Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- University of Dar es Salaam (19)
- Singapore Management University (7)
- Johnson & Wales University (6)
- University of Missouri, St. Louis (5)
- Montclair State University (4)
-
- Universitas Indonesia (4)
- University for Business and Technology in Kosovo (4)
- Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (3)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (3)
- Walden University (3)
- Brigham Young University (2)
- California State University, San Bernardino (2)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (2)
- Dakota State University (2)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (2)
- Munster Technological University (2)
- San Jose State University (2)
- Technological University Dublin (2)
- University of Malaya (2)
- University of Nebraska at Kearney (2)
- Clemson University (1)
- Harrisburg University of Science and Technology (1)
- Indiana State University (1)
- Kennesaw State University (1)
- MaineHealth (1)
- Montana Tech Library (1)
- Nova Southeastern University (1)
- Sacred Heart University (1)
- Seattle Pacific University (1)
- Southern Methodist University (1)
- Keyword
-
- Johnson & Wales University (6)
- Innovation (5)
- Business strategy (4)
- Providence (4)
- Digital transformation (3)
-
- Information technology (3)
- Knowledge management (3)
- Ph.D. (3)
- RI (3)
- Tanzania (3)
- Adaptation (2)
- Airports (2)
- Artificial Intelligence (2)
- Artificial intelligence (2)
- Automation (2)
- Blockchain (2)
- Business model (2)
- Changi Airport (2)
- Competitive Advantage (2)
- Data Security (2)
- Feinstein Graduate School (2)
- IT strategy (2)
- Information Technology (2)
- Knowledge Management (2)
- MBA faculty (2)
- Machine learning (2)
- Research (2)
- SMEs (2)
- Service digitalization (2)
- Singapore (2)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Business Management Review (18)
- Dissertations (6)
- MBA Faculty Conference Papers & Journal Articles (6)
- International Journal of Business and Technology (4)
- IIMB Management Review (3)
-
- Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems (3)
- Asian Management Insights (2)
- Department of Information Management and Business Analytics Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works (2)
- Department of Marketing: Faculty Publications (2)
- International Journal of Applied Management and Technology (2)
- Journal of International Technology and Information Management (2)
- Journal of Project Management & Construction (2)
- Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) (2)
- Marriott Student Review (2)
- Publications and Research (2)
- Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business (2)
- Student Works (2020-2029) (2)
- The South East Asian Journal of Management (2)
- All Dissertations (1)
- Annual Research Symposium (1)
- Articles (1)
- Business & Information Technology (1)
- CCAC Theses and Dissertations (1)
- DSW Capstone Projects (1)
- Department of Accounting and Finance Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works (1)
- Department of Marketing Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works (1)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses (1)
- Harrisburg University Other Works (1)
- Honors Projects (1)
- International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace (1)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 61 - 90 of 95
Full-Text Articles in Strategic Management Policy
Information Seeking Behavior Of Research Scholars At Muet Library & Online Information Center, Jamshoro: A Study, Liaquat Ali Rahoo Mr, Muhammad Ali Khan Nagar, Maryam Kalhoro, Qurat-Ul-Ain Abro, Shadab Kalhoro
Information Seeking Behavior Of Research Scholars At Muet Library & Online Information Center, Jamshoro: A Study, Liaquat Ali Rahoo Mr, Muhammad Ali Khan Nagar, Maryam Kalhoro, Qurat-Ul-Ain Abro, Shadab Kalhoro
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The aim of this paper was to study the behavior of the information seeking by the researcher scholars of the at Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan. The overall purpose of the research study was to find out the awareness and information requirements by the researcher for the research purposes which were provided by the Higher education commission digital library. The data was collected from 230 researchers with the help of questionnaire through the Google online form. Data was analyzed in SPSS software. Research findings were majority of researchers were use electronics resources, text books and reference …
Investigating The Impact Of Internationally Acquired Qualifications On Labour Market Performance: The Case Of Brazil, Charles Alves De Castro
Investigating The Impact Of Internationally Acquired Qualifications On Labour Market Performance: The Case Of Brazil, Charles Alves De Castro
Articles
