Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons^™

A 19th Century Caddo Component At The Gatlin Site (41rk1) In The Angelina River Basin Of East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Gatlin site (41RK1) is located ca. 1 mile to the southeast of the small community of Mount Enterprise in Rusk County in the headwaters of the Angelina River basin in the East Texas Pineywoods. The site was first investigated by the landowner in about 1895 (Records on file at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory [TARL], The University of Texas at Austin). At that time, the landowner exposed a single burial with preserved skeletal remains and two extra skulls in the burial pit; each of the skulls supposedly had a hole (bullet hole?) on one side of the head. Among …

Issues Regarding The Early Development Of Caddo Culture Discussion Topics For The East Texas Caddo Research Group, December 2008, Jeffery S. Girard

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Is there a consensus regarding which archaeological traits are diagnostic of Caddo culture? What are the necessary and sufficient traits for designating a context as “Caddo” as opposed to, for example, “pre-Caddo” or “Coles Creek?”

Caddo Origins, A Smith County Perspective, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Attempting to trace Caddo Origins in Smith County and surrounding counties depends a lot on what we end up defining as Caddo. Separating the Caddo culture from previous cultures in East Texas becomes tedious when trying to fit the available archaeological record to existing models of Woodland cultures. Krieger stated that there was no evidence in East Texas of a Woodland (or Hopewellian) culture, with Mississippian culture beginning as early as 500 B.C. I mention this partly for the sake of argument, but also to point out that in this area there is not such a clearcut difference between the …

Comments On Caddo Origins In Northwest Louisiana, Jeffery S. Girard

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This paper presents some of my thoughts on the issue of Caddo origins from the perspective of the Red River drainage in northwest Louisiana. These ideas were assembled prior to the Caddo discussion group meeting held in December 2008 and have been only slightly modified here. The paper was not given as a formal presentation, but I attempted to introduce the main points during the group discussion.

Development of better chronological controls is crucial for addressing problems of Caddo origins, and I discuss this issue first. Although much has been settled since the early Krieger-Ford discussions, a finer-grained chronology is …

Lake Naconiche Archaeology And Caddo Origins Issues, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Sometime around ca. A.D. 800, Lake Naconiche sites were no longer occupied by Woodland period groups of the Mossy Grove culture solely making sandy paste pottery or living as mobile hunting-gathering foragers. At this time, from ca. A.D. 750-800 to around A.D. 900, colder and drier conditions began to dominate the local weather. After ca. A.D. 800, were the aboriginal groups Caddo peoples or acculturated Mossy Grove folks? Some findings from the Lake Naconiche archaeological investigations at the Boyette site (41NA285) are relevant to this issue of ethnic affiliations and local, but nevertheless regional momentous, cultural changes.

Putting that in …

Ceramic Comparisons Between Certain Historic Caddo Sites In Nacogdoches County, Texas: Henry M. (41na60), Spradley (41na206), And Deshazo (41na27), Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Henry M., Deshazo, and Spradley sites are three of the better and recently studied Historic Caddo ceramic assemblages in East Texas. All three are in Nacogdoches County, Henry M. and Deshazo on Bayou Loco, and Spradley on Lanana Creek.

How do these sites compare with respect to the decorative classes present in the utility wares and fine wares? All three sites are dominated by brushed utility wares. At Spradley, brushed pottery comprises 53.4% of the decorated sherds compared to 72.7-85.6% of the decorated sherds from Henry M. and Deshazo. Incised, punctated, and incised-punctated decorative classes, however, are also abundant …

The Archaeology Of The 16th And 17th Century Caddo In The Post Oak Savannah Of Northeast Texas: The Tuinier Farm (41hp237), R. A. Watkins (41hp238), And Anglin (41hp240) Sites In The Stoots Creek Basin, Hopkins County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Elsbeth Dowd, Lee Green, George Morgan, Bo Nelson, Leeanna Schniebs, Beau Schriever, Jesse Todd, Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Tuinier Farm (41HP237), R. A. Watkins (41HP238), and Anglin (41HP240) sites are 16th to 17th century Caddo sites in the modern-day Post Oak Savannah of Northeast Texas. All three of the sites are located on Stouts Creek, in the eastern part of Hopkins County, Texas, a northward-flowing tributary to White Oak Creek in the Sulphur River basin; the modern channel of White Oak Creek lies ca. 15 km north of these sites. The Culpepper site (41HP1), a previously investigated mid-to late 17th century Caddo habitation and cemetery site, is about 2 km downstream. Small areas of tall-grass prairie lie …

The Caddo And The Caddo Conference, Hiram F. Gregory

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

There was one lone Caddo at the early Caddo Conference held at the University of Oklahoma campus—Mrs. Vynola Beaver Newkumet—then there was a long gap. In 1973, the Chairman of the Caddo Nation, Melford Williams, was the banquet speaker for the Conference, which was held in Natchitoches, Louisiana. A panel, consisting of Thompson Williams, Vynola Newkumet, Phil Newkumet, and Pete Gregory, was also part of that conference.

