-19 Global Pandemic, Lawrence J. Eberlin, Jr.

Student Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to describe student, parent, teacher, and administrator (stakeholder) experiences at one large, suburban high school in South Carolina during the COVID-19 global pandemic from March 2020 to June 2022. To inform the school and district leaders’ decision-making process, the researcher applied path-goal theory to frame the study. Based upon a phenomenological design, the researcher collected qualitative data through four separate stakeholder focus groups and stakeholders’ written responses to a follow-up question. Using three research questions which focused on the high school schedule, the delivery of instruction, and the high school’s responses to the pandemic, …


Exploring Secondary Science Teacher Knowledge, Understanding, Skills, And Training To Support The Teachers' Ability To Infuse World Class Skills In The South Carolina Science Curriculum, Ashlee Penn Buchanan Jan 2024

Exploring Secondary Science Teacher Knowledge, Understanding, Skills, And Training To Support The Teachers' Ability To Infuse World Class Skills In The South Carolina Science Curriculum, Ashlee Penn Buchanan

Student Theses and Dissertations

The study aimed to investigate how the knowledge, understanding and skills of secondary science teachers in SC relate to their capacity to deliberately integrate World Class Skills (WCS) into their science classroom instruction through effective planning and pedagogical choices. The study employs the Partnership for 21 Century Learning framework to establish WCS and Desimone's effective professional learning framework to assess if the teacher's learning experiences align with the skills, knowledge, and understanding related to the topic. In the study, previously validated tools were used to collect data and define variables through a non-experimental quantitative design. These variables were measured through …


“With Revolutionary Love…”: An Endarkened Narrative Inquiry Of Black Students’ (Re)Membered Experiences In A Black English Teacher’S Classroom As Influential To Them Becoming Teachers, Shekema S. Dunlap Jan 2024

“With Revolutionary Love…”: An Endarkened Narrative Inquiry Of Black Students’ (Re)Membered Experiences In A Black English Teacher’S Classroom As Influential To Them Becoming Teachers, Shekema S. Dunlap

Student Theses and Dissertations

This Endarked Feminist Narrative Inquiry explored how three Black, Metropolitan Atlanta High School students' classroom experiences receiving Revolutionary Love (RL) from a Black teacher influenced their decision to become educators. Through RL, the Black teacher embodied a kinship love that 1) holds Black students (and ourselves) accountable, 2) holds space for Black students, 3) helps Black students heal from systemic racism, and 4) helps Black students escape multiplied oppressions. Furthermore, the study investigated whether the Black students’—now classroom teachers—experiences receiving revolutionary love from their Black teacher influenced their pedagogical praxes. Black teachers' past and present roles in the fight for …


Exploration Of Secondary Co-Teachers' Shared Experiences Co-Teaching Students With A Reading Disability: A Phenomenological Study, Tiffany Parie Parie Jan 2024

Exploration Of Secondary Co-Teachers' Shared Experiences Co-Teaching Students With A Reading Disability: A Phenomenological Study, Tiffany Parie Parie

Student Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how secondary co-teachers’ experiences influenced their attitudes when co-teaching students with a reading disability in the co-taught classroom. A total of seven secondary co-teachers were selected to represent the population for this study. Bandura’s (1977) self-efficacy theory provided the framework to synthesize co-teachers’ perceptions of their experiences influencing their attitudes and self-efficacy when teaching students with a specific learning disability in reading. An interview protocol was the sole basis for the data collection instrument. This study sought to explore how secondary co-teachers describe their experiences in the co-teaching classroom, influencing their …


The Impact Of Trauma On The Behavior And English Language Arts Performance Of Middle-School Black Boys In An Urban Setting, Thelma A. Ramsey Bryant Dec 2023

The Impact Of Trauma On The Behavior And English Language Arts Performance Of Middle-School Black Boys In An Urban Setting, Thelma A. Ramsey Bryant

Student Theses and Dissertations

Black boys are exposed to traumatic experiences at significantly higher rates than other demographic groups (Graham, 2017). Black boys in urban schools face many challenges that often lead to poor life outcomes. These outcomes can be caused by trauma and can have an impact on their behavior and academic performance, especially literacy skills. Labels such as “criminal,” “aggressive,” “anti-school,” and “hardcore” are all used to describe Black males when they enter American schools (Hawkins-Jones, & Reeves, 2020). Lack of grade-level literacy performance is measured annually through statewide assessments that address English Language Arts (ELA) performance. While trauma for Black boys …