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Articles 151 - 180 of 2088
Full-Text Articles in Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity
"La Tierra No Prometida" The Jewish Colonization Association's Venture In Argentina, Jeffery Richey
"La Tierra No Prometida" The Jewish Colonization Association's Venture In Argentina, Jeffery Richey
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
During the last two decades of the nineteenth century, the Jewish Colonization Association undertook the most ambitious agricultural project in Jewish history. The aims of the JCA project were simple and staggering: the relocation of millions of Russian Jews to the Argentine countryside, to be effected over the course of twenty-five years. Adjudged by its own epic ambitions, the colonization effort was an epic failure. Not only did it fail in its stated intentions (the transplantation of millions of Jews), but the colonization venture also failed to provide the thousands of Jewish colonists with self-sufficiency and social well-being, the pursuit …
The Myth Of An Easy Passage To The Far East, Brenden Rensink
The Myth Of An Easy Passage To The Far East, Brenden Rensink
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
The tales of North American exploration and westward expansion have often been painted in tones of manifest destiny, heroic bravery, and divine providence. While such portrayals surely prove insightful in some cases, they do not paint the whole picture. A more accurate depiction of American exploration would include the driving forces of economic gain, naive optimism, overeagerness, and the hasty acceptance of geographical misinformation. The strength of these motives and forces was so strong that for centuries adventurers continued to explore the continent despite constant disappointment and financial loss. In particular, the closely related myths of the Strait of Anian …
A Tale Of Desire And Deceit, Dallas Peterson
A Tale Of Desire And Deceit, Dallas Peterson
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
This essay is a narrative account of the rebellion of An Lushan and the death of Precious Consort Yang, drawn primarily from a section of Sirna Guang's Zizhi tongjian, translated by Paul W. Kroll in "The Flight from the Capital and the Death of Precious Consort Yang," Tang Studies, no. 3 (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 1985). This narrative also utilizes one of the two biographies of An Lushan: Howard S. Le,y, trans., The Biography of An Lushan (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1960). With these two primary sources and a few key secondary sources I have …
Changing Of The Guard In Imperial Ideology Clement Attlee Vs. Winston Churchill, Charles C. Olson
Changing Of The Guard In Imperial Ideology Clement Attlee Vs. Winston Churchill, Charles C. Olson
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
On 2 February 1927, the young Labour Representative and future Prime Minister Clement Attlee found himself, much to his own surprise, on the shores of Bombay, sent to find solutions to a problem he later termed "virtually insoluble. " His ship arrived to a confused reception of both noisy protesters, waving banners of "Go Back," juxtaposed by a welcoming rain of flowers and leaves by supporters of the visit.' These polar reactions to perceived British intent in India during the late 1920s no doubt showed Attlee the energy of the debate surrounding Indian independence, which only intensified through the coming …
The Time Of Troubles Causation, Class Warfare, And Conflicting Interpretations, Jeffrey S. Hardy
The Time Of Troubles Causation, Class Warfare, And Conflicting Interpretations, Jeffrey S. Hardy
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
The end of a dynasty in medieval or early modern Europe was often followed by a calamitous period of conspiracy and revolt, intrigue and bloodshed. Such was the case in Russia from 1598 to 1613, the period later called the Time of Troubles. Few epochs still weigh on the collective conscience of the Russian people as does the Time of Troubles. Fears associated with this period remain to this day, as evidenced by the frequent references to it after the fall of the Soviet regime. But the Time of Troubles has not always been well understood. The chroniclers and revisionists …
"Watchman Over The Gate" Fort Snelling' S Role In Transforming Minnesota From Territory To State, 1819-1858, Nicholas Gentile
"Watchman Over The Gate" Fort Snelling' S Role In Transforming Minnesota From Territory To State, 1819-1858, Nicholas Gentile
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
For nearly a century, scholars of Minnesota's history have told the story of Fort Snelling and its causal relationship with the expansion of Minnesota from a territory to a state. In 1918, Marcus L. Hansen wrote an important monograph on the outpost, entitled Old Fort Snelling: 1819-1858. His claims focused on the protection and opportunities for social interaction provided by the fort during the period of its use as the northwesternmost garrison of America's frontier defense program. Hansen's thorough work stood as an unapproachable milestone in the literature on the post for almost half a century. Evan Jones wrote the …
Freedom: The Temporary Gift Of Christmas, Suzy Bills
Freedom: The Temporary Gift Of Christmas, Suzy Bills
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
In Solomon Northup's account of his years as a slave, he described "the happiest day in the whole year for the slave. . . . Happiness sparkled in the eyes and overspread the countenances of all." What was the day that caused so much delight for slaves, and what were the reasons for this joy? It was Christmas Day and, more broadly, the larger Christmas holiday that often lasted many days. Northup continued to explain that these feelings resulted because "it was to be a day of liberty among the children of Slavery. Wherefore they were happy and rejoiced." In …
"This Medley Of Religions" The Origins Of America's Free Religious Market On The Colonial Frontier, Frank K. Lambert
"This Medley Of Religions" The Origins Of America's Free Religious Market On The Colonial Frontier, Frank K. Lambert
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
According to historians of modern revolutions, the American Revolution was hardly revolutionary. Merely a constitutional quarrel, they say, pointing out that the split with Britain left existing social and economic structures largely undisturbed. Surely any revolution deserving the name would have, at minimum, eliminated chattel slavery, the very antithesis of liberty and independence. Yet slavery remained and even flourished in the new republic. There was one accomplishment, however, that even the harshest critics agree was truly revolutionary: America's constitutional ban on religious establishment and guarantee of free exercise to all. Throughout the Old World, state religions and political regimes acted …
Preface, Julie Harris
Preface, Julie Harris
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
Historian Charles Beard aptly described writing history as an "act of faith." In preparing the following articles, each author has selected facts and chosen frameworks to describe their topics with the hope that we all can better understand some aspect of the movement of history. The Beta Iota Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta, an international honors society of history, has also acted on the faith in ilie quality of its members by entrusting a small group of students, mostly undergraduates, to produce the 2004 volume of the Thetean. We as a staff hope that our final selection of articles, …
Front Matter
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
No abstract provided.
Full Issue
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
No abstract provided.
Debunking 'Pfeiffer' S Bacillus': Twentieth Century Germ Theory And The 1918 Influenza Epidemic, Conor Tyson
Debunking 'Pfeiffer' S Bacillus': Twentieth Century Germ Theory And The 1918 Influenza Epidemic, Conor Tyson
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
In the midst of World War I, a scourge swept the world that proved more deadly than any military battle. Between June 1918 and May 1919, three waves of influenza struck in a worldwide pandemic. The origins of this particular influenza strain remain mysterious even today, but it spread so far and fast that only St. Helena in the Atlantic and several south Pacific islands avoided any infection of this flu. The rest of the globe witnessed a deadly killer. Scientists estimate that 50 to 100 million people died from this pandemic, far more deaths than from the five years …
To Boldly Go Where No President Has Gone Before: Why Nixon Went To China, Aaron Anderson
To Boldly Go Where No President Has Gone Before: Why Nixon Went To China, Aaron Anderson
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
President Nixon himself dubbed it "the week that changed the world." Minutes after he strode from steps to tarmac, hand outstretched to grasp Premier Chou's hand, Chou, also realizing the magnitude of the occasion, turned to him and remarked, "your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world-twenty-five years of no communication." If we take the chief players at their word-and the chroniclers of history have done so-it is no exaggeration to say that President Richard Nixon's historic visit to the People's Republic of China in February of 1972 was one of the most significant events of the Cold …
Eisenhower, Kennedy, And America's Covert Military Operations In Laos, Russell Stevenson
Eisenhower, Kennedy, And America's Covert Military Operations In Laos, Russell Stevenson
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
Summer 1963: Roger Hilsman's plane pierced the clouds to reveal the Plaines des Jarres, a flat area strewn with the remains of age-old rock jars. The plains below showed signs of the batterings of war: slit trenches, bunkers, and a network of roads. The weather was dry and arid, and the terrain resembled a ghost town in the American West more than the "land of a million elephants"-an allusion to the tremendous war machine of a medieval Lao king.
A Historiographical Look At The New Soviet Woman, Liberty Sproat
A Historiographical Look At The New Soviet Woman, Liberty Sproat
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
Prior to 1917, the character of the ideal woman throughout Russian history was that of wife and mother. This cultural image for women had been upheld by centuries of legislation and tradition. During and immediately after the Bolshevik Revolution, though, the relegation of women to the home began to be considered bourgeois. Consequently, from the revolutionary era to the rise of Stalinism, the Soviets sought to drastically transform gender roles in Russia. Establishing equality between economic classes, the Bolsheviks believed, would likewise establish equality between genders. Thus, they began to promote a new image of Soviet womanhood. The New Soviet …
All Dese Years Of Busy Livin': A Case Study Of Freedwomen In Athens, Georgia, Hollijane Dailey Litchfield
All Dese Years Of Busy Livin': A Case Study Of Freedwomen In Athens, Georgia, Hollijane Dailey Litchfield
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
A bright-eyed little girl about the age of four or five, dressed adorably in a lacy dress with matching shoes, carried a basket of fruit as she circled the crowded dining-room breakfast table. "Anna, Anna," they called out as she cheerfully brought the basket to each person who requested fruit. Her small hands could not yet perform the laborious tasks required of a house servant but still, she was working, doing her small yet important part. Though what she was doing may seem like a minor task, it symbolized the fact that Anna, despite her young age, was a slave, …
"Such A Mixt Company Among Us": The Huguenot Experience In Puritan Boston, 1686-1748, Christopher Jones
"Such A Mixt Company Among Us": The Huguenot Experience In Puritan Boston, 1686-1748, Christopher Jones
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
Preaching to his Boston congregation in 1670, prominent Puritan theologian Increase Mather told his listeners that "the Toleration of all Religions and Perswasions [sic], is the way to have no Religion at all." This teaching, notoriously applied in the form of persecution and discrimination to any outsiders or dissenters, illustrates one-half of an interesting paradox that existed within seventeenth- century New England Puritan society. The other half of the paradox can be seen in a sermon delivered by Mather in 1682. In this address, Mather spoke to his listeners of the French Reformists who suffered intense persecution under Catholic rule …
The Logic Of Toleration: Pierre Bayle' S Christianity And Religious Tolerance, Michael J. Walker
The Logic Of Toleration: Pierre Bayle' S Christianity And Religious Tolerance, Michael J. Walker
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
In 1598, after the pronouncement of the Edict of Nantes by French king Henry lV, some French Catholics obeyed the edict and afforded religious tolerance to Huguenots (French Protestants} in parts of France. For the most part, ruling elites tolerated small Protestant communities that did not challenge their authority. However, as the seventeenth century progressed, issues of religious tolerance, concord and persecution became increasingly pertinent. Catholic communities often ignored many of the concessions afforded to religious minonttes by the Edict. Protestants throughout Europe had experienced varying degrees of tolerance and persecution during the sixteenth century, but by the seventeenth century …
Satanic Verses?: An Analysis Of The Explanations For The Return Of The Muslim Community From Abyssinia, Andrew D. Magnusson
Satanic Verses?: An Analysis Of The Explanations For The Return Of The Muslim Community From Abyssinia, Andrew D. Magnusson
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
When Muhammad began preaching publicly in 613 CE, he encountered little opposition from local Arabian tribes. It was not until the Prophet began to denigrate the tribal deities-al-Lat, al-'Uzza, and Manat-that opinion turned against him. Meccan leaders from the influential Quraysh tribe worried that Muhammad's vociferous call for monotheism would decrease the number of travelers making the lucrative pilgrimage to pagan shrines at the sacred sanctuary of Ka'ba. They gave the Prophet several chances to recant or make peace, but he obstinately refused and their persecution of him continued. Although Muhammad's clan protected him, some of his followers were not …
Preface, Jaime Alley
Preface, Jaime Alley
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
Each year, the staff of The Thetean faces the challenge of narrowing down the dozens of excellent paper submissions we receive to a small group of those most worthy of publication. During this process, we evaluate each paper on its own merits, while aiming to represent a diversity of topics, periods, and cultures in the entries we ultimately choose. It surprised me, then, as editor-in-chief, to see how naturally the final candidates seemed to clump together into a few general categories. This year, our selections fall mainly under the broad themes of religious history, women's history, and twentieth-century international relations. …
Front Matter
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
No abstract provided.
Full Issue
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
No abstract provided.
Covered Wagons To Ski Slopes: State Promoting Tourism During The 1947 Utah Prioneer Centennial, Jenny Showalter
Covered Wagons To Ski Slopes: State Promoting Tourism During The 1947 Utah Prioneer Centennial, Jenny Showalter
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
Crowds of skiers and ski enthusiasts gathered at a Utah resort on March 2, 1947. Excitement filled the brisk air as spectators watched professionals cut through the lingering winter snow to compete in the U.S. Slalom Ski Championships. Skiers from all over the nation were a blur as they expertly weaved between the gates. "Romantic Alta" provided the perfect spot for the championships with her "great white blankets" of "lavish and dependable" snow nestled in the heights of the Utah mountains. The Slalom Ski Championships were only one of several athletic events held as part of the Pioneer Centennial celebrations …
Bernadotte: Behind His Decisions And Their Timing, 1810-1812, Timothy Wright
Bernadotte: Behind His Decisions And Their Timing, 1810-1812, Timothy Wright
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
In politics, sire, there is no friendship or hate-there are only duties to fulfill towards those people Providence has called upon us to rule." For Swedish Crown Prince Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, this constituted his public reason for joining the Fifth Coalition against his former master as he marched against the French Army in 1813. Bernadotte needed to meet the requirements of his adopted country, untainted by his personal opinions. However, in addition to public considerations, friendship and hate play an important role in politics.
Nur Al-Din: Al-Malik Al-'Adil, Drew Mecham
Nur Al-Din: Al-Malik Al-'Adil, Drew Mecham
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
Though Saladin typically dominates discussion on Muslim resistance to the European Crusades, historian Carole Hillenbrand has noted that it was not Saladin but Nur al-Din Abu al-Qasim Mahmud Ibn 'lmad al-Din Zangi, hereafter Nur al-Din, who had a "reputation ... most glorious in the succeeding centuries in the Islamic world" Writing in the thirteenth century, Abu Shama noted that Saladin "modeled himself on all Nur al-Din's qualities of piety, chastity, decency, nobility and statecraft." The great Arab historian 'Ali 'izz al-Din lbn alAthir al-Jazari lbn al-Athir, known as lbn al-Athir, stated that his epitaph for Nur al-Din is written "in …
German Speakers In America During The Revolutionary War: Action, Assimilation, And Liberty, Heather Fife
German Speakers In America During The Revolutionary War: Action, Assimilation, And Liberty, Heather Fife
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
In 1768, Joseph II, afraid oflosing manpower and wealth within his own country, issued a decree forbidding his people to immigrate to lands outside the Holy Roman Empire. This effort to stem the tide of the American Auswanderung showed little result, as the annual number of German speaking emigrants to the New World remained in the thousands until 1775. At this time, the relationship between Great Britain and her subjects across the Atlantic was rapidly deteriorating. Although the reasons for this decay are numerous and varied, many British colonists resented the actions of the mother country. The end result, of …
No Dog In The Fight: East Tennessee And Its Response To The Succession Crisis, Douglas Marsh
No Dog In The Fight: East Tennessee And Its Response To The Succession Crisis, Douglas Marsh
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
Despite arguments that the South fought in the 'War Of Northern Aggression' to protect the rights of the states, or to defend their homes and their freedom from a foreign power, it is clear slavery was the central issue of the American Civil War. Even the Confederate Vice-President Alexander Stephens declared that the inferiority of the Negro was the "immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution" and the "cornerstone" of the Confederacy. The centrality of the slave issue becomes even clearer when noting that where slavery was not so engrained in the socioeconomic system, Confederate sympathy diminished.
"All Men Are Born Free And Equal:" Abolition Of Slavery In Revolutionary Massachusetts, Michael Lundberg
"All Men Are Born Free And Equal:" Abolition Of Slavery In Revolutionary Massachusetts, Michael Lundberg
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
In 1795 a law professor at the College of William and Mary wrote a letter to a clergyman who lived in Massachusetts. The professor was Judge St. George Tucker; the clergyman was the Reverend Dr. Jeremy Belknap of the Massachusetts Historical Society. In more than just a routine correspondence between friends, Judge Tucker was seeking advice, not just for himself, but for the entire state of Virginia. As he explained in his letter, Tucker had "observed, with much pleasure, that [slavery] has been wholly exterminated from ... Massachusetts" and sought to "learn what methods are most likely to succeed in …
"Better Wayes And Means Amongst The English, For The Attaining Of ... Health And Life": Indian Powers Of Choice In Conversion On Martha's Vineyard, Christina Gentile
"Better Wayes And Means Amongst The English, For The Attaining Of ... Health And Life": Indian Powers Of Choice In Conversion On Martha's Vineyard, Christina Gentile
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
Nothing less than death was expected by herself and husband," English colonist Daniel Gookin wrote of a Wampanoag Indian in the mid-seventeenth century. The woman had been in labor for several days without sign of delivery, and, according to the other Indian residents of Martha's Vineyard, there was only one hope for her survival. "Send for a powow," the couple's relations exclaimed, "and use that help for release." The powwows, religious leaders known for their supernatural curing powers, often performed miracles in perilous circumstances and were thus always consulted in such situations. A powwow would be this woman's last chance, …
The Atlantic Charter And The Azerbaijan Crisis: An Analysis Of Lranian-U.S. Relations, Aren Sorensen
The Atlantic Charter And The Azerbaijan Crisis: An Analysis Of Lranian-U.S. Relations, Aren Sorensen
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
The Azerbaijan crisis of 1945-46 has been called the 'Bunker Hill' of the Cold War; however, despite its important role in the Cold War it is a comparatively unknown event. The crisis was a particularly complex event, whose players included superpowers, small nations and ethnic minorities. The Azerbaijan crisis simultaneously involved dimensions of local, state and international relations-a familiar scenario through the duration of the Cold War. Iran's geo-strategic position, valuable oil reserves and history of confrontation with the colonial Soviet and British powers served as the genesis of the Azerbaijan crisis; however, the emergence of the United States as …