Musicology Commons^™

New Music And New Instruments: The Development Of The Electric Bass Guitar, Braxton Algood

Student Scholar Symposium

The sound of the modern electric bass has become ubiquitous in music across multiple genres. With the emergence of jazz music in the 1930s, upright bassists like Jimmy Blanton sought to create a sonic space that exploited the resonance in the low register of the traditional double bass, but was more rhythmic and percussive than the instrument’s traditional role. This desire for a percussive string instrument that had the sound of the upright bass—and might also be more portable—led to the creation of Leo Fender’s first electric bass guitar in 1951. By the end of the 1950s, the electric bass …

Post-Tonal Pedagogy In The Music Of György Ligeti, Easton Ball

Student Scholar Symposium

Post-tonal piano literature remains unpopular with many modern performers due to a perceived lack of technical approachability. As a result, a wealth of post-tonal keyboard music passes into obscurity, never reaching modern audiences. Despite the preconception that post-tonal music lacks formal and harmonic structure, one can assign order to elements within these compositions both for purposes of improving pedagogy and engendering familiarity with the literature. My research aims to demonstrate one process of elucidating the relative accessibility of post-tonal literature for keyboard by means of an analysis of a selection of György Ligeti’s Études pour piano. Because this material often …

The Influence Of Giovanni Gabrieli On The Music Of Heinrich Schütz, Caleb Taylor

Student Scholar Symposium

Teachers often have a profound influence on their students. The influence of Giovanni Gabrieli on the music of his student Heinrich Schütz is particularly evident: Gabrieli and Schütz’s pieces are so similar that a listener may observe parallels even without the use of scores. The use of specific melodic and rhythmic patterns during cadences and the use of echoing phrases by both composers strongly suggest a musical link between them. There is currently no detailed theoretical analysis comparing specific elements found in the music of both Schutz and Gabrieli. My research aims to remedy this gap in knowledge by examining …

From Cathedral To Concert Hall: The Evolution Of The Requiem Mass, Thomas Butler

Student Scholar Symposium

Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine – Grant them eternal rest, Lord. These five words make up one of the most well-known texts in the classical music canon: the Requiem Mass. Built on foundations laid by church composers such as Machaut, Dufay, and Palestrina, eighteenth and nineteenth century giants like Mozart, Berlioz, Verdi, and Brahms popularized the Requiem setting as a concert work. The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen compositions by Benjamin Britten, Gabriela Frank, and others, which include narrative elements in conjunction with the traditional Latin texts. My research on this topic explores how and why the Requiem Mass …

Implementing A Paleographical Analysis To Provenance A Spanish Sanctorale, Amelia Lutz, Robert Fritz Ph.D

Posters-at-the-Capitol

A 17th-century Latin sanctorale held in the collection of the Saint Meinrad Archabbey features marginalia written in Spanish, but its place of origin and past ownership is otherwise unknown. Drawing on clues derived from a paleographical analysis of marginalia and a hymn pasted into the back cover, I have gathered evidence suggesting that the sanctorale originated in or was formerly owned by one of the religious orders in the Spanish city of Alcalá de Henares. A key piece of evidence is handwriting that adapts one of the chants to praise Saints Justus and Pastor, the patron saints of Alcalá. This …

“When White Men And Indians United Shall Praise:” Indigenous Inclusion In The Hartford Music Company, Savannah N. Skaggs

ATU Scholars Symposium

The Hartford Music Company and Institute of Hartford, Arkansas has attracted increasing academic interest, particularly within the last twenty years. This southern gospel music publishing company and singing school based in southern Sebastian County published a collection of shape note hymnals which boasted some of the genre’s most prolific literature. Though a growing number of Arkansans are learning that these gospel staples came from their own hill country, many do not realize that several of these songs were premiered by or recorded by Indigenous people. While this may not initially seem particularly impactful, this genre developed its own distinct identity …

Chaconnes, Sonatas, And Fugues, Oh My: A Study Of The Influence Of Baroque, Classical, And Romantic Musical Forms On Today's Media, Cadence A. Graves

ATU Scholars Symposium

As a future music educator, it is my duty to have not only understanding and knowledge of composers, music history, and compositional techniques, but to also have an appreciation, passion, and interest in what music is, where it has been, how it has changed, and where it is going now. With this research, I deepened my appreciation for the evolution of music over the course of history, expanded my understanding of how and when they came into existence, and broadened my understanding and appreciation of music that draws on those techniques today.

