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Full-Text Articles in European History

Attitude Towards Cross-Culture Exchange In The 1685 French Embassy To The Kingdom Of Siam, Benjamin M. Beese Jul 2021

Attitude Towards Cross-Culture Exchange In The 1685 French Embassy To The Kingdom Of Siam, Benjamin M. Beese

Swarthmore Undergraduate History Journal

Traditional histories of Early Modern exchange tend to emphasize the dispersion and adoption (or rejection) of European science and culture. More recently, there has been an historiographical trend to see early modern international interactions as multi-direction exchanges in which all parties are altered in each interaction. The 1685 French-Jesuit Embassy to Siam provides an interesting opportunity to explore the implications of this multi-directional approach. Although this exchange had no significant, lasting impact on either Siam or France, the dynamics at play demonstrate how each party’s attitude towards the exchange impacted their ability to achieve their aims. This paper uses Guy …


James Mahony (C.1816-1859): The Illustrated London News, Niamh Ann Kelly Jul 2021

James Mahony (C.1816-1859): The Illustrated London News, Niamh Ann Kelly

Books/Book Chapters

No abstract provided.


Irrational Philosophy? Kronecker's Constructive Philosophy And Finding The Real Roots Of A Polynomial, Richard B. Schneider Jul 2021

Irrational Philosophy? Kronecker's Constructive Philosophy And Finding The Real Roots Of A Polynomial, Richard B. Schneider

Rose-Hulman Undergraduate Mathematics Journal

The prominent mathematician Leopold Kronecker (1823 – 1891) is often relegated to footnotes and mainly remembered for his strict philosophical position on the foundation of mathematics. He held that only the natural numbers are intuitive, thus the only basis for all mathematical objects. In fact, Kronecker developed a complete school of thought on mathematical foundations and wrote many significant algebraic works, but his enigmatic writing style led to his historical marginalization. In 1887, Kronecker published an extended version of his paper, “On the Concept of Number,” translated into English in 2010 for the first time by Edward T. Dean, who …


A Network Of Thrones: Kinship And Conflict In Europe, 1495–1918, Seth G. Benzell, Kevin Cooke Jul 2021

A Network Of Thrones: Kinship And Conflict In Europe, 1495–1918, Seth G. Benzell, Kevin Cooke

Economics Faculty Articles and Research

We construct a database linking European royal kinship networks, monarchies, and wars to study the effect of family ties on conflict. To establish causality, we exploit decreases in connection caused by apolitical deaths of rulers' mutual relatives. These deaths are associated with substantial increases in the frequency and duration of war. We provide evidence that these deaths affect conflict only through changing the kinship network. Over our period of interest, the percentage of European monarchs with kinship ties increased threefold. Together, these findings help explain the well-documented decrease in European war frequency.


Intolerable Histories And Imperfect Narratives: Nationhood, Identity, And The Integrity Of Law In Post-Vichy France And Beyond, Kaela S. Holmen Jul 2021

Intolerable Histories And Imperfect Narratives: Nationhood, Identity, And The Integrity Of Law In Post-Vichy France And Beyond, Kaela S. Holmen

Foreign Languages & Literatures ETDs

The principal aim of this thesis project is to examine the socio-legal context of the Vichy regime in World War II France, and to provide an understanding of how that context informed, and continues to inform, the integrity of French nationhood. With Ernest Renan’s oubli serving as a framework for the solidification of nationhood, I will demonstrate that the betrayals to French law and custom that were committed in an attempt to right the wrongs of the Vichy resulted in an imperfect forgetting, and ultimately, a more fragmented national sense of self. I contend that this imperfect oubli resulting from …


Not So Dystopian: A Historical Reading Of Eugenics In Science Fiction, Riley Sanders Jun 2021

Not So Dystopian: A Historical Reading Of Eugenics In Science Fiction, Riley Sanders