The aim of this study is to examine the labour market performance of Brazilian students who have acquired international qualifications in the areas of engineering and science. A comprehensive analysis of the literature review demonstrates the importance of international qualifications covering both their benefits and challenges. The gaps found in the literature review are also discussed, as well as the need for a more concrete theoretical framework about the subject. The data used in this research was gathered by semi-structured one-to-one interviews conducted in both person and through telephone. The participants consisted of Brazilian students who have acquired international qualifications …
Comparative Study: Reducing Cost To Manage Accessibility With Existing Data, Claire Chu, Bill Kerneckel, Eric C. Larson, Nathan Mowat, Christopher Woodard
Comparative Study: Reducing Cost To Manage Accessibility With Existing Data, Claire Chu, Bill Kerneckel, Eric C. Larson, Nathan Mowat, Christopher Woodard
SMU Data Science Review
“Project Sidewalk” is an existing research effort that focuses on mapping accessibility issues for handicapped persons to efficiently plan wheelchair and mobile scooter friendly routes around Washington D.C. As supporters of this project, we utilized the data “Project Sidewalk” collected and used it to confirm predictions about where problem sidewalks exist based on real estate and crime data. We present a study that identifies correlations found between accessibility data and crime and housing statistics in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area. We identify the key reasons for increased accessibility and the issues with the current infrastructure management system. After a thorough …
Strategic Implications Of Blockchain, William R. Adams
Strategic Implications Of Blockchain, William R. Adams
Marriott Student Review
This thesis introduces blockchain, the underlying technology of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, and discusses how best to conceptualize it relative to other technologies. Following an explanation of the fundamentals of blockchain, also known as the distributed ledger, I identify the characteristics of the technology. Building upon blockchain’s inherent strengths and limitations, I explore potential business applications of blockchain. Finally, I recommend that leaders continue to track the development and adoption of blockchain technology, even if they decide that implementing it does not align with their organization’s strategy at present.
Glossary Of Business Evidence, Paul C. Boyd
Glossary Of Business Evidence, Paul C. Boyd
MBA Faculty Conference Papers & Journal Articles
No abstract provided.
Multigeneration Product Diffusion In The Presence Of Strategic Consumers, Zhiling Guo, Jianqing Chen
Multigeneration Product Diffusion In The Presence Of Strategic Consumers, Zhiling Guo, Jianqing Chen
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Frequent new product releases pose significant challenges for firms as they manage successive generations of product diffusion. We develop an analytical model to study the effect of different purchase options by strategic consumers on a firm's profit and the firm's strategies for the timing and pricing of its successive generations of product diffusion. We show that consumers' strategic behavior, although adversely affecting the sales of the first-generation product, positively influences the sales of the second-generation product through an initial “seeding” effect. The influence of strategic consumers on profit and sales depends largely on the discount-to-price ratio of the first generation …
Strategic Excellence In Post-Digital Ecosystems: A B2c Perspective, Edin Güçlü Sözer, Mustafa Emre Civelek, Murat Çemberci
Strategic Excellence In Post-Digital Ecosystems: A B2c Perspective, Edin Güçlü Sözer, Mustafa Emre Civelek, Murat Çemberci
Zea E-Books Collection
The basic production of the digital economy is knowledge. As it becomes more important, traditional factors like labor and capital become less so. As technological innovation changes the nature of employment, the conversion of labor to consumption becomes increasingly difficult. E-commerce is the most important driving force of the digital economy. Using technology and information networks effectively allows brands or companies to effect rapid changes in competitive markets. The emergence of neo-consumers calls for a higher order of information exchange and interaction. Companies must reasses their complete business processes in a holistic way to ensure market prominence in an economy …
The Emerging International Taxation Problems, James G. Yang, Victor N.A. Metallo
The Emerging International Taxation Problems, James G. Yang, Victor N.A. Metallo
Department of Accounting and Finance Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works