In the comparisons I made between compositions of …

Florence Price: Forgotten No More, Kathryn E. Amdahl

2023 Symposium

Florence Price was a composer and musician who lived from 1887 to 1953. She composed music in every genre except for opera. The music of Florence Price traveled practically everywhere; from the radio to the concert halls to the church. Throughout her life, she became well-known as the first African American female composer who was featured by a major symphony. Florence Price was tenacious, brave, and courageous during her era which contributed to the level of acceptance that society now holds for African American composers. Despite the challenges she faced during her lifetime, she never gave up or collapsed due …

Music & Synesthesia: An Exploration Of Synesthesia And Its Relation To Musical Perception, Raquel S. Johnson

Pacific Undergraduate Research and Creativity Conference (PURCC)

This research investigates synesthesia and its impact on musical perception. Synesthesia is the multimodal sensory phenomenon in which the stimulation of one sensory modality generates the experience of a second, otherwise unrelated sense. Discussed topics include: a description of synesthesia and its neurophysiological and perceptual characteristics, the historical conceptualization and documentation of synesthesia beginning with the ancient Greeks, and present-day scientific inquiry. This research explores three varying types of auditory synesthesia - chromesthesia (sound-to-color synesthesia), auditory-tactile synesthesia, and sound-gustatory/sound-olfactory synesthesia - and their multimodal sensory characteristics in relation to music. Prominent neurophysiological hypotheses regarding the existence of synesthesia are examined, …

Organs In Colonial New England Puritan Churches, Jacob Skaggs

ATU Scholars Symposium

Puritans, often referred to as the founders of America, held strict religious doctrines that alienated themselves from other Christians. One such doctrine is the outlawing of instruments in public worship. However, it took only about 150 years for such anti-instrument sentiments to shift towards acceptance. The reinstatement of organs in Puritan Churches seems to follow trends of increased religious tolerance caused by both theological and social developments. This paper relates organs to tolerance through examination of theological and musical documents from 17th and 18th century Puritans. This research provides a lens for examining today's church worship doctrines through the context …

Five Thousand Years Of Egyptian Double-Pipes And Musical Cultural Influences, Samuel T. Holtkamp

ATU Scholars Symposium

Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest of human societies to pursue the development of music, and many of the musical concepts they pioneered over five-thousand years ago are still in use. Along with the preservation of musical ideas, certain ancient Egyptian instruments have also stood the test of time, through both preservation and evolution. However, the development of these instruments from their ancient to modern forms is sparsely discussed. Along with this, virtually no research explores the evolution of these instrument forms from a chronological context. This paper seeks to investigate and chronologize forms of the ancient Egyptian double-pipe, …

J.S. Bach As A Religious Storyteller – The Second Brandenburg Concerto, Emma Locarnini

Graduate Student Research Symposium

The sacred music of Johann Sebastian Bach, written during the composer’s employments at churches in Weimar (1708-17) and Leipzig (1724-50), clearly demonstrates his strong Lutheran faith. However, until relatively recently, Bach’s instrumental works have been considered devoid of religious inspiration, especially those published during his time at the Calvinist court of Prince Leopold in Cöthen (1717-23). With the discovery of Bach’s personal Bible and other Lutheran theological texts that contained annotations underscoring the role of music in bringing glory and praise to God, some contemporary scholars have pushed against the notion of Bach’s instrumental works being purely secular. For example, …

Theological Perspectives Of The Mass In B Minor, Bwv 232, Maria Jimena Picado Sandi

Graduate Student Research Symposium

In 1733, the great German Lutheran composer Johann Sebastian Bach presented the beginnings of what would become his only Catholic work, the Mass in B minor, to the newly elected King of Poland, August III. This first draft was a compilation of extracts from five different Lutheran Masses that he had already composed, including a Kyrie and a Gloria.

Over the years, musicologists have put forth various theories as to why such a devoted Lutheran such as Bach wrote a Catholic mass (e.g. Wolff 2001). My research clarifies how specific sections of the Mass express both Catholic and …

Singing For The Red, White, And Blue: Nationalism In Country Music After 9/11, Laz Divine

Symposium of Student Scholars

On September 11th, 2001, the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were struck by hijacked airplanes in a terrorist attack. The result of the attack spurred an overwhelming sense of despair and anger across the nation, leading to the resurgence of nationalist and patriotic themes in music. Since Country music serves as a tool to express unity, nostalgia, and the struggles of the working class, many turned to it to provide comfort. The theme of unity and struggle mixed with the resurrection of patriotism launched a new age in Country music with the creation of the …

L'Homme Arme: A Tradition Of Contrafactum, Lauren Moseley

Student Scholar Showcase

Contrafactum, the replacement of text in a song, and L’homme Arme impacted music both in the 1450s and today. Although their usage changed and dwindled, musicians never stopped using contrafactum and L’homme Arme in their works. With the intent of improving music pedagogy and performance, the purpose of this research was to investigate L’homme Arme and contrafactum and their usage today. The particular problems of this study were to (1) examine contrafactum and L’homme Arme in medieval and renaissance music; (2) explore the use of contrafactum today; and (3) arrange a piece of music that combines a sacred and a …