The Forum: Journal of History

Broadly, this paper is an effort in complicating traditional readings of eugenic themes in science fiction. Two landmark novels, Wells’ The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896) and Huxley’s Brave New World (1932), are highlighted as representative of the early and late stages of eugenics. By focusing on the troubling historical context surrounding these authors, I denounce the simple reading of these works as merely “dystopian”. Scholars like Francis Fukuyama advance these simplistic readings by instinctively assuming that Wells and Huxley were against eugenics. This paper continues the tradition that David Bradshaw popularized in his book The Hidden Huxley, which argues …


The Literary Controversies Of Michelangelo's Sistine Ceiling, Victoria Duehring Jun 2021

The Literary Controversies Of Michelangelo's Sistine Ceiling, Victoria Duehring

The Forum: Journal of History

This literary review will focus on Michelangelo’s most significant work of color: the Sistine ceiling. Michelangelo’s work has spawned a plethora of literature, but this paper will focus on three main controversial topics: assistants (or lack thereof), the ignudi’s purpose, and restoration. I will also apply a psycho-historical approach to these controversies and identify potential avenues for future research.


A Lifeline For Millions: American Relief In An Age Of Isolationism, Matteo Marsella Jun 2021

A Lifeline For Millions: American Relief In An Age Of Isolationism, Matteo Marsella

The Forum: Journal of History

American military involvement in the Great War is a widely discussed aspect of the conflict. The period following the war is often considered an example of American isolationist foreign policy. Lesser well known are American efforts to provide food relief to starving populations in Europe, which began during and continued well after the war's conclusion. This paper seeks to locate American relief efforts within broader postwar foreign policy. Although President Harding’s 1920 election victory on a platform of a “return to normalcy” is often construed as a rejection of Wilsonian internationalism and a return to prewar isolationism, there is no …


Medieval Infertility: Treatments, Cures, And Consequences, Zia Simpson Jun 2021

Medieval Infertility: Treatments, Cures, And Consequences, Zia Simpson

The Forum: Journal of History

Since the first civilizations emerged, reproductive ability has been one of the most prominent elements in assessing a woman’s value to society. Other characteristics such as beauty, intelligence, and wealth may have been granted comparable consequence, but those are arbitrary and improvable. Fertility is genetic, and for centuries it was beyond human control. Among the medieval European nobility, fertility held even greater power. The absence of an heir could, either directly or indirectly, bring about war, economic depression, and social disorder. Catholicism provided a refuge by allowing barren women to retain their hopes, while simultaneously enriching Rome’s coffers. Other women …


The Purpose Of Shanties From The Time Of Sailors To The Musical Masters Of The Twentieth Century, Madison Grant Jun 2021

The Purpose Of Shanties From The Time Of Sailors To The Musical Masters Of The Twentieth Century, Madison Grant

The Forum: Journal of History

The folk songs of the high seas traveled across hundreds of ships, changed in sound and lyric, and ultimately became known today as maritime folk music. Although many historians choose to analyze maritime history through physical artifacts, one less-appreciated aspect of the sea is known as the sea shanty. With modern musicians paying homage to their older nautical counterparts, the revival of shanty tunes sprung forth an almost lost appreciation into the lives of both historians and musicians alike. Referenced in this essay is the James Madison Carpenter Collection, an array of recorded and inscribed sources of shanty tunes that …


Full Issue Jun 2021

Full Issue

The Forum: Journal of History

No abstract provided.


Vestiges Of Propaganda: Postage Stamps Issued By The Third Reich In Poland And The Netherlands During The Second World War, Olivia Phillips Jun 2021

Vestiges Of Propaganda: Postage Stamps Issued By The Third Reich In Poland And The Netherlands During The Second World War, Olivia Phillips

University Honors Theses

This thesis hopes to bridge the gap between philately and history and examines how postage stamps issued by the Third Reich during the Second World War portrayed their colonial and racial policy in the Netherlands and Poland. Through my research where I examine Nazi primary source documents and rely on an expansive discourse community whose focus is communications theory, postal history, and colonial history, I focus on how these stamps were an extension of the Reich’s Ministry for Propaganda. Dutch stamps closely align with German-issued stamps from the same period, through the depiction of hypermasculine men in a rural setting …