An Account Of The Birth And Growth Of Caddo Archeology, As Seen By Review Of 50 Caddo Conferences, 1946-2008, Hester A. Davis, E. Mott Davis

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Any 50th anniversary should be noticed as a milestone of some sort, whether of a person or a thing. In this case, any of you who can subtract will recognize that from 1946, when the first Caddo Conference occurred, to 2008 is more than 50 years. This is because between 1946 and 1965, there were only eight meetings, and we ran out of things to talk about (or people to agree to host the meetings) and did not meet in 1969. After the 12th meeting in 1970, we have managed to have a meeting every year, and we have maintained …

Caddo Ceramics From The D'Ortolan Site (41na299), Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The D'Ortolan site (41NA299) is a late 1790s to 1830s ranch established by Bernard D'Ortolan on Bayou Loco, a tributary to the Angelina River, in Nacogdoches County, Texas. The ranch was known as Rancho San Bemando del Loco. Tom Middlebrook, Texas Archeological Steward, located and identified the rancho in 2003.

During the course of archaeological investigations conducted at the site over the next few years, a small sample of aboriginal Caddo ceramic sherds were found on the rancho in contexts indicating that Caddo ceramic vessels were in use during the rancho occupation. These vessels had to have been obtained by …

Historic Caddo Archaeology On The Red And Lower Sulphur River Areas Of Northeast Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Post-ca. A.D. 1685 Caddo archaeological sites are somewhat surprisingly uncommon on the Red and lower Sulphur rivers in Northeast Texas compared to other parts of this broad region. For instance, there are more Historic Caddo sites known in Nacogdoches County in the Neches and Angelina river basin in East Texas than there are in all of the Red and lower Sulphur river regions.

The low density of Historic Caddo archaeological sites on the Red and lower Sulphur river areas of Northeast Texas is a product of several factors, the most important likely being the rapid abandonment of much of the …

Archaeological Investigations At The Henry M. Site (41na60): An Early Historic Caddo Farmstead In Nacogdoches County, Texas, Tom Middlebrook, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Henry M. site (41NA60) is an early historic (post-A.D. 1680) Allen phase farmstead on a natural rise in the Bayou Loco floodplain in western Nacogdoches County in East Texas. Bayou Loco, a relatively small stream, flows south a few miles to its confluence with the Angelina River. The dam for Lake Nacogdoches on the bayou is about 1.7 miles to the north. Construction of Lake Nacogdoches inundated a number of contemporaneous Allen phase farmsteads- some of which were the scene of 1970s excavations-including 41NA18. The Henry M. site in the mid-1980s. (41NA21), Iron Rock (41NA22), Loco Bottoms (41NA23), and …

Analysis Of The Historic Caddo Ceramics From 41na223 In Downtown Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In 1999, the late Dr. James E. Corbin of Stephen F. Austin University in Nacogdoches, Texas, recorded 41NA223 in a proposed parking lot associated with offices for the City of Nacogdoches. The site is located on the southern edge of an upland ridge (290 ft. amsl) between Banita Creek and La Nana Creek, southward-flowing tributaries of the Angelina River, and the area around it has a number of commercial buildings.

During the course of development of the parking lot for the County Courthouse of Nacogdoches, Caddo ceramics, animal bones, and late 18th early 19th century European artifacts were found on …

Trends And Varieties In Late Caddo And Historic Caddo Fine Ware Pottery Types In The Upper Neches River Basin, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

One of the goals of recent archaeological research investigations in the upper Neches River valley in East Texas is to better understand the temporal and stylistic character of the post-A.D. 1400/1450 Frankston and Allen phase Caddo ceramic assemblages found in this area. From this will hopefully arise a better understanding of the settlement history of Caddo peoples living here.

This research has involved a detailed examination of 278 vessels from burials on seven sites in the collections at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL), 31 vessels from burials at 41AN38, and a review of other vessel data (n=321 vessels) from …

Life On Jackson Creek, Smith County, Texas: Archeological Investigations Of A 14th Century Caddo Domicile At The Leaning Rock Site (41sm325), Mark Walters, Leslie G. Cecil, Linda S. Cummings, J. Phil Dering, Jeffery R. Ferguson, Michael D. Glascock, Timothy K. Perttula, Leeanna Schniebs, Harry J. Shafer, Jesse Todd, Chester P. Walker

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The 14th century Caddo Leaning Rock site was initially discovered in the Fall of 2004. It was located during reconnaissance to search out a location for the survey portion of the Texas Archeologica! Society's Academy IO I held in Tyler in February 2005. This was not a formal survey with transect lines. nor one using regularly spaced shovel tests. but was rather more of a "windshield"' type survey, consisting of driving across pasture lands looking at gopher mounds and checking fore, evidence of archeological deposits on likely looking landforms.