The problems of tax evasion and tax avoidance are as old as taxes themselves. Between 2015 and 2016 alone, many U.S. multinational corporations were involved in tax disputes with the European Commission. From a historical perspective, these disputes are unprecedented as they have resulted in tremendous amount of tax penalties. The most notable case was Apple for €13 billion of unpaid tax. This article discusses what tax strategies these corporations used that caused such disputes. It specifically investigates seven corporations: Apple Inc., McDonald’s, Starbucks, Fiat, Amazon, Google, and Ikea, and elaborates on the following tax strategies: high royalties, intercompany transfer …
Organizational Information Security: Strategies To Minimize Workplace Cyberloafing For Increased Productivity, Hawazin Al Abbasi
Organizational Information Security: Strategies To Minimize Workplace Cyberloafing For Increased Productivity, Hawazin Al Abbasi
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Productivity loss occurs in organizations that experience high levels of personal Internet use by employees on company time, which includes employees using smartphones to surf without needing the firm's Internet connection. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore reliable ways for organizational leaders to monitor or limit their employees' use of smartphone technology for personal use (cyberloafing) while on the job to minimize wasted work time. Social cognitive theory, which includes an emphasis on human behavioral changes based upon the environment, people, and behavior, served as the conceptual framework. The general research question was as follows: How …
Market Analysis, Management Consulting, And Miscommunication, Brian W. Stout
Market Analysis, Management Consulting, And Miscommunication, Brian W. Stout
Marriott Student Review
This article attempts to inform the audience of the importance of market analysis in management consulting. The article states that consulting firms can utilize the power of market analysis as they commit to understand technology, collaborate with researchers to conduct action research, and align market strategies within the consulting firm. This article concludes that by doing these steps consulting firms will lead in their market.
Analytics, Innovation, And Organizational Adaptation, Gerard George, Yimin Lin
Analytics, Innovation, And Organizational Adaptation, Gerard George, Yimin Lin
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
With the advent of big data, organizations are integrating powerful computing tools into their organizational processes to drive efficiencies and improve service delivery. Yet, at the heart of this conversation lies the role of analytics and big data in innovation within and across organizations. In this article, we provide a stylistic model of the role of analytics in innovation and call for further research on the underlying processes, contingencies, and outcomes.
Blockchain Technology Adoption Status And Strategies, Joseph M. Woodside, Fred K. Augustine Jr., Will Giberson
Blockchain Technology Adoption Status And Strategies, Joseph M. Woodside, Fred K. Augustine Jr., Will Giberson
Journal of International Technology and Information Management
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to review the acceptance and future use of blockchain technology. Given the rapid technological changes, this paper focuses on a managerial overview and framework of how the blockchain, including its implementations such as Bitcoin have advanced and how blockchain can be utilized in large-scale, enterprise environments. The paper begins with a technological overview that covers the history of the technology, as well as describing the computational, cryptographic theory that serves as the basis for its notable security features. This paper also covers several key application areas such as finance, accounting, and marketplaces where …
Global Delivery Models: The Role Of Talent, Speed And Time Zones In The Global Outsourcing Industry, Stephan Manning, Marcus Larsen, Pratyush Bharati
Global Delivery Models: The Role Of Talent, Speed And Time Zones In The Global Outsourcing Industry, Stephan Manning, Marcus Larsen, Pratyush Bharati
Management Science and Information Systems Faculty Publication Series
We investigate antecedents and contingencies of location configurations supporting global delivery models (GDMs) in global outsourcing. GDMs are a new form of IT-enabled client-specific investment promoting services provision integration with clients by exploiting client proximity and time-zone spread allowing for 24/7 service delivery and access to resources. Based on comprehensive data we show that providers are likely to establish GDM configurations when clients value access to globally distributed talent pools and speed of service delivery, and in particular when services are highly commoditized. Findings imply that coordination across time zones increasingly affects international operations in business-to-business and born-global industries.