A Requiem For The Ussr: From Atheism To Secularity, Oksana Nesterenko Jun 2021

A Requiem For The Ussr: From Atheism To Secularity, Oksana Nesterenko

Yale Journal of Music & Religion

This article examines performance and reception of music of sacred tradition in the Soviet Union in the 1970s-80s, with the focus on two works composed in the genre of Catholic Requiem Mass, Alfred Schnittke’s Requiem (1975) and Vyacheslav Artyomov’s Requiem (1988). The article recounts the history of Soviet atheism that, as a result of state’s failure to eradicate religion, evolved into a form of secular modernity, and outlines the music culture in which Schnittke and Artyomov lived. The official reception of the two requiems, which changed dramatically within twelve years, illustrates the state’s changing attitude to religion from atheist, where …


Nicholas Catalano, Phd, Nicholas Catalano Jun 2021

Nicholas Catalano, Phd, Nicholas Catalano

Oral History

From 1964 to 2019, Professor Nicholas Catalano taught literature at Pace and also served as the University Director for Performing Arts. Professor Catalano also founded many popular clubs--the Drama club, Wig and Mask society, Glee club, a football team, as well as a study abroad program in Greece that continues to this day.


Traveling Tolerances: English-Speaking Protestants Abroad After The Restoration, Lisa Clark Diller Jun 2021

Traveling Tolerances: English-Speaking Protestants Abroad After The Restoration, Lisa Clark Diller

Achieve

The debate over whether to tolerate Roman Catholics in England, and what any such toleration should look like, was especially lively after the Interregnum. The Act of Toleration did not, of course, include Roman Catholics, though there was widespread de facto freedom of worship for them after 1688. The scholarship of this conversation about toleration and its context is primarily rooted in conversations about political theology, the development of liberalism, and state formation. This paper begins and investigation into the ways in which travel observations and cultural comparisons rooted in international tourism might have shaped the views of English men …


Front Matter Jun 2021

Front Matter

Swiss American Historical Society Review

No abstract provided.


Switzerland In The Life And Works Of . . . John Le Carré (1931-2020), Matthias Lerf, Richard Hacken, Translator, Annotator Jun 2021

Switzerland In The Life And Works Of . . . John Le Carré (1931-2020), Matthias Lerf, Richard Hacken, Translator, Annotator

Swiss American Historical Society Review

John le Carré lived at the southwestern tip of England in Cornwall while his masterful spy novels take place all around the world. Yet he always emphasized that Switzerland was his second home, and he spoke excellent German. During an interview in Bern’s Hotel Bellevue in 2010, on which this article is based, he even sprinkled in a few dialect phrases. He said he speaks “es bitzeli” [a bit of] Bernese German, but in general he avoided it, since it would call forth a torrent of words in response that he could not handle. In other matters as …


Book Review: Seidler-Hux, Monica, Gottfried Kellers Feuriger Freund: Johann Ulrich Müller––Romanfigur, Baumeister Und Kartograf Der Usa [Gottfried Keller’S Fiery Friend: Johann Ulrich Müller–– Character In A Novel, Architect, Builder And Cartographer Of The Usa], Richard Hacken Jun 2021

Book Review: Seidler-Hux, Monica, Gottfried Kellers Feuriger Freund: Johann Ulrich Müller––Romanfigur, Baumeister Und Kartograf Der Usa [Gottfried Keller’S Fiery Friend: Johann Ulrich Müller–– Character In A Novel, Architect, Builder And Cartographer Of The Usa], Richard Hacken

Swiss American Historical Society Review

It is safe to say that an investigation into the life of Johann Ulrich Müller would scarcely warrant the rapt scholarly attention that it does were it not for the presumptive impact of that individual on Gottfried Keller––who was and is perhaps the prime Swiss exponent of literary realism in the eyes of the world. It has been established that Keller’s novel, Der grüne Heinrich [Green Henry], closely parallels the novelist’s own life story, episodically shifting into near-direct autobiography. One memorable character in the novel is closely based on Keller’s friendship with Müller, which had originally begun when the …