!n this area. landform and soil type seem to be the …

Historic Caddo Archaeology: An Occasional Meeting Of The East Texas Caddo Research Group, December 2-3, 2006, In Nacogdoches Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Tom Middlebrook

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The articles in this issue of the Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology had their origins in a meeting held in December 2006 of the East Texas Caddo Research Group (ETCRG). The meeting of archaeologists was held on December 2 and 3, 2006 at the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture on the campus of Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas.

The ETCRG is an informal group of individuals interested in advancing the general understanding of Caddo archaeology in the East Texas region, and we have attempted to do this by convening meetings at various times to discuss …

Sites In Northern Louisiana With Major Collections Of Historic Caddo And Other Native American Pottery, Jeffery S. Girard

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Archaeological sites in northern Louisiana that date to the 18th and 19th centuries which have yielded significant amounts of Native American pottery are plotted on the accompanying map, and briefly summarized below. A common feature of ceramic collections from these sites is the prevalence of shell temper, a trait that is rare prior to the late 17th century in the region. The earliest contexts probably date from the late 17th to the early 18th centuries and include utilitarian types that were common during the Late Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1500-1700). By the middle 18th century, these types apparently were no …

Points Of Discussion And Directions For Research On Caddo Historic Archaeology, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

I start with the premise that there are considerable gaps remaining in our basic knowledge of the Caddo historic archaeological record for the period from ca. 1670-1850 in East Texas. The period between ca. A.D. 1542-1670 is better known archaeologically, thanks in large measure to some significant work at Late Caddo sites along the Red River, along Big Cypress Creek, and in the Neches-Angelina River basins, but there are considerable gaps there as well in what we think we know about the life and times of the Caddo in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially on the role Europeans may …

Cultural Diversity In The Southern Caddo Region, James E. Corbin

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The earliest expression of Caddo culture in the southern portion of the Southern Caddo region is well known. That Alto phase Caddo culture had any effect on coeval societies and the subsequent cultural development in the area cannot be demonstrated. What happened after ca. A.D. 1100 has been much discussed, but the realities of that subsequent cultural development are unknown. It can be argued that what followed was a part of a larger cultural phenomenon of regionalization of societies within the broader Caddoan area. Some researchers have argued that. at least in the extreme southern portion of the Caddo area, …

Documentation Of A Collection Of Archaeological Materials From The Millsey Williamson Site (41rk3), A Historic Nadaco Caddo Settlement, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Millsey Williamson site (41RK3) is a well known historic 18th century Nadaco Caddo site on Martin Creek in Rusk County, Texas. It is one of a number of 18th and early 19th century Kinsloe phase sites in the middle Sabine River basin apparently affiliated with the Nadaco Caddo settlement of the region.

An unknown number of historic Nadaco Caddo burials have been excavated at the site over the years, especially along the western part of the terrace landform above Martin Creek, now marked by the Martin Lake shoreline. There has been intensive collecting activities at Millsey Williamson since Martin …

Upper Neches River Basin Caddo Ceramics, An Attempt At An Updated Seriation And A Context For Understnading Frankston To Allen Phase Ceramic Stylistic And Technological Changes, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Table 1 provides comparative sherd assemblage data from Lake Palestine sites on the Neches River, 41HE139 west of Lake Palestine, 41AN38 south of Lake Palestine, as well as the Kah-hah-kowha site (41CE354) to the northeast of the lake. This site has an Allen phase component. The Lake Palestine sites include Debro (41CE86), William Sherman (41CE30), Forest Drive (41HE184), Halbert, Woldert (41HE80), Ferguson, Tomato Patch (41HE185), Mitchell (41HE22), and White Mule (41HE166).

The Shreveport Caddo, 1835-1838, Jim Tiller

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Period records, such as the reports of Many, Bonnell and Riley, clearly make reference to at least four Caddo villages located between the Red River and the United States-Mexico/Texas boundary in the mid-1830s. In the early 1990s, one of these sites, Timber Hill, was located just to the west of Jim's Bayou in Marion County. In this article I will discuss the location and demise of at least four and possible five additional 1830s-era villages located south of Caddo Lake. In the interest of preserving the sites mentioned, the specific locations of the villages discussed in this article are approximate.

Inverted Rim Engraved Vessels In Protohistoric And Early Historic Caddo Sites In Parts Of Northeast Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

A distinctive vessel form makes its appearance in protohistoric and early historic Caddo sites in the upper Sabine and Sulphur river basins, and on the middle reaches of the Red River basin. This form is an inverted rim bowl and carinated bowl with engraved decorations, and these vessels arc frequently red-slipped or have red pigment smeared in the engraved lines.

The best known of these inverted rim engraved vessels is Womack Engraved. Womack Engraved vessels are decomted on the rim with a variety of engraved motifs, including cross-hatched pendant triangles and for our purposes here negative meandering scrolls. These negative …

The Gum Creek Cluster: Protohistoric Caddo Sites In The Little Cypress Creek Basin, Ca. 1670-1720, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Gum Creek cluster represents a group of contemporaneous Caddo sites in the Little Cypress Creek basin of East Texas that were apparently occupied between ca. A.D. 1670-1720. These sites are closely affiliated with the Titus phase and may represent some of the very latest occupied Titus phase settlements in the Cypress Creek basin.

The Gum Creek cluster Caddo sites were excavated by Buddy Calvin Jones in the 1950s and 1960s, but were never reported by him during his lifetime. After his death, his vessel collection and other artifacts were documented by Perttula, with the able assistance of Bo Nelson …

A Survey Of Historic Caddo Sites In Nacogdoches County, Texas, Tom Middlebrook

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This review was originally prepared for presentation to the East Texas Caddo Research Group held in Nacogdoches, Texas on December 2 and 3, 2006. The primary purpose of this article is to summarize the archaeological resources currently known relating to the Historic Caddo period of Nacogdoches County. No attempt is made here to provide analysis of the data or to draw synthetic conclusions. The author's hope is that this survey will be helpful to workers in this area of inquiry by speeding access to available resources and exposing possible research problems.

Documentation Of A Native American Church Altar In Caddo County, Oklahoma, Robert Cast

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

What little research that has been done in Caddo County, Oklahoma (and elsewhere) with Caddo Native American Church altars or "fireplace" locations show that there is a desperate need to document and record these locations for future generations. However, even with the paucity of this research, it is feasible to suggest that these ceremonial altars, their stylistic differences, and the passing of this religion to future generations of traditional practitioners have had a very long history.

Others have discussed the ceremonial uses of fire, structures, objects, and mounds in the archaeological record, yet have not addressed the appearance and importance …

Proposal For A 2007 Caddo Archaeology Summit Meeting, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Caddo Indian peoples lived in parts of the four states of Arkansas (specifically southwest Arkansas), Louisiana (the northwestern part of the state), Oklahoma (the eastern region), and Texas (all of East Texas) from deep in prehistoric times until the early 1840s. They left behind an extensive archaeological record marked by important mound centers where the social and political elite lived and led community-wide rituals, ceremonies, and traditions; villages, hamlets, and farmsteads where the people carried out their daily lives; numerous cemeteries and burial grounds where the people were laid to rest following long-standing religious burial ceremonies; as well as …

Byram Ferry (16bo17): A Middle To Late Caddo Period Mound Site In The Red River Floodplain, Northwest Louisiana, Jeffery S. Girard

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

One of the few remaining Caddo mounds in northwest Louisiana is located at the Byram Ferry site (16BO17) in northern Bossier Parish near the Arkansas state line. Until recently, a brief description by Clarence B. Moore (1912) and a few comments by Clarence H. Webb in his undated and unpublished field notes constituted the only information about the site available to archeological researchers. A collection of sherds and one intact vessel from Byram Ferry are present in the Ralph McKinney collection currently on loan to the History Center at the Bossier Parish Library in Bossier City, Louisiana. Examination of this …

Remote Sensing At The Horace Cabe Site (41bw14), Chester P. Walker, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

A magnetometer survey was conducted at the Horace Cabe Mound site (41BW14) in 2005 by Walker and Schultz as part of the Bowie County Levee Realignment project in Bowie County, Texas. The purpose of the survey was to attempt to locate anomalies that may represent potential archaeological features at this important Late Caddo mound center near the Red River. The area was surveyed using a Geometrics portable G858 cesium sensor magnetometer and a G-856 proton magnetometer base station. This article puts on record another substantive example of Caddo archaeology as seen through the use of remote sensing technology.

The original …

The History Of Archaeological Investigations At The Jamestown Mound Site (41sm54), An Archaeological Conservancy Preserve In Smith County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Jamestown Mound site (41SM54) is an Archaeological Conservancy (TAC) preserve in northern Smith Country, Texas in the northeastern part of the state. The Jamestown site is one of the largest Caddo mound centers in East Texas, with seven recorded mounds and an associated village area of unknown extent and internal complexity. It is also one of the four premier mound centers in the Sabine River basin, the other three being Hudnall-Pirtle (41RK4), a TAC preserve, Pine Tree Mounds (41HS15), also a TAC preserve as of 2006, and Boxed Springs (41UR30), and was obviously an important civic and ceremonial center …