Designing An Effective Information Security Policy For Exceptional Situations In An Organization: An Experimental Study, George S. Antoniou
Designing An Effective Information Security Policy For Exceptional Situations In An Organization: An Experimental Study, George S. Antoniou
CCAC Theses and Dissertations
An increasing number of researchers are recognizing the importance of the role played by employees in maintaining the effectiveness of an information security policy. Currently, little research exists to validate the relationship between the actions (behaviors) taken by employees in response to exceptional situations (antecedents) regarding an organization’s information security policy, the impact (consequences) those actions have on an organization, and the motives that prompt those actions. When these exceptional situations occur, employees may feel compelled to engage in behaviors that violate the terms of an information security policy because strict compliance with the policy could cause the organization to …
Disciplinarity And Trandisciplinarity In The Study Of Knowledge, Jay H. Bernstein
Disciplinarity And Trandisciplinarity In The Study Of Knowledge, Jay H. Bernstein
Publications and Research
Scholarly inquiry about the nature and significance of knowledge has been shaped by disciplinary traditions and priorities that define “knowledge” differently and result in disconnected literatures. In the mid to late twentieth century, library science educator Jesse Shera sought to bridge the conceptual gap between epistemological and sociological approaches to knowledge in proposing a new discipline he called social epistemology. Around the same time, long-term projects by the economist Fritz Machlup and the physical chemist turned philosopher of science Michael Polanyi did not merely combine existing disciplinary approaches but transcended conventional frameworks for conceptualizing knowledge. These scholars can be viewed …
How Can Substitution And Complementarity Effects Be Leveraged For Broadband Internet Services Strategy?, Gwangjae Jung, Young Soo Kim, Robert J. Kauffman
How Can Substitution And Complementarity Effects Be Leveraged For Broadband Internet Services Strategy?, Gwangjae Jung, Young Soo Kim, Robert J. Kauffman
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
With growth in mobile Internet services, the relationship between mobile and fixed broadband has become an issue in telecom firm strategy. Previous research focused on aggregate penetration for mobile and fixed broadband services. Our research analyzes the economic relationship between mobile and fixed broadband services at the household level, as a basis for how senior managers should rethink their strategy approach. Using data on broadband services subscriptions, we examine how changes that occur for mobile broadband services bandwidth (MBB) affect changes in fixed broadband bandwidth (FBB) services subscriptions, inclusive of new subscriptions - and vice versa. We explore the different …
Design Capital And Design Moves: The Logic Of Digital Business Strategy, C. Jason Woodard, Narayan Ramasubbu, F. Ted Tschang, V. Sambamurthy
Design Capital And Design Moves: The Logic Of Digital Business Strategy, C. Jason Woodard, Narayan Ramasubbu, F. Ted Tschang, V. Sambamurthy
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
As information technology becomes integral to the products and services in a growing range of industries, there has been a corresponding surge of interest in understanding how firms can effectively formulate and execute digital business strategies. This fusion of IT within the business environment gives rise to a strategic tension between investing in digital artifacts for long-term value creation and exploiting them for short-term value appropriation. Further, relentless innovation and competitive pressures dictate that firms continually adapt these artifacts to changing market and technological conditions, but sustained profitability requires scalable architectures that can serve a large customer base and stable …
The Influence Of Enterprise Systems On Business And Information Technology, D. Lance Revenaugh, Ph.D., Myles M. Muretta
The Influence Of Enterprise Systems On Business And Information Technology, D. Lance Revenaugh, Ph.D., Myles M. Muretta
Business & Information Technology
Business strategy is important to all organizations. Nearly all Fortune 500 firms are implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to improve the execution of their business strategy and to improve integration with its information technology (IT) strategy. Successful implementation of these multi-million dollar software systems are requiring new emphasis on change management and on Business and IT strategic alignment. This paper examines business and IT strategic alignment and seeks to explore whether an ERP implementation can drive business process reengineering and business and IT strategic alignment. An overview of business strategy and strategic alignment are followed by an analysis of …
06. Management, University Of Central Oklahoma
06. Management, University Of Central Oklahoma
Oklahoma Research Day Abstracts
No abstract provided.