Beyond Muesli And Fondue -- The Swiss Contribution To Culinary History: A Summary Of Ambassador Martin Dahinden’S Book, C. Naseer Ahmad Jun 2021

Beyond Muesli And Fondue -- The Swiss Contribution To Culinary History: A Summary Of Ambassador Martin Dahinden’S Book, C. Naseer Ahmad

Swiss American Historical Society Review

Breaking bread together has deep rooted spiritual foundations for strengthening fellowship and in easing tensions among people of different persuasions. So, it is propitious that former Swiss Ambassador to United States Dr. Martin Dahinden, who is a seasoned Swiss diplomat with exquisite tastes and a vast reservoir of knowledge and experience wrote a book Beyond Muesli and Fondue, which describes Swiss contributions to culinary history.


End Matter Jun 2021

End Matter

Swiss American Historical Society Review

No abstract provided.


From Redemptive Suffering To Redemptive Reconciliation In The Authorship Of Johanna Spyri, Frederick Hale Jun 2021

From Redemptive Suffering To Redemptive Reconciliation In The Authorship Of Johanna Spyri, Frederick Hale

Swiss American Historical Society Review

That Johanna Spyri (1827-1901), best known for her Heidi books, gained renown as one of Switzerland’s most popular and widely translated authors is beyond dispute. The two companion volumes Heidi’s Lehr- und Wanderjahre and Heidi kann brauchen, was es gelernt hat were published in Germany in 1880 and 1881, respectively, and have been reprinted and published in more abridgements, translations, and cultural adaptations than nearly all other works of their era. Several of Spyri’s many other books also enjoyed popularity and were read not only in German, but also in various other languages on both sides of the Atlantic.


Full Issue Jun 2021

Full Issue

Swiss American Historical Society Review

No abstract provided.


The Ill-Treatment Of Their Countrywoman: Liberated African Women, Violence, And Power In Tortola, 1807–1834, Arianna Browne Jun 2021

The Ill-Treatment Of Their Countrywoman: Liberated African Women, Violence, And Power In Tortola, 1807–1834, Arianna Browne

Master's Theses

In 1807, Parliament passed an Act to abolish the slave trade, leading to the Royal Navy’s campaign of policing international waters and seizing ships suspected of illegal trading. As the Royal Navy captured slave ships as prizes of war and condemned enslaved Africans to Vice-Admiralty courts, formerly enslaved Africans became “captured negroes” or “liberated Africans,” making the subjects in the British colonies. This work, which takes a microhistorical approach to investigate the everyday experiences of liberated Africans in Tortola during the early nineteenth century, focuses on the violent conditions of liberated African women, demonstrating that abolition consisted of violent contradictions …


Lawful Violence: The Relationship Between Marriage And Conflict In The Wars Of The Roses, Hannah R. Keller Jun 2021

Lawful Violence: The Relationship Between Marriage And Conflict In The Wars Of The Roses, Hannah R. Keller

Masters Theses

England’s King Edward IV married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464. Edward’s sister Margaret of York married Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, in 1468. Both marriages occurred during England’s fifteenth-century conflict, the Wars of the Roses. And both created conflict between Edward, Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick, and France’s King Louis XI. Most historians regard this conflict as either a sign of or product of disorder. I, however, argue that both marriages could have been a calculated form of “lawful” violence known as disworship used to damage the political capital of Warwick and Louis and thereby instigate war with France. …


