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Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities

The Effects Of Speaking Portfolios On Speaking Ability And Interactional Competence Of Thai Efl Undergraduate Students, Pirada Anuwech Jan 2023

The Effects Of Speaking Portfolios On Speaking Ability And Interactional Competence Of Thai Efl Undergraduate Students, Pirada Anuwech

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Interactional competence has been in the lime light of L2 instruction and assessment over the recent decades as well as the use of portfolio assessment in language classrooms to provide students with opportunities to monitor their own progress as well as enhancing their language skills. This present study was thus conducted to examine the effects of using speaking portfolios on speaking ability and interactional competence of Thai EFL undergraduate students in order to serve three major objectives as follows: 1) to examine the effects of using speaking portfolios on students’ speaking ability ; 2) to examine the effects of using …


An Interlanguage Study Of Metalinguistic Knowledge On English Tenses As Related To Time And Aspect In Thai University Students, Anshakan Eiamtong-In Jan 2023

An Interlanguage Study Of Metalinguistic Knowledge On English Tenses As Related To Time And Aspect In Thai University Students, Anshakan Eiamtong-In

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This study aimed to analyze the usage of the English Present and Past Tenses among the Thai EFL learners and the native English speakers, focusing primarily on the Present Simple, the Present Progressive, the Present Perfect, the Present Perfect Progressive, the Past Simple, the Past Progressive, the Past Perfect, and the Past Perfect Progressive. Language users perceive situations differently, leading to variations in tense usage (Smith, 1991). The answers on the selection of tenses from the participants that deviated from the theoretical expectations might not always indicate errors. Therefore, the study also explored the participants’ metalinguistic knowledge or the reasons …


The Effects Of Computerized Dynamic Reading Assessment On English Reading Comprehension Of Thai Efl Undergraduate Students, Chansak Siengyen Jan 2023

The Effects Of Computerized Dynamic Reading Assessment On English Reading Comprehension Of Thai Efl Undergraduate Students, Chansak Siengyen

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

A computerized-dynamic assessment (C-DA) test differs from a traditional standardized test in that it diagnoses learners’ fully developed and emerging abilities, provides graduated prompts for challenging items, measures the level of mediation required, and reports a learner profile detailing independent and mediated performance across language constructs (Ebadi & Saeedian, 2015; Pishghadam & Barabadi, 2012; Poehner et al., 2015; Teo, 2012). The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the effects of the computerized dynamic reading assessment (CDRA) program on English reading comprehension of Thai EFL undergraduate students, (2) to examine the effects of the CDRA program on Thai EFL …


A Comparative Study Of Beliefs, Attitudes, And Motivation Toward English Language Learning Among Thai And Chinese Undergraduates In Different Study Programs, Lu Geng Sun Jan 2023

A Comparative Study Of Beliefs, Attitudes, And Motivation Toward English Language Learning Among Thai And Chinese Undergraduates In Different Study Programs, Lu Geng Sun

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This study investigated the beliefs, attitudes, and motivations towards English language learning among Thai and Chinese undergraduate students at Dhurakij Pundit University (DPU). Employing a mixed-method approach, this research utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods to discern and compare these students' experiences. The quantitative phase involved 332 students, selected through stratified random sampling, who completed comprehensive questionnaires based on a five-point Likert scale. The qualitative phase included 31 purposefully selected participants from the initial pool for semi-structured interviews. Findings revealed that Chinese undergraduates exhibited a significantly stronger belief orientation, more positive attitudes, and greater motivational drive towards English language learning …


The Acquisition Of English Irregular Past Tense Morphology By L1 Chinese Learners, Tingting Yang Jan 2023

The Acquisition Of English Irregular Past Tense Morphology By L1 Chinese Learners, Tingting Yang

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This study investigated the acquisition of English irregular past tense morphology by L1 Chinese learners. The participants consisted of 60 L1 Mandarin-speaking learners of English divided into two groups according to their English proficiency levels, i.e., the intermediate and the advanced levels. The methodology included a Fill-in-the-Blank Test, a Grammaticality Judgment Task, and an interview. Based on the Error Analysis Theory (Richards,1974 ; Ellis,1994), three research hypotheses were formulated. First, it was hypothesized that language proficiency has an impact on the acquisition of English irregular past tense by L1 Chinese learners and the findings conformed to the hypothesis. The results …