Developing The External Engagement Process In Higher Education Through Effective Change And Technology, Irene Sheridan, Colm Barry-Murphy, Heather Madden
Developing The External Engagement Process In Higher Education Through Effective Change And Technology, Irene Sheridan, Colm Barry-Murphy, Heather Madden
Irish Business Journal
Engagement with external organisations and enterprises is increasingly part of the higher education mission and the contribution of universities to local and regional economic and social development remains an important, but difficult to evidence, metric for Higher Education Institutions (HEI). This paper explores the implementation of a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system to support external engagement and to build business intelligence in one higher education institution in Ireland. Building on the findings of the Roadmap for Employment-Academic Partnership (REAP) project, through a structured process towards a professional case management approach to interactions this project focuses on the introduction of a …
How Does Alignment Of Business And It Strategies Impact Aspects Of It Effectiveness?, Shankar Babu Chebrolu, Lawrence Ness
How Does Alignment Of Business And It Strategies Impact Aspects Of It Effectiveness?, Shankar Babu Chebrolu, Lawrence Ness
International Journal of Applied Management and Technology
Alignment between information technology (IT) and business stakeholders on their strategies has traditionally been viewed as the means to achieve greater IT delivery capabilities, but there is lack of empirical evidence as to how strategic alignment impacts individual aspects of IT effectiveness (e.g., quality of service [QoS], user satisfaction, and IT helpfulness to users); there is also a lack of empirical evidence surrounding how each individual element of strategic alignment impacts overall IT effectiveness. The intent of this research was to contribute to the body of knowledge that could be applied by researchers, businesses, and IT organizations alike to achieve …
F.A.C.E.S. (Faculty Academic Community Education Showcase): Professional Growth Experiences In A Career University, Paul J. Colbert, Ph.D.
F.A.C.E.S. (Faculty Academic Community Education Showcase): Professional Growth Experiences In A Career University, Paul J. Colbert, Ph.D.
MBA Faculty Conference Papers & Journal Articles
Institutes of higher education exist for the purpose of developing, fostering, nurturing, and stimulating the intellectual growth and development of students. The core values of a college education provide students conceptual and practical educational opportunities that focus on improving their skills and knowledge. These skills and knowledge translate into purposeful, real-life learning experiences. However, in the academic community, learning is not restricted to students. Faculty, too, must be supported and provided opportunities for personal and professional growth and development. Although professional development is not a novel concept in the education profession, schools often take up the gauntlet, but fall short …
Cio Reporting Structure, Strategic Positioning, And Firm Performance, Rajiv D Banker, Nan Hu, Paul A Pavlou, Jerry Luftman
Cio Reporting Structure, Strategic Positioning, And Firm Performance, Rajiv D Banker, Nan Hu, Paul A Pavlou, Jerry Luftman
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Almost 30 years after the introduction of the CIO position, the ideal CIO reporting structure (whether the CIO should report to the CEO or the CFO) is yet to be identified. There is an intuitive assumption among some proponents of IT that the CIO should always report to the CEO to promote the importance of IT and the CIO's clout in the firm, while some adversaries of IT call for a CIO—CFO reporting structure to keep a tab on IT spending. However, we challenge these two ad hoc prescriptions by arguing that neither CIO reporting structure is necessarily optimal, and …
Developing A Culturally Responsive Classroom Collaborative Of Faculty, Students, And Institution, Paul J. Colbert
Developing A Culturally Responsive Classroom Collaborative Of Faculty, Students, And Institution, Paul J. Colbert
MBA Faculty Conference Papers & Journal Articles
Culture is integral to the learning process. It is the organization and way of life within the community of students and teachers and directs the way they communicate, interact, and approach teaching and learning. Although founded in particular values and principles, the academy, like most organizations, is impacted day-to-day by its culture. Yet, the traditional higher education institution has not been designed to operate within a racially or ethnically diverse student population. The social, political, economic, and cultural forces that support the institution influence the teaching and learning environments. To better address cultural diversity in the classroom, faculty must first …
Strategic Flexibility And Smes: The Role Of Information Technology For Managing Internal And External Relations, Stephen K. Callaway, Kevin Celuch, Gregory B. Murphy
Strategic Flexibility And Smes: The Role Of Information Technology For Managing Internal And External Relations, Stephen K. Callaway, Kevin Celuch, Gregory B. Murphy
New England Journal of Entrepreneurship
The purpose of the current study was to assess the impact of information technology on strategic flexibility for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Results of the study show that under conditions of low environmental dynamism, IT capabilities are associated with greater reactive strategic flexibility. Specifically, IT capabilities enabling the management of internal activities was significant. Under conditions of high environmental dynamism, IT capabilities are associated with greater proactive strategic flexibility. Specifically, IT capabilities enabling the management of competitor information was significant. Managerial as well as future research implications are discussed.