From Operetta To Broadway, Katelyn Blue

Student Scholar Showcase

Music compositions transitioned from the performance of operettas to Broadway musicals, as did musical study on a collegiate level. Although Universities did not begin teaching musical theater when the genre originally emerged, Broadway musicals have become a part of “classic” American repertoire. With the intent of improving music pedagogy and performance, the purpose of this research is to investigate the history of the Broadway musical in University settings. The particular problems of this study were to (1) explore the transition from operettas to musicals; (2) trace the development of musical theatere in collegiate study; and (3) to describe the University …

Ja Rusyn Byl (I Am Rusyn): Household Folk Music As Resistance To Oppression, Spencer Mcneill

Undergraduate Research and Scholarship Symposium

The Rusyns are a people indigenous to the Carpathian Mountains and its surrounding areas. Despite attempts by the Ukrainian government and surrounding nations to silently erase Rusyn culture from history, the Rusyn people have a distinct identity independent from that of any bordering nation. This unique identity is best outlined through Rusyn folk songs which depict pastoral images of the Carpathian homeland and patriotic tales of Rusyn ancestry. Much work to date has already been done documenting post Velvet Revolution revival of Rusyn culture. Because of this, I will instead focus on the lesser-known time prior and leading up to …

Songs Of The Sea And The Sailor: Demystifying The Mythology Of British Sailing Culture, Henry Strobel

Undergraduate Research and Scholarship Symposium

Sea shanties have generally been accepted as the main relic of the culture of British sailors: a mythology that permeates the 19th and 20th century describing the harsh, unforgiving and yet in many ways romanticized life at sea. The repertoire of this time was eventually written down and catalogued by folk music collectors such as Cecil J. Sharp, who were hoping to record and preserve the British identity for generations to come. However, in researching the etymology of these songs as well as the first-hand accounts of sailors, there is a significantly greater layer of complexity to this history than …

Playing For The "Father Of Lights" The Musical Philosophy Of Pedro Eustache, Betania Canas

Honors Scholars & Undergraduate Research Poster Symposium Programs

Known for his multidimensional and interdisciplinary work with notable musicians such as Yanni and Hans Zimmer, Venezuelan-American flutist and instrumentalist Pedro Eustache has mastered an astounding number of woodwinds and musical styles during his lifetime, from jazz to classical to several genres of global music. What is less known about him, however, is that he is a devoted Christian whose faith deeply influences his artistry and work ethic. The current project seeks to be the first scholarly exploration of Eustache's philosophy of music through an examination of published interviews, essays, and videos found online and in the musical press.

Music In Japanese Prisoner Of War Camps, Zerai Thornton

Student Scholar Showcase

During World War II, both the Axis and Allied powers held enemy soldiers and civilians in prisoner of war (POW) camps with little recreational activities. Although some Japanese POW camps did not allow their prisoners to engage in recreational activities, inmates transformed songs into acceptable performance practices. With the intent of improving music pedagogy, the purpose of this research was to investigate music in Japanese POW camps. The particular problems of this study were to (1) examine traditional practices in Japanese POW camps; (2) determine how music developed a Japanese POW camp; and (3) create a POW camp song, entitled …

The Clarinet From Antiquity To Today, Nathaniel Estes

Student Scholar Showcase

The clarinet, coming from simple cane instruments with a slit cut into the cane to create a reed, to the modern clarinet with scientific advancements in the instrument and reed making process, not only shows how the clarinet has evolved, but how technology itself has evolved over hundreds of years. With the intent of improving music pedagogy and performance, the purpose of this research is to investigate how the clarinet evolved to become the modern clarinet. The particular problems of this study were to (1) trace historical development of the clarinet, (2) identify mechanical and stylistic characteristics between the Basset …

Harold Jones; Interpretation Of Big Band Swing Drumming, Danny Gottlieb

Showcase of Faculty Scholarly & Creative Activity

Multiple Grammy Award winning drummer Harold Jones is one of the greatest drummers in Jazz History. He has performed and recorded with Herbie Hancock, Ella Fitzgerald, Tony Bennett, Lady Gaga, Sarah Vaughan, Count Basie, Natalie Cole and many more. This volume work is akin depth study of Harold's drumming with the Count Basie Orchestra, of which he was a member from 1968 through 1972.

The Poetic Horn: Rethinking Expressive Intent In Schumann's Adagio Und Allegro, Op. 70, Samantha Duhé

Graduate Student Research Symposium

At first glance, Robert Schumann’s Adagio und Allegro for horn and piano, Op. 70 appears to be simply one showpiece out of many the composer wrote in his later years to appeal to a middle class market of amateur musicians. The piece is often dismissed as such, and as a result, scholars tend to exclude it from their discourse on Schumann’s expressive musical techniques. Adagio und Allegro is yet to have been investigated in light of this discourse. One of the composer’s musical devices, recognized by Berthold Hoeckner (1997), is to mimic the sound of a tone fading into the …

The Compositional Influence Of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart On Ludwig Van Beethoven’S Early Period Works, Mary L. Krebs

Young Historians Conference

In the early period of Ludwig van Beethoven's life (1775-1802), his compositions exhibited the Classical style and showed hints of the expressivity to come in the Romantic Era. His music was no doubt influenced by many musical figures around him at the time, including Joseph Haydn, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, and Beethoven's own father, Johann van Beethoven. But who exerted the strongest influence on Beethoven's early period works? An analysis of Beethoven's studies and his Sonata No. 5 in C minor offers compelling evidence pointing towards Beethoven's role model, a fellow Classical composer: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

From Swing King To Swing Kids: The Jazz Era Of ‘Big Band Orchestras’ In World War Ii, Katie Victoria Burnopp

Student Scholar Showcase

Known as the ‘King of Swing’, clarinetist and band leader Benny Goodman (1909-1986) threatened the Nazi cause during WWII. With intent of improving music pedagogy, the purpose of this research was to investigate swing music during World War II. The particular problems of this study were to: (1) identify how the swing music of Benny Goodman (1909-1986) influenced adolescents in the United States of America, United Kingdom, and Germany; (2) explore the Nazi party view on ‘swing’ music of the era; (3) examine how the music of Charlie and his Orchestra became used as a tool for Nazi propaganda; and …

Closing The Gap: An Analysis Of The Musical Elements Contributing To Hip-Hop’S Emergence Into Popular Culture, Grant Knox

Scholars Week

This paper explores the musical evolution of hip-hop and the techniques that have influenced such growth. Hip-hop music’s pioneers established a genre that would not only prove to be self-sustaining, but allow for a diverse array of influences to contribute to its growth. An art form that was once preserved for minorities and often considered a lower form of intellectual art is growing closer to mainstream music. Topics such as the orchestration and production of music, influence of other genres, harmonic analysis, and the diversity within the genre itself are discussed with an emphasis on hip-hop artists of the previous …

A Model For Patron-Driven Acquisition Of Print Music Scores: From Conception To Reality, Alan Asher, Trey Shelton, Jason Heckathorn, Aimee Barrett

Charleston Library Conference

This paper and presentation will explore the process of developing a unique patron-driven acquisition program for print music scores and monographs from concept to reality at an American Association of Research Libraries institution. Areas to be discussed include collection development considerations, information technology infrastructure needs, acquisitions workflows, and plan evaluation. The paper and the presentation will examine how partnering with a vendor to implement an innovative collection development plan can support the needs of the library users and the goals of library collection development officers and increase access to music scores and monographs in a fiscally responsible way. Readers can …

P13. Wagner's Use Of The Formal Lament For King Mark In Tristan Und Isolde, Julie Anne Nord

Western Research Forum

Background: The composer Richard Wagner often expressed his distaste for “number” operas and other contrived forms used in the Italianate works of his forerunners and contemporaries. In place of these operatic conventions, Wagner drew upon the Tragedy of Ancient Greece to propose a “total artwork” (Gesamtkunstwerk)) with no contrived breaks for conventional form. Despite, or perhaps because of, his aversion toward operatic formal conventions, Wagner turned to one such form for his music for King Mark in Tristan und Isolde.

Methods: This poster demonstrates Wagner’s use of lament tropes from the poetry of Greek Tragedy and from …

P24. The Birds And The Beats: Perception Of A Beat In An Avian Model, Brendon Samuels

Western Research Forum

Background: Beat perception is a complex cognitive skill that enables humans to “feel” the beat in music, and is an essential component of synchronization of behavior and dance. The mechanisms in the human brain that facilitate beat perception are not entirely understood, and have only been studied thus far using non-invasive techniques. Some animals, such as songbirds, also seem to be able to detect a beat in rhythms, though this has never been formally tested independent of motor synchronization.

Methods: An operant experiment is used to assess if European starlings, a type of songbird, are capable of categorizing …

An Approach To Undergraduate Research - Developing An Understanding Of The Musical Process Through The Editing Of Early Music, Jared Chance Taylor, Gary W. Cobb

Seaver College Research And Scholarly Achievement Symposium

This project is an outgrowth of a larger project that involves the eventual compilation of a series of Italian madrigals into a modern performing edition. The purpose of this project was to transcribe and edit a madrigal from Carlo Grossi’s L’Anfione musiche da camera or per tavola (Venice, 1675) in order to better understand and be able to perform an Italian madrigal as it might have been done in the late seventeenth century. Through a process of research, examination and transcription, I was able to not only to transcribe Grossi’s music into modern notation but was also able to also …