Washback Effects Of Vstep.3-5 On Lecturers' Teaching Practices And Students' Learning Strategies At Tertiary Level In Vietnam, Phuong Ai Ngoc Doan Jan 2023

Washback Effects Of Vstep.3-5 On Lecturers' Teaching Practices And Students' Learning Strategies At Tertiary Level In Vietnam, Phuong Ai Ngoc Doan

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The study aimed to explore the washback effects of “Vietnamese Standardized Test of English Proficiency” (VSTEP.3-5) - a locally produced high-stakes test that fulfills the country’s specific requirements – on Vietnamese EFL lecturers’ teaching practices and undergraduate students’ learning strategies. The study utilized a mixed-method design, incorporating three primary research instruments: questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and classroom observation. Quantitative data were obtained through questionnaires delivered to 25 lecturers of English and 600 sophomores, Academic year 2022, at Hue University of Foreign Languages and International Studies (HUFLIS), Hue City, Central Vietnam. Qualitative data were collected thanks to in-depth interviews with 8 selected …


Effects Of Augmented Reality Hotel Situated-Learning Board Game On English Oral Communication Skills And Motivation Of Thai Efl Learners, Wipada Sutthiroj Jan 2023

Effects Of Augmented Reality Hotel Situated-Learning Board Game On English Oral Communication Skills And Motivation Of Thai Efl Learners, Wipada Sutthiroj

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The purpose of the study was (1) to study the effects of Augmented Reality Hotel Situated-learning Board Game on Thai EFL learners' oral communication skills, (2) to study the effects of Augmented Reality Hotel Situated-learning Board Game on Thai EFL learners' motivation, and (3) to explore the perceptions of Thai EFL learners towards Augmented Reality Hotel Situated-learning Board Game. The study's participant group comprises 25 diverse mixes of students from Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep. The study employed a quasi-experimental design that used both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings indicated that: (1) there was a significant improvement in the …


Exploring Communication Competence And The Attitudes Of Lower Secondary Efl Students Towards Communication Competence In An Online Project-Based Learning In Myanmar, Khaing Thar Tun Jan 2023

Exploring Communication Competence And The Attitudes Of Lower Secondary Efl Students Towards Communication Competence In An Online Project-Based Learning In Myanmar, Khaing Thar Tun

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This study explored communication competence, small-group communication competence, and the attitudes of lower secondary EFL students towards communication competence in an online project-based learning approach in Myanmar. The study used a mixed-methods research design that integrated surveys, semi-structured interviews, and observations. The study discovered that lower secondary EFL students' online communication competence was slightly high, approaching sufficing competence, while their small-group communication competence in online PBL learning settings was moderately high, approaching maximizing competence. The study predicted slightly high online communication competence and moderately high small-group communication competence within the parameters of the population. In addition, approximately 30% of lower …


Rather Than To Seem: Black And Indigenous Narratives In A Stormy, Swampy South, Jennifer Denise Peedin Jan 2023

Rather Than To Seem: Black And Indigenous Narratives In A Stormy, Swampy South, Jennifer Denise Peedin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

I examine the narratives of the South that have been historically overlooked, ignored, or hidden in order to establish a dominant narrative of the region. The narratives examined here are by southern Black and Indigenous authors who restore lost knowledge and offer histories that help complete the South culturally and ecologically. The conceptual methodology develops from LeAnne Howe’s tribalography which explains that Indigenous people create stories and histories that transform the space around them and offer an understanding of the world around us. Another methodology used is Anthony Wilson’s ecocritical swamp studies; each chapter analyzes a narrative centered around a …


Writing Young Adult Fiction: Reflections On Narration And Theme In Young Adult Literature, Kimberly Davidson Jan 2023

Writing Young Adult Fiction: Reflections On Narration And Theme In Young Adult Literature, Kimberly Davidson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