Using Van Valens Procedure In Business Research To Assess Consistent Differences In Multidimensional Variability In Two Or More Groups, Mark L. Berenson, Kimberly Killmer Hollister
Using Van Valens Procedure In Business Research To Assess Consistent Differences In Multidimensional Variability In Two Or More Groups, Mark L. Berenson, Kimberly Killmer Hollister
Department of Information Management and Business Analytics Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works
Much business research involves comparisons in two or more groups on many dimensions. This paper primarily focuses on demonstrating and providing guidance as to how researchers should approach a multivariate analysis in the comparison of sets of corresponding characteristics in two or more independent groups. In particular, this paper demonstrates the utility of a simple but not widely known procedure developed by Van Valen (1978) that should be employed to test for the significance of differences in overall variability in the sets of corresponding characteristics in two or more groups, a test that enjoys much statistical power in detecting significant …
Dublin Visitor Survey 2008 Report, Sheila Flanagan, John Carty, Gerard Dunne
Dublin Visitor Survey 2008 Report, Sheila Flanagan, John Carty, Gerard Dunne
Reports
This report represents a joint research initiative by the Tourism Research Centre and the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism at the Technological University Dublin with the support of Dublin Tourism. The study has been conducted annually since 1999 and has amassed a wealth of rich data over the years. This report highlights the principal 2008 findings from the annual visitor survey including the characteristics and attitudes of out of state tourists visiting Dublin city. The key objectives of the survey are to improve the quality of urban tourism information within a Dublin city context and to provide those engaged …
Obesity, Educational Attainment, And State Economic Welfare, Martin W. Sivula Ph.D.
Obesity, Educational Attainment, And State Economic Welfare, Martin W. Sivula Ph.D.
MBA Faculty Conference Papers & Journal Articles
For the first time in history, estimates of the overweight people in the world rival estimates of those malnourished. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) ranked obesity among the top 10 risks to human health worldwide. In the early 1960s, nearly half of the Americans were overweight and 13% were obese. Today some 64% of U.S. adults are overweight and 30.5% are obese. Even more alarming, twice as many U.S. children are overweight than were twenty years ago, a 66% increase. Non-communicable diseases impose a heavy economic burden on already strained health systems. Health is a key determinant of development …
It Competency And Firm Performance: Is Organizational Learning A Missing Link?, Michael J. Tippins, Ravipreet S. Sohi
It Competency And Firm Performance: Is Organizational Learning A Missing Link?, Michael J. Tippins, Ravipreet S. Sohi
Department of Marketing: Faculty Publications
Many companies have developed strategies that include investing heavily in information technology (IT) in order to enhance their performance. Yet, this investment pays off for some companies but not others. This study proposes that organization teaming plays a significant role in determining the outcomes of IT. Drawing from resource theory and IT literature, the authors develop the concept of IT competency. Using structural equations modeling with data collected from managers in 271 manufacturing firms, they show that organizational learning plays a significant role in mediating the effects of IT competency on firm performance.
Blending Business And It Strategy : A Conceptual Model, R Ramaswamy
Blending Business And It Strategy : A Conceptual Model, R Ramaswamy
IIMB Management Review
In this new age of the knowledge-based economy, the search for a more dynamic and sustainable competitive advantage has led to many organisations investing substantially in IT–based tools and solutions. But in most cases these investments have not been justified by the returns. The main reason for this is the disjointed manner of framing business and IT strategies leading to the segregation of the people, process, and technology aspects of management. Moreover, the benefits are marginal if carried out over existing strategies, structures, and processes. To derive the real benefits of investments in IT and paradigms of transformation in the …