Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Women's Studies (533)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (442)
- History (286)
- Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies (272)
- Sociology (243)
-
- Education (222)
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies (196)
- English Language and Literature (184)
- Gender and Sexuality (175)
- Race and Ethnicity (143)
- Modern Literature (142)
- Creative Writing (137)
- Other Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (123)
- Ethnic Studies (111)
- Inequality and Stratification (110)
- Film and Media Studies (109)
- Latina/o Studies (108)
- Reading and Language (108)
- Politics and Social Change (107)
- Curriculum and Instruction (105)
- Latin American Languages and Societies (103)
- Art and Design (96)
- Chicana/o Studies (96)
- Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education (93)
- Civic and Community Engagement (93)
- Community-Based Learning (92)
- Communication (91)
- Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence (91)
- Institution
-
- Bridgewater State University (146)
- Cal Poly Humboldt (93)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (62)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (53)
- University of South Florida (42)
-
- Clemson University (40)
- Brigham Young University (37)
- Western Michigan University (32)
- Walden University (28)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (25)
- Western Kentucky University (25)
- University of Southern Maine (22)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (21)
- Swarthmore College (20)
- Portland State University (19)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (19)
- Louisiana State University (18)
- Claremont Colleges (17)
- Purdue University (16)
- Chapman University (15)
- University of Denver (14)
- University of Kentucky (14)
- Old Dominion University (12)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (12)
- University of Rhode Island (12)
- American University in Cairo (11)
- Bowling Green State University (11)
- Minnesota State University, Mankato (11)
- Rhode Island School of Design (10)
- College of the Holy Cross (9)
- Keyword
-
- Feminism (77)
- Gender (74)
- Women (62)
- Gender studies (49)
- Literature (45)
-
- Woolf (37)
- Queer (36)
- Modern literature (35)
- Intersectionality (27)
- Sexuality (26)
- Patriarchy (18)
- Poetry (17)
- Transgender (17)
- Religion (16)
- Western Kentucky University (16)
- LGBTQ (15)
- LGBTQ+ (14)
- Activism (13)
- Education (13)
- Masculinity (13)
- Mental health (13)
- Queer theory (13)
- Feminist (12)
- Lesbian (12)
- Trauma (12)
- Art (11)
- Race (11)
- Violence (11)
- Disability (10)
- Gay (10)
- Publication
-
- Journal of International Women's Studies (145)
- CouRaGeouS Cuentos: A Journal of Counternarratives (88)
- Virginia Woolf: Selected Papers (36)
- AWE (A Woman’s Experience) (34)
- Feminist Pedagogy (34)
-
- ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830 (32)
- Medieval Feminist Forum: A Journal of Gender and Sexuality (31)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (28)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (26)
- sprinkle: an undergraduate journal of feminist and queer studies (26)
- Journal of Religion & Film (24)
- Crossings: Swarthmore Undergraduate Feminist Research Journal (19)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (19)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (19)
- Querying the Past: LGBTQ Maine Oral History Project Collection (18)
- Theses and Dissertations (18)
- CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (12)
- Be Seen Zine Workshop: Exploring Queer Identities and Cultivating Community (11)
- Comparative Woman (11)
- Masters Theses (11)
- Publications and Research (10)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (9)
- WKU Administration Documents (9)
- All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects (8)
- Honors Theses (8)
- International ResearchScape Journal (7)
- Journal of Feminist Scholarship (7)
- Monsoon: South Asian Studies Association Journal (7)
- University Honors Theses (7)
- CGU Theses & Dissertations (6)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 1081 - 1110 of 1232
Full-Text Articles in Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies
Ua12/2/74 Lambda Society, Wku Archives
Ua12/2/74 Lambda Society, Wku Archives
WKU Archives Collection Inventories
Records created by and about Lambda Society
Ua12/2/76 Alpha Xi Delta, Wku Archives
Ua12/2/76 Alpha Xi Delta, Wku Archives
WKU Archives Collection Inventories
Records created by and about Alpha Xi Delta sorority.
Understanding Castration Anxiety Through Contemporary Art And Feminism, Ember J. Nevins
Understanding Castration Anxiety Through Contemporary Art And Feminism, Ember J. Nevins
Honors Theses and Capstones
No abstract provided.
Evil No More: The Image Of The Witch And Women In The United States From Seventeenth And Twentieth Centuries, Morgan Taylor Peacha
Evil No More: The Image Of The Witch And Women In The United States From Seventeenth And Twentieth Centuries, Morgan Taylor Peacha
CGU Theses & Dissertations
Women in both colonial America and the twentieth century United States were impacted by the notions of witches and witchcraft. There was an integral change in witchcraft during the era of growing feminism and equality in political status. In the colonial period, what was once a disguise for women's oppression, has become a tool for women's liberation.
Influenced: Performing Gender And Femininity In Mormon And Evangelical Online Spaces, Kathryn Ann Davis
Influenced: Performing Gender And Femininity In Mormon And Evangelical Online Spaces, Kathryn Ann Davis
CGU Theses & Dissertations
The construction of a digital self is fully performative; online identities are simultaneously highly curated, edited, and uniquely personal. These spaces allow users to become producers of identity and religious narrative. In this dissertation I examine the online communities which are a dynamic and developing aspect of religious life in America. I will argue that religious women have created increasingly diverse virtual spaces for themselves, and that these online communities give women a safe space to talk about their faith and create common bonds with other female adherents. I have engaged with these creators directly through oral history interviews and …
Perceptions Of Female Naval Officers On Combat Role Policy And Career Advancement, Cheryl Dudley
Perceptions Of Female Naval Officers On Combat Role Policy And Career Advancement, Cheryl Dudley
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Women were officially allowed to serve in combat positions when the 1993 Combat Exclusion Policy was lifted in 2013. There was little research to date on how these changes may have influenced the recruitment, retention, and promotion of female naval officers. The purpose of this study was to explore female naval officers' perceptions on how lifting the combat exclusion policy impacted the factors of recruitment, retention, and promotion within the military. A generic qualitative study supported exploring perceptions of female naval officers who experienced combat duty regarding these issues. Using feminist security studies as the conceptual framework, this study focused …
Retention Rate Factors Of Junior Enlisted Females In The U.S Marine Corps, Iris I. Esquilin
Retention Rate Factors Of Junior Enlisted Females In The U.S Marine Corps, Iris I. Esquilin
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The modern United States Armed Forces is the largest and most powerful military force the world has ever experienced, and the U.S. Marine Corps represents the most elite members thereof, claiming the iconic tagline “The Few, The Proud.” However, while the Marine Corps expends considerable effort in recruiting excellent personnel, the branch also faces a high turnover rate, with 75.0% of first-year enlistees choosing not to continue their service for a subsequent term. This retention problem is especially pronounced with respect to female Marines, who only make up 8.0% of the Marine force, the lowest of any U.S. military branch. …
Supreme Court Interruptions And Interventions: The Changing Role Of The Chief Justice, Tonja Jacobi, Matthew Sag
Supreme Court Interruptions And Interventions: The Changing Role Of The Chief Justice, Tonja Jacobi, Matthew Sag
Faculty Articles
Interruptions at Supreme Court oral argument have received much attention in recent years, particularly the disproportionate number of interruptions directed at the female Justices. The Supreme Court changed the structure of oral argument to try to address this problem. This Article assesses whether the frequency and gender disparity of interruptions of Justices improved in recent years, and whether the structural change in argument helped. It shows that interruptions decreased during the pandemic but then resurged to near-record highs, as has the gender disparity in Justice-to-Justice interruptions. However, although the rate of advocate interruptions of Justices also remains historically high, for …
Response To Professor Dinner, Martha Albertson Fineman
Response To Professor Dinner, Martha Albertson Fineman
Faculty Articles
I want to thank the Texas A&M Law Review for including my work in this special Issue and express my appreciation to Professor Dinner for her thoughtful comments concerning the evolution of my scholarship. Professor Dinner raises the question of whether that earlier work is relevant to the Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization opinion, specifically, and to broader issues of reproductive justice, more generally. For me, Dobbs illustrates—once again—how our American obsession with both individual rights and Supreme Court jurisprudence can distort our sense of the possibilities for achieving social (or reproductive) justice. I see my work as an …
Resisting Readability: Dyslexia And Sexuality In Alan Hollinghurst’S The Sparsholt Affair, Helena Gurfinkel Dr.
Resisting Readability: Dyslexia And Sexuality In Alan Hollinghurst’S The Sparsholt Affair, Helena Gurfinkel Dr.
SIUE Faculty Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity
No abstract provided.
Queer Historicism As Literary Theory: An Exploration Of Three Texts, Theodore D. Kenning
Queer Historicism As Literary Theory: An Exploration Of Three Texts, Theodore D. Kenning
EWU Masters Thesis Collection
No abstract provided.
The Acceptance Of Womanhood: Gender Performance And Self-Actualization In L.M. Montgomery's Anne Of Green Gables, Anne Of Avonlea, And Anne Of The Island, Lauren M. Hinshaw
The Acceptance Of Womanhood: Gender Performance And Self-Actualization In L.M. Montgomery's Anne Of Green Gables, Anne Of Avonlea, And Anne Of The Island, Lauren M. Hinshaw
EWU Masters Thesis Collection
There is a pervasive cultural conception of what it is to be a woman, and in literary criticism that preconceived notion of womanhood becomes the basis for a majority of feminist critique; however, because of the particularities of human experience, gender is a highly variable aspect of identity that is reliant on both internal and external factors. According to Judith Butler, among these factors is the means by which a given individual performs their gender. Performances that portray gender are not consistent from one individual to the next; rather, various masculinities and femininities can simultaneously exist as accurate representations of …
Removing The Masc: Dismantling Gendered Occupations Through Social Work Education, Austin M. Raines
Removing The Masc: Dismantling Gendered Occupations Through Social Work Education, Austin M. Raines
DSW Capstone Projects
The “Masculine mystique” refers to a psychological mask that men wear, enabling them to maintain power and distance themselves from traits associated with femininity” (Kahn, 2009, p. 283). This capstone project seeks to solve the Social Work Grand Challenge of improving the lives that hegemonic masculinity harms and limits. It emphasizes the relationship between the two areas of life (work-home), once thought to exist in different realms but are today more interwoven than ever (Lin & Burgard, 2018; Sok et al., 2014). Men have higher rates of traumatic injuries and exposure to significant physical risks, violence hazards, and stricter normative …
Retelling Tales: Patience Agbabi's Queering Of Chaucer's "The Man Of Law's Tale", Caylin Wigger
Retelling Tales: Patience Agbabi's Queering Of Chaucer's "The Man Of Law's Tale", Caylin Wigger
Undergraduate Research Awards
Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales is recognized as a formative text within the canon of English literature. Because of his widely known status, Chaucer and his writings have become the central focus of many medievalists; this does not simply mean the increased presence of critical writings, but also creative works that are inspired by The Canterbury Tales. Patience Agbabi’s Telling Tales is a contemporary poetic retelling of The Canterbury Tales in which she explores the origins of ideas such as diaspora, colonization, racialized thinking, social hierarchy, and binary thinking, only to question these ideas in her own writing. Author …
Dolor Y Angustia: Creative Practice And Arts-Based Advocacy And Activism, María G. López Davila
Dolor Y Angustia: Creative Practice And Arts-Based Advocacy And Activism, María G. López Davila
International ResearchScape Journal
This practice to press article discusses how arts-based advocacy and activism can be used to raise awareness about human rights violations. Inspired by the work of my mother, Dr. Morella Davilla, a physician of obstetrics and gynecology in Venezuela, and the arts-based activist work of London-based artist, Aida Silvestri, my arts-based advocacy and activism work, Dolor y Angustia [Pain and Anguish], illustrates the creative process of a visual representation of Female Genital Mutilation, one of the most oppressive and horrific acts enforced upon women and girls.
Conceive And Control: Cultural-Legal Narratives Of American Privacy And Reproductive Politics, Emily Naser-Hall
Conceive And Control: Cultural-Legal Narratives Of American Privacy And Reproductive Politics, Emily Naser-Hall
Theses and Dissertations--English
Law and literature share a foundation in narrative. The literary turn in legal scholarship recognizes that the law itself is a form of narrative, one that simultaneously reflects socio-cultural norms and creates social and political regulations with a complex matrix of power. Cultural narratives from the 1950s to the mid-1970s pertaining to reproductive politics, domesticity, and national identity both produce and are productive of legal rulings that govern and restrict private acts of sexuality and speech. The Supreme Court used cases concerning sex and reproduction to enumerate, explicate, and complicate the right to privacy, which appears nowhere in the U.S. …
From Jane Austen To Meghan Markle: The Persistence Of British Imperialism In White Popular Feminism, Kathryn M. Kohls
From Jane Austen To Meghan Markle: The Persistence Of British Imperialism In White Popular Feminism, Kathryn M. Kohls
Theses and Dissertations--English
This dissertation traces the persistent threads and values of white womanhood from the nineteenth-century British Empire to modern American popular culture. The figure of the white woman was significant to upholding colonialism and empire in the literary mass media and culture of the nineteenth century, and I argue that this figure continues to be used in popular media and online content today to surreptitiously uphold white supremacy and obscure race and gender inequalities. This dissertation will explore the overlaps between nostalgia, historical revisionism, white womanhood, white supremacy, and white feminism in modern American popular culture. The connections between, and the …
Ovid's Caeneus As A Queer Hero: Understanding Gender And Gender Variance In The Ancient Mediterranean., Rj Palmer
Theses and Dissertations--Modern and Classical Languages, Literature and Cultures
Caeneus, as written in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, is a notable blend of ancient and Hellenistic versions of the myth. Ovid’s Caeneus can be understood as a transgender man, since he was assigned female at birth, but asks for his gender to be changed by the god Neptune, and goes on to live the rest of his life with the body, appearance, and social roles of a man. Ovid incorporates Caeneus’ trans identity with his use of grammatical gender endings for Caeneus, using masculine gender for Caeneus except when discussing his pre-transition childhood, or when the centaurs address him mockingly while fighting. …
The Psycho-(Geo)Political Driving Forces Of Comfort Women Social Movements In South Korea, Jaeyeon Lee
The Psycho-(Geo)Political Driving Forces Of Comfort Women Social Movements In South Korea, Jaeyeon Lee
Theses and Dissertations--Geography
"Comfort women" refers to the estimated 80,000 to 200,000 women who were forced to serve the Japanese imperial army sexually, physically, and mentally during WWII in and beyond the Asia-Pacific region. Since 1992, Korean activists have held the Wednesday Demonstration, which is the weekly protest in front of the Japanese Embassy in Seoul, to call for an official apology and legal compensation from the Japanese government. Since 2011, Korean activists have also installed comfort woman statues in and outside of South Korea.
This dissertation examines the psycho-political driving force behind the Wednesday Demonstration and comfort woman statue movements in South …
Sexualidad, Afectos Y Sociedad: Las No Monogamias Consensuadas (Nmc) En La Literatura Y El Cine Español, Sandra Nava Nieto
Sexualidad, Afectos Y Sociedad: Las No Monogamias Consensuadas (Nmc) En La Literatura Y El Cine Español, Sandra Nava Nieto
Theses and Dissertations--Hispanic Studies
Cuando pensamos en las relaciones sexo-afectivas que podemos tener en la sociedad occidental, el sistema monógamo es la opción estándar. La amatonormatividad, el patriarcado y la monogamia son un potente trío que se retroalimentan en cuanto a la promoción de la discriminación de la mujer y de los afectos no heteronormativos. El sistema monógamo sigue vigente, no solo mediante legalizaciones, sino mediante refuerzos sociales de las normas de género. Las relaciones no monógamas consensuadas (NMC), un grupo heterogéneo de relaciones sexo-afectivas fura de la monogamia, pueden ser un punto de inflexión para cambiar los roles de género y desestructurar la …
Mujeres En Crisis: Posturas Divergentes Frente Al Neoliberalismo, Silvia Encinas Caballero
Mujeres En Crisis: Posturas Divergentes Frente Al Neoliberalismo, Silvia Encinas Caballero
Theses and Dissertations--Hispanic Studies
Popular belief has always attributed women an innate capacity to overcome periods of crisis, whether these are provoked by an economic debacle or by a natural disaster. My dissertation explores the representation of women in Spanish narrative and film from the beginning of the global economic crisis in 2008 up to the recession caused by the Covid- 19 pandemic in 2020. I study how specific cultural production can serve to perpetuate models of patriarchal domination or to provide alternative representations of women as independent, resilient individuals in times of economic crisis.
I analyze four novels and three films in which …
Masculinidades Insubordinadas Y Subversivas. La Construcción De La Figura Del Gaucho Rebelde En La Literatura Rioplatense A Través De La Representación De Tres De Sus Tipos Humanos Más Característicos: El Cantor, El Matrero Y El Caudillo, Miguel Angel Martos Maldonado
Masculinidades Insubordinadas Y Subversivas. La Construcción De La Figura Del Gaucho Rebelde En La Literatura Rioplatense A Través De La Representación De Tres De Sus Tipos Humanos Más Característicos: El Cantor, El Matrero Y El Caudillo, Miguel Angel Martos Maldonado
Theses and Dissertations--Hispanic Studies
This research work explores the construction of the masculinity of the rebellious gaucho in several literary works written by authors from the River Plate, and how it serves as a vehicle for the transmission of ideas –often of political content– of their creators. The basic concept underlying this study is that some writers of works set in the rural world show a serious social commitment, and often combine their literary activity with politics. For this reason, they choose as a key figure in their writings a gaucho who rebels against authority and, emphasizing in him the traits traditionally considered as …
Not Beloved, Only Broken: Sex Dolls, Robots, And Woman Hating: The Case For Resistance By Caitlin Roper (Spinifex Press, 2022), Donovan Cleckley
Not Beloved, Only Broken: Sex Dolls, Robots, And Woman Hating: The Case For Resistance By Caitlin Roper (Spinifex Press, 2022), Donovan Cleckley
Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence
No abstract provided.
How Cultural Believes Support And Perpetuate Relational Violence: A Delphi Study For Violence Prevention, Alisha D. Guthery
How Cultural Believes Support And Perpetuate Relational Violence: A Delphi Study For Violence Prevention, Alisha D. Guthery
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
This study solicited experts in relational violence across the United States using the Delphi methodology and grounded theory. This research was conducted in two phases and designed to answer two primary questions: (1) What cultural beliefs are involved in relational violence in the United States? And (2) How are the beliefs about relational violence maintained? The findings showed agreement from the experts on the societal beliefs that hold relational violence, the specific beliefs held by the abuser, and the impacts of these beliefs on the survivor. The experts offered ideas for intervention and prevention, which are important contributions to professional …
An Education In Democracy: Understanding And Subverting Censorship In The English Classroom, Hannah R. Woolsey
An Education In Democracy: Understanding And Subverting Censorship In The English Classroom, Hannah R. Woolsey
Graduate Theses/Dissertations
The politicization of education has presented a challenge to offering students diverse English Language Arts instruction. Across the county, lawmakers have proposed legislation that limits discussion about race and sex or allows parents to restrict their child’s exposure to materials that violate their moral or religious beliefs. In this tug-of-war, teachers will be forced to decide between avoiding controversial topics or risking dismissal. Increasing censorship, now codified by law in many states, is rooted in our polarized political landscape, divided along cultural and geographic lines. The challenge facing educators, then, is how to create space for inclusive, social justice-oriented instruction …
Yes, Baby: Essays, Amy Gault
Yes, Baby: Essays, Amy Gault
Graduate Theses/Dissertations
This creative thesis includes thirteen flash nonfiction pieces and one fiction short story exploring emotions and experiences that have changed who I am today. These writings are personal experiences or are inspired by personal experience. These creative works interrogate deeply transformative events and situations, such as familial relationships, trauma, poverty, living in the Midwest, patriarchy, and the beauty in existing. In the thesis’s critical introduction, I examine how my flash nonfiction pieces employ Milan Kundera’s theory of the appeal of play and Charles Baxter’s concept defamiliarization. I analyze how the succinct form of the flash essay allows my nonfiction writing …
Celebrity, Music, And Public Persona: A Case Study Of Taylor Swift, Elaina K.M. Junes
Celebrity, Music, And Public Persona: A Case Study Of Taylor Swift, Elaina K.M. Junes
All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects
Studies have shown that celebrity culture is one of many significant sources of influence that inform the construction of individuals’ identities as well as their outlook on work, life ambitions, and accomplishment. Celebrity also offers a unique window with which to examine both how social structures operate in the mainstream, and how social inequalities are reproduced. This study utilizes qualitative research methodology by way of longitudinal content analysis to examine how Taylor Swift’s public persona has evolved comparatively throughout the early and late stages of her career, specifically in regard to her gender, age, and music. This study identifies ten …
Removing Barriers And Establishing Gender And Sexuality Alliances In Schools: A Qualitative Analysis Of Gsa Advisor Experiences, Maxwell L. Keller
Removing Barriers And Establishing Gender And Sexuality Alliances In Schools: A Qualitative Analysis Of Gsa Advisor Experiences, Maxwell L. Keller
All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects
Current movements within the field of education include a focus on the ability of educators to support lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and other sexual and gender minority (LGBTQ+) students within schools. As LGBTQ+ students are at increased risk for a variety of mental health and lifetime negative factors, it is vital to identify evidence-based supports for these students. School-based extra-curricular organizations such as Gay-Straight Alliances (GSA) have been found among the literature to increase positive educational outcomes for all students and serve as a protective factor for LGBTQ+ students who face these increased risks by virtue of their identities. However, …
Barriers To Outdoor Recreation For Marginalized Groups At The University Of Montana, Sabine R. Englert, Beatrix Frissell, Adrienne Liebert, Sophia Rodriquez, Margaret Jensen, Rachana Harris, Abby Doss
Barriers To Outdoor Recreation For Marginalized Groups At The University Of Montana, Sabine R. Englert, Beatrix Frissell, Adrienne Liebert, Sophia Rodriquez, Margaret Jensen, Rachana Harris, Abby Doss
Undergraduate Theses, Professional Papers, and Capstone Artifacts
Exclusion from outdoor recreation reflects legacies of oppression of marginalized communities and makes access to the outdoors not equally available. In the United States, approximately 38% of Black Americans and 48% of Hispanic Americans participated in outdoor recreation in 2020. This is compared to 55% participation among Caucasian Americans. Many other intersecting identities are actively excluded, including people with disabilities, fat populations, and members of the LGBTQIA2S+ community; furthermore, class-based hierarchies are shown through the restricted outdoor access of low-income populations.
While numerous studies show a lack of diversity in outdoor recreation, little to no research has been conducted on …
Dress, Dogma, And Defiance: Navigating Religio-Colonialist Saviorism In The Realm Of Sartorial Liberation, Maureen Ursul Tchatchoua
Dress, Dogma, And Defiance: Navigating Religio-Colonialist Saviorism In The Realm Of Sartorial Liberation, Maureen Ursul Tchatchoua
CMC Senior Theses
The connection between religion, colonialism, and dress is a complex interplay rooted in historical contexts. Western clothing imposition on indigenous populations served as a tool for religious conversion and assimilation, reflecting the broader concept of the "civilizing mission." This essay explores the relationship's critical aspects and its impact on sartorial liberation, focusing on historical challenges. The thesis contends that religious groups like The Early Christian Church, 20th-century Iranian Muslims, and North American Rastafaris historically adopted the colonists' savior complex for modesty and resistance against societal impurities. It examines how clothing, including attire, grooming, and body adornment, functioned as visual communication, …