According to Young Adult Library Services, “Young Adult Literature is a genre that is separate from Children's Literature. It emerged in the twentieth century when teenagers became a powerful force of the economy in the 1930s and gained prominence in the sixties.” Various sources list common elements that make YA literature a distinct category. 1) YA books appeal to the interests of readers from ages twelve to eighteen. 2) YA books typically explore a teenage character’s entry into an unfamiliar “world.” 3) YA books usually feature a protagonist’s self-reflection on events that influence their forays into the adult world. 4) …


What’S Long About Long John Silver: Anormative Masculinities And Histories In Robert Louis Stevenson’S Treasure Island, David V. Riser Jan 2023

What’S Long About Long John Silver: Anormative Masculinities And Histories In Robert Louis Stevenson’S Treasure Island, David V. Riser

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Historical queer and transgender experiences have been obscured by the dominant narrative of history. However, these experiences surface in works of fiction. This thesis analyzes affective responses to constructions of queer masculinity in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island. Affects of disgust and desire in Treasure Island, and in the popular history of Treasure Island, reveal a proto-queer transgender experience found in 19th-century maritime fiction. These affects demonstrate a fear that there is no reproductive futurity in queer masculinity while producing narratives of queer masculinity. This production makes historical queer and transgender experiences legible, and allows contemporary queer readers to navigate …


Looking Inward, Looking Back: John Le Carré And The Spy Narrative After The Cold War, Rachel Lynn Hoag Jan 2023

Looking Inward, Looking Back: John Le Carré And The Spy Narrative After The Cold War, Rachel Lynn Hoag

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The genre of spy fiction confronts a paradigm-shifting event in the 1990s with the end of the Cold War. Despite critical speculation that the genre had outlived its usefulness, spy fiction writers navigate this period of transition, and the genre remains broadly popular with the reading public. This study examines how the work of Britain’s foremost espionage writer, John le Carré, navigates the changing geopolitical landscape of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. In mapping this terrain, one sees two distinct impulses emerge: a tendency to look inward and a tendency to look back. To look inward, the novels …


“I’Ll Tell You No Lies”: An Exploration Of Trauma, Memory, And Violence Against Women In North Carolina Murder Ballads, Madison Ava Helman Jan 2023

“I’Ll Tell You No Lies”: An Exploration Of Trauma, Memory, And Violence Against Women In North Carolina Murder Ballads, Madison Ava Helman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation explores trauma, memory and violence against women in Western North Carolina murder ballads “Tom Dooley,” “Poor Omie Wise,” “Poor Ellen Smith,” “The Ballad of the Lawson Family,” and “Frankie Silver.” I posit that these ballads were influenced by prescriptive societal conceptions of femininity, which in turn influenced societal ideations of violence against women. Using folklore performance theory, I analyze the text and context of these ballads and their subsequent histories, eventually arriving at a template for polyvocality that incorporates multiple ballad variants and encourages diverse performances.


The Pandemic-Uncanny: Self-Estrangement And Environment In Out There And Bliss Montage, Kersten Khaley Jan 2023

The Pandemic-Uncanny: Self-Estrangement And Environment In Out There And Bliss Montage, Kersten Khaley

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. The COVID-19 Public Health Emergency lasted from January 30, 2020, to May 11, 2023. During this time, abundant literature across disciplines began appearing, assessing the pandemic experience and aftermath. However, there needs to be more investigation and application of the term uncanny in the pandemic experience and literature.

Two short story collections, Out There by Kate Folk and Bliss Montage by Ling Ma, both published in 2022, are works of pandemic literature demonstrating the pandemic's inherent uncanniness and the human experience. The term pandemic-uncanny represents an inherent attachment …


From Art To Propaganda: The Shift In The Concept Of The “Most Dead” In True Crime Literature, Hannah Mcconkey Jan 2023

From Art To Propaganda: The Shift In The Concept Of The “Most Dead” In True Crime Literature, Hannah Mcconkey

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

This thesis studies the shift of the true crime genre from art to inescapable propaganda. This change is due, in part, to the politization of the genre by modern society. This includes the concept of the “most dead” seen within the true crime genre over the past several decades. The idea of the most dead is the belief that some victims of crimes are more or less dead depending on how marketable their demographic is. For instance, a blonde, Caucasian child would be considered the most dead while a woman of color in the sex work industry would be the …


Ruptures In Indentures In Jhumpa Lahiri's Interpreter Of Maladies And Unaccustomed Earth, Prabal D. Gupta Jan 2023

Ruptures In Indentures In Jhumpa Lahiri's Interpreter Of Maladies And Unaccustomed Earth, Prabal D. Gupta

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Jhumpa Lahiri (1967) is one of the prominent American writers of Bengali descent, contributing mainly to diaspora literature to depict the nuanced aspects of Bengalis in their immigrant lives. Lahiri’s stories in Interpreter of Maladies (1999) and Unaccustomed Earth (2008) illustrate the challenges of the Bengali diaspora due to their indentured identity, which I have used to refer to the Bengali people’s culturally-rooted identity. This study investigates how the diaspora’s native cultural identity fluctuates in connection with the host culture. The research renders a reconfigured image of “home” because the concept of home changes for these people after migration in …


"Why Do You Keep Alone?:" Isolated Women In The Plays Of Shakespeare, Alexus Litchfield Jan 2023

"Why Do You Keep Alone?:" Isolated Women In The Plays Of Shakespeare, Alexus Litchfield

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

The works of William Shakespeare have been well explored, but there is a lack of criticism that examines how the depiction of women is shaped by the genre of the play. Linda Bamber is one of the few critics who have explored this connection between gender and genre. However, while she focuses on the plays’ psychological dynamics, I examine the social dynamics between characters in my study of gender and genre. I suggest that, in both tragedy and comedy, isolation is a strong marker of unhappiness for Shakespeare’s female characters. Examining three tragedies, I find that Lady Macbeth, Goneril, Regan, …


Constructing (Un)Situated Women: Situated Knowledges In Arundhati Roy's The God Of Small Things (1997) And Balli K. Jaswal's Erotic Stories For Punjabi Widows (2017), Necole T. Deloach Jan 2023

Constructing (Un)Situated Women: Situated Knowledges In Arundhati Roy's The God Of Small Things (1997) And Balli K. Jaswal's Erotic Stories For Punjabi Widows (2017), Necole T. Deloach

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

This thesis applies Donna Haraway’s concept of “situated knowledges” to postcolonial feminist novels such as Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things and Balli K. Jaswal’s Erotic Stories for Punjabi Widows in order to illustrate why there needs to be a new framework for analyzing literary postcolonial women. Despite the applicability of Donna Haraway’s “situated knowledges” to postcolonial feminist literary studies, there has been little research published that analyzes not just the intersection of “situated knowledges” and postcolonial feminist literature, but also the problems that occur when Western scholars approach postcolonial texts without completely acknowledging their own worldview. I argue …


Maternal & Spiritual Healing In J.D. Salinger's Nine Stories, Emily Pittman Hoste Jan 2023

Maternal & Spiritual Healing In J.D. Salinger's Nine Stories, Emily Pittman Hoste

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

After World War II, spiritual and emotional healing was needed in America, despite a dependence upon materialism and conspicuous consumption for success. J.D. Salinger’s short-story cycle, Nine Stories (1953), explores what loss and trauma look like from all sides of war—mother, child, soldier, lover—all are harmed by war. Nine Stories emphasizes the need for nationwide spiritual healing and suggests that mothers offer the necessary antidote to consumeristic America. In fact, eight of Salinger’s Nine Stories employ one of three types of mothers: the self-serving and ineffectual mother; the spiritual, often surrogate maternal guide; and the ideal mother. While the ineffectual …


Conceptual Metaphor Usage In Glenn Youngkin’S 2021 Gubernatorial Campaign, Sara Rose Hotaling Jan 2023

Conceptual Metaphor Usage In Glenn Youngkin’S 2021 Gubernatorial Campaign, Sara Rose Hotaling

Political Science & Geography Faculty Publications

In “Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language,” Lakoff and Johnson suggest that conