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The Eli Moores Site, A 17th To Early 18th Century Caddo Site On The Red River, Bowie County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Eli Moores site (41BW2) is an important ancestral Caddo mound center and habitation site on the Red River in the East Texas Pineywoods, likely part of the Nasoni Caddo village visited by the Teran de los Rios entrada in 1691. The site may have been the residence of the caddi of the Nasoni Caddo when it was visited by the French and Spanish, and the Xinesi lived in a temple on the mound at the nearby Hatchel site. The site was investigated by the University of Texas in 1932, and in one of the mounds and in associated midden …

The Horton Site (41cp16) On Big Cypress Creek In The East Texas Pineywoods, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Horton site (41CP16) is primarily a Late Paleoindian (ca. 10,000 years B.P.) to ancestral Caddo site (ca. post-A.D. 800), although there is a small mid-19th-early 20th century component as well. This site is on an upland slope (320-350 ft. amsl) that once overlooked the Big Cypress Creek floodplain; the channel of the creek was ca. 100 m north from the site. The site is currently under the waters of Lake Bob Sandlin. Robert L. Turner, Jr. surface collected the site during the 1950s and 1960s, and the study of this substantial artifact assemblage is the subject of this article. …

Analysis Of New Artifact Collections From Archaic To Ancestral Caddo Sites In The Saline Creek Basin In Northern Smith County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Thacker

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This article concerns the continued documentation of prehistoric and/or historic artifacts from four sites in the Saline Creek drainage basin in the Post Oak Savannah in northern Smith County, Texas. Perttula and Walters discussed an earlier analysis of a set of collections from these same sites. Saline Creek is a northward-flowing tributary to the Sabine River. The sites are ca. 10 km south of the confluence of Saline Creek with the Sabine River. Saline Creek enters into the Sabine River about 6 km east (downstream) of the confluence of another major tributary, Lake Fork Creek, with the river.

Temporal Dynamics Of East Texas Caddo Sites With Nine Or Fewer Radiocarbon Dates, Robert Z. Selden Jr.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This article presents the specifics from the date combination process, and the subsequent production of summed probability distributions for radiocarbon (14C) assays from Caddo sites in East Texas. All 14C dates employed in this effort were collected from research and cultural resource management (CRM) reports and publications, were synthesized, and then recalibrated in version 4.2.2 of OxCal using IntCal09. These data are meant to augment those from previous analyses of radiocarbon samples from East Texas Caddo sites, assisting in refining these ideas further.

The Lizzie Hill Site (41cp494), Camp County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Lizzie Hill site (41CP494) is one of a number of archaeological sites that Robert L. Turner, Jr. surface collected from in Camp County, Texas in the 1950s and 1960s. Bo Nelson and Turner formally recorded the site in July 2012. The analysis of the surface collection of ceramic and lithic artifacts from the site, as well as a few historic artifacts, is the subject of this article.

The site was located in a cultivated field when Turner found it and gathered his collection of artifacts, but now is in pasture, along a small tributary to Walkers Creek in the …

The Gardener Site (41cp55): A Late Caddo Settlement On Big Cypress Creek In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson, Robert Z. Selden Jr.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Gardener site (41CP55) in Camp County, Texas, was first recorded by Sullivan prior to construction of Lake Bob Sandlin on Big Cypress Creek. A surface collection of sherds and daub suggested that the site was the locus of a Late Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1450-1680) settlement and burned house. However, no further archaeological work was done at the site before it was inundated by Lake Bob Sandlin in the late 1970s.

Recently, because of lower flood pool levels at Lake Bob Sandlin due to East Texas drought conditions, archaeological materials from the Gardener site have been exposed along the …

Glade Creek At Oil Lease Grave Site, Gregg County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Glade Creek at Oil Lease Grave site is reported by Buddy C. Jones to have been a large Caddo cemetery that was found and excavated by a Mr. C. W. Bailey sometime before 1954. Jones labeled the site as GC-23 in his site recording system. As far as can be determined from the available notes, the site was located on Glade Creek, a small spring-fed stream that is a tributary to Witcher Creek, in the Little Cypress Creek basin in the northern part of Gregg County, Texas, in the East Texas Pineywoods.

A single ceramic vessel from the site …

Additional Caddo Vessels From The Henry Spencer Site (41ur315), Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Perttula documented 184 ceramic vessels from 39 burials at a Late Caddo Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1450-1680) cemetery at the Henry Spencer site (41UR315) in the Little Cypress Creek basin in the East Texas Pineywoods. Subsequently, two additional vessels from the site, one from Burial 23 and one from Burial 34, have been identified in the collections of the Gregg County Historical Museum in Longview, Texas. These two new vessels are documented below.

Burial 23 had six ceramic vessels placed with the deceased Caddo individual. There were seven ceramic vessels placed as funerary offerings with Burial 34.

Caddo Ceramic Vessels From The Mrs. Martin Farm, Harrison County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Mrs. Martin Farm site is a Caddo site in the community of Darco, in south central Harrison County, in the Sabine River basin of the East Texas Pineywoods. The farm was investigated by C. W. Bailey in March 1941, and two Caddo ceramic vessels recovered in this work at depths of ca. 36 and 76 cm bs are now curated at the Gregg County Historical Museum. These vessels are likely funerary offerings from two different burials at the site.

The Millsey Williamson (41rk3), Bead Burial, And L. N. Morwell Farm Sites On Martin Creek: Historic Caddo Settlements Along Trammels Trace, Rusk County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

There are collections of ceramic vessels and other artifacts from the Millsey Williamson (41RK3), Bead Burial, and L. N. Morwell sites in the Buddy Jones collection at the Gregg County Historical Museum. The purpose of this article is to put the documentation of these collections on record, as this documentation provides previously unavailable detailed information on the material content of probable 18th century Nadaco Caddo/Kinsloe phase historic sites in East Texas.

Based on the limited available information from the Bead Burial and L. N. Morwell Farm sites, it is probable that all three sites are different names for the same …

A Whole Vessel From The Henry Brown #2 Site (41hs262), A Historic Nadaco Caddo Site In Harrison County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Henry Brown #2 site is a poorly known Historic Caddo site (dating after ca. A.D. 1685) affiliated with the Nadaco Caddo on Potters Creek in Harrison County, Texas. It is a cemetery site located about 0.5 miles from the J. O. and Henry Brown (or Brown #1) site (41HS261), another Historic Caddo cemetery. A single fragmentary ceramic vessel from the Henry Brown #2 site has been identified in the collections of the Gregg County Historical Museum in Longview, Texas, and we recently documented this vessel in July 2013.

Glass Beads From Kinsloe Focus Sites In Gregg, Harrison, And Rusk Counties, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Z. Selden Jr.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

European glass beads are one of the most common artifact categories found on historic Caddo sites in the middle reaches of the Sabine River basin in East Texas on what Jones had dubbed Kinsloe focus sites. Several thousands beads were found by Jones in his investigation of burial features at these sites, along with other European trade goods and Caddo ceramic vessels, pipes, and chipped stone tools.

In Jones’ description of the beads from the Kinsloe focus sites, he relied on the analytical and chronological interpretations of John Witthoft, then of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, although he did …

Documentation Of Ceramic Vessels And Projectile Points From The C. D. Marsh Site (41hs269) In The Sabine River Basin, Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Z. Selden Jr., Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

A total of at least eight Caddo burials were excavated at the C. D. Marsh site on Eight Mile Creek, a southward-flowing tributary to the Sabine River, by Buddy C. Jones in 1959-1960. This includes Burial 1, an historic (dating after ca. A.D. 1685) Nadaco Caddo burial; European trade goods found with this burial include two small silver disks. The other burials (Burials 2-8) are part of an earlier Caddo cemetery that is thought to be associated with the ca. A.D. 1350-17th century Pine Tree Mound community along the Sabine River and its tributaries. Jones suggests that these latter burials …

The Clay Ball Site In The Upper Neches River Basin Of East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Clay Ball site is an ancestral Caddo site believed to be located in the upper Neches River basin in East Texas. The site is notable for its series of small, square vessels with Frankston phase (ca. A.D. 1400- 1650) engraved motifs, as such vessel forms have not been previously documented in studies of Frankston or later Allen phase (ca. A.D. 1650-1830) vessel assemblages.

The unique ceramic vessels from the site were excavated by Buddy C. Jones, and although his main site collecting and excavation work was in the mid-Sabine River basin, he did excavate several sites in the upper …

The Ceramic Sherd Assemblage From The Boatstone Site In Gregg County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Boatstone site (GC-50 in Buddy Jones' site numbering system) is one of many Caddo sites that Buddy Jones investigated along the Sabine River and its tributaries in the Longview, Texas, area. In most cases, his investigations at the sites consisted of the surface collection of ceramic and lithic artifacts, and only in rare cases did Jones complete analyses or publications on his investigations. This article discusses the ancestral Caddo ceramic assemblage from the Boatstone site, which is situated near the confluence of Iron Bridge Creek and the Sabine River in southeastern Gregg County in the East Texas Pineywoods. This …

A Woodland Period Ceramic Assemblage From Rabbit Creek In The Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The GC-123 site was located and investigated by Buddy C. Jones during his years of archaeological work and surface collecting at numerous aboriginal sites in the mid-Sabine River basin in East Texas. The site is in south-central Gregg County, on Rabbit Creek (a northern-flowing tributary to the Sabine River), but only a few miles from the Sabine River valley.

The site is notable for its ceramic sherd assemblage. Based on characteristics of Woodland period ceramics from the mid-Sabine River basin, including sites such as 41HS231 and 41RK562 (see Dockall and Fields 2011; Dockall et al. 2008), Hawkwind (41HS915), Folly (41RK26), …

The Sipes' Home Site (41rk603): A Late 18th To Early 19th Century Caddo Site On Martin Creek In Rusk County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Sipes' Home site (41RK603) is an Historic Caddo site on Martin Creek, near Trammel's Trace, about 20 km from its confluence with the Sabine River. It is ca. 2 km downstream from the Martin Lake dam. This site was found and investigated by Buddy C. Jones in the 1950s or early 1960s. He obtained surface collections of historic and aboriginal artifacts from the site; there are no available notes concerning this work.

Caddo Ceramic Vessels From The Sipes Hill Site (41rk602) Along Martin Creek In The Sabine River Basin In East Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Z. Selden Jr., Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Sipes Hill site (41RK602) is an ancestral Caddo site on Martin Creek, near Trammel's Trace, about 20 km from its confluence with the Sabine River. It is ca. 2 km downstream from the Martin Lake dam. The Sipes' Home site (41RK603) is about 100m to the northeast.

This site was found and investigated by Buddy C. Jones in the 1950s or early 1960s. He did an unknown amount of excavations at the site, and ended up excavating at least one Caddo burial at the site; there are no available notes concerning these excavations or the burial feature, however. Whole …

The Caddo Ceramics From Three Sites On Hawkins Creek In The Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Buddy Jones collected ceramic sherds from Caddo sites across the mid-Sabine River basin, in Gregg, Harrison, and Rusk counties, in the 1950s and 1960s. With only a few exceptions, however, did Jones complete analyses or publications on his collecting activities, and in most cases his general collections have not been fully inventoried or analyzed. In an attempt to remedy that, and in the process gather important information on the technological and stylistic character of Caddo ceramics found in Caddo settlements in the mid-Sabine River basin, this article discusses the ancestral Caddo ceramic assemblages from three sites in the Hawkins Creek …

Additional Collections Of Woodland To Caddo Period Artifacts From The Alligator Pond Site (41sm442), Smith County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Thacker

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Alligator Pond site is a substantial multi-component prehistoric and historic archaeological site (ca. 1.5 acres) on an upland ridge on the east side of Saline Creek. Saline Creek is a northward-flowing tributary to the Sabine River, and the site is ca. 10 km south of the confluence of Saline Creek with the Sabine River, in the Post Oak Savannah in northern Smith County, Texas.

This is the third article that reports on the artifact assemblages from the site. Previous analyses of the artifact assemblages indicate that the principal component is a pre-A.D. 1200 Caddo habitation site, but there is …

Plant Remains From Shelby Mound (41cp71), Camp County, Texas, Leslie L. Bush

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Nine lots of botanical samples collected during 1988 and 1992 excavations at the Shelby Mound site (41CP71) were submitted for identification prior to their eventual curation at Stephen F. Austin State University. Some botanical samples from these excavations have been previously reported. Excavations at Shelby Mound were conducted in a 10 x 10 ft. unit divided into four 5 x 5 ft. squares. Botanical samples were recovered using 1/4-inch screen. Shelby Mound, also known as the Tracy site and the Greasy Creek site, is a large Late Caddo village, community cemetery, and mound center. Most of the community cemetery at …

Caddo Ceramic Vessels From The Loftis And Pearl Smith Sites In Harrison County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Loftis (HC-53) and Pearl Smith (HC-60) sites are ancestral Caddo sites that were investigated by Buddy Jones, probably in 1960, but those investigations were never published by Jones. The sites are along Clarks Creek in the Sabine River basin in southwestern Harrison County in East Texas; Loftis is about 3 km north of the Pearl Smith site. Jones excavated Caddo burials from both sites, and also conducted limited investigations in Caddo habitation deposits at the Loftis site.

There are two vessels from the Loftis site and one vessel from the Pearl Smith site in the Buddy Jones collection at …

Archaeological Investigations At The Wade (Gc-38) And Estes (Gc-49) Sites In The Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Z. Selden Jr., Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Buddy C. Jones conducted extensive archaeological investigations in the 1950s and 1960s at many sites in the mid-Sabine River basin of East Texas, especially on Caddo sites of various ages in Gregg, Harrison, and Rusk counties. However, that work has not illuminated our understanding of the archaeology of the Caddo Indian peoples that lived along this stretch of the Sabine River as much as it could have, primarily because little of the work completed by Jones was ever published, or the results and findings shared with professional and avocational archaeological colleagues working in the region. The Caddo archaeology of the …

41sm53 (P-4) On Prairie Creek, Smith County, Texas, Mark Walters, Timothy Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In February 1957, Sam Whiteside of Smith County, Texas, excavated a burial at 41SM53. This site was designated P-4 in Mr. Whiteside’s notes and it was one of several Caddo sites along Prairie Creek in the upper Sabine River basin that he investigated to varying degrees in the 1950s and 1960s. As an a vocational archeologist Mr. Whiteside made many important contributions to East Texas archeology. Dr. Dee Ann Story, of the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin, who corresponded with Mr. Whiteside, later obtained the trinomial 41SM53 for the site.

An Engraved Caddo Vessel From The Quitman Area, Wood County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Kim Wright

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Pottery vessels from ancestral Caddo sites are widely known across all parts of East Texas, with recognizable vessel forms and decorative styles that have both distinctive temporal and spatial distributions. In this article we put on record an engraved Caddo vessel with a rather unique design from an unknown site in the Quitman area in Wood County.

This part of East Texas, specifically the Lake Fork Creek basin in the upper Sabine River drainage, is an area with an extensive record of ancestral Caddo habitation sites and cemeteries. In particular, there are many Late Caddo period, Titus phase, sites and …

Analysis Of Faunal Remains From Selected Contexts At The Shelby Mound Site (41cp71): Results From Mound Excavations, Leeanna Schniebs, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Additional faunal material from earlier mound deposits at the Titus phase Shelby Mound site (41CP71) on Greasy Creek in Camp County, Texas, total 459 faunal specimens, weighing 339.8 grams. Sixty-one (13.3%) bone fragments are identifiable, and 201 specimens are burned (43.8%). Standard zooarchaeological identification techniques have been employed in this analysis, using comparative skeletal collections. Attributes that have been examined for each of the bone fragments include taxon, element, and portion of that element, symmetry, burning, and weight. This analysis focuses on identifying general preferences of animal exploitation at this site during the Late Caddo Titus phase. Table 1 summarizes …

Caddo Ceramics From Mound Deposits At The Shelby Mound Site (41cp71) On Greasy Creek, Camp County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Archaeological evidence from 15th to 17th century (dating from ca. A.D. 1430-1680) Caddo sites that have been investigated in the Big Cypress Creek and Sabine River basins of northeastern Texas indicate that many of the components have been identified as belonging to the Titus phase. They represent permanent, year-round, settlements of horticultural or agricultural peoples with distinctive cultural practices and material culture. The 15th to 17th century archaeological record in these two basins “refers to a number of distinctive socio-cultural groups, not a single Caddo group; these groups or communities were surely related and/or affiliated by kinship, marriage, and social …

Additional Artifact Collections From The Gardener Site (41cp55), Camp County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Gardener site (41CP55) was first recorded by Sullivan (1977) prior to construction of Lake Bob Sandlin on Big Cypress Creek. A surface collection of sherds and daub suggested that the site was the locus of a Late Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1450-1680) settlement and burned house. However, no further archaeological work was done at the site before it was inundated by Lake Bob Sandlin in the late 1970s.

Recently, because of lower flood pool levels (about 9 ft. below normal flood pool) at Lake Bob Sandlin due to East Texas drought conditions, archaeological materials from the Gardener site have …

Freshwater Mussel Shells: A Status Symbol At The Roitsch/ Williams Sites In Red River County, Texas?, Jesse Todd

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Upon examining unmodified bone and shell from the Sanders site (41LR2), the Dan Holdeman site (41RR11), the Roitsch site (41RR16), the Bob Williams portion of the Roitsch site (41RR16), the Rowland Clark site (41RR77), and the Roden site (34Mc215), which are located in the Middle Red River Valley of Texas and Oklahoma, freshwater mussel shells were more apparent as burial furniture at the Roitsch and Bob Williams site than any other of the above mentioned sites.

New Radiocarbon Dates From East Texas Caddo Sites, Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Z. Selden Jr.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In this article, we report the results of AMS dating of organic remains from ancestral East Texas Caddo sites in Gregg and Harrison counties. These sites are the Wade site (GC-38), a Middle Caddo period habitation in the mid-Sabine River basin, as well as from vessels (in the Gregg County Historical Museum) placed in Caddo burials at the Susie Slade (41HS13), Hyte, Eli Fields, J. O. and Henry Brown (41HS261), and the Patton (41HS825) sites in the Big Cypress and mid-Sabine River basins, and a vessel from an unknown site in the Big Cypress Creek basin.