Eis Ein Vergessenes Ladungsgut, Ingo Heidbrink Jun 2021

Eis Ein Vergessenes Ladungsgut, Ingo Heidbrink

History Faculty Publications

Natural ice was an important maritime cargo throughout the 19th and 20th century with Norway being the largest European ice exporting nation in Europe. This trade was mainly operated with small to medium size wooden sailing vessels and often secured long time survival of these craft. Although it is not known if any of today's historic sailing ships operating in European waters, has ever actually transported natural ice, this trade among others contributed to the survival of the fleet. While today ice is mainly considered as an obstacle for the operation of historic watercraft, it was actually one of the …


Life Is Beautiful, Or Not: The Myth Of The Good Italian, Shira Klein Jun 2021

Life Is Beautiful, Or Not: The Myth Of The Good Italian, Shira Klein

History Faculty Books and Book Chapters

"Life is Beautiful illustrates a popular misconception about Italy's role in the Holocaust. The film features the good Italian and the warped view that Italy treated Jews kindly in the late 1930s and during World War II. Historians have proven this claim to be grossly exaggerated, arguing that Italians persecuted Jews vigorously. Yet popular representations of the past-films, novels, museum exhibits, and websites-continue to give credence to the notion that Italians were overwhelmingly good to Jews. Although France and Germany cultivated similar self-acquitting myths in the decades immediately after the war, they eventually moved on to accept the more …


Compromised Values: Charlotte Posenenske, 1966–Present, Ian Wallace Jun 2021

Compromised Values: Charlotte Posenenske, 1966–Present, Ian Wallace

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Fabricated in unlimited series and sold at cost, the sculptures produced by Charlotte Posenenske between 1966 and 1967—modular wall reliefs, interactive cubic structures, and tubular geometric units whose installation requires collective decision making—were meant to confront both the artwork’s commodity status and the limitation of its consumption to a privileged elite. Nevertheless, Posenenske’s work has been effectively recuperated by the art system: first, in the 1980s, through a series of exhibitions and publications organized by her estate; and second, with her inclusion in Documenta 12 in 2007, which reintroduced her work to the market. Since the artist’s death in 1985, …


"Rivals And Partners”: The Competition For Control Of Judenpolitik In Reichskommissariat Ostland (1941–1944), Barbara Lynne Bailin Jun 2021

"Rivals And Partners”: The Competition For Control Of Judenpolitik In Reichskommissariat Ostland (1941–1944), Barbara Lynne Bailin

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

The dissertation recounts and investigates the impact of the bureaucratic conflicts inherent in the Nazi state apparatus in the implementation of Judenpolitik in an underdeveloped research area--the mass murder of Baltic Jews during World War II. It focuses specifically on Hinrich Lohse, the newly appointed Reichskommissar of the Reichskommissariat Ostland, the German-occupied Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia and parts of western Belorussia in the Soviet Union (known as the RKO), as he sought to navigate the bureaucratic clashes in what was, arguably, one of the most contentious conflicts within the senior Nazi leadership, that is, the Wehrmacht’s …


Book Review: Marie-Angèle Lovis. Un Village Suisse Émigré: Le Cas De Cornol Dans Le Canton Du Jura (1815-1956), Dwight Page Jun 2021

Book Review: Marie-Angèle Lovis. Un Village Suisse Émigré: Le Cas De Cornol Dans Le Canton Du Jura (1815-1956), Dwight Page

Swiss American Historical Society Review

A great deal has been published concerning emigration from German-speaking, Alemannic Switzerland. The present book fulfills the great need to give more attention to the French speaking cantons of the western part of Switzerland, La Suisse romande.


To Touch The Heavens: A Short Story, Sarah Hedrick Jun 2021

To Touch The Heavens: A Short Story, Sarah Hedrick

Swiss American Historical Society Review

A light Swiss breeze blew through Heidi’s curly blonde hair as she and her grandfather Adolph walked along the mountain path. They had been walking up the mountainside for several hours and were nearing the top. Heidi couldn’t wait to get to the mountaintop; it was the one part of the mountain that she had never been to before. Her grandfather told her that when you were at the top, you’re up so high that you can almost reach up and touch the heavens. However, the trek was quite long, and Heidi had never gone that far up the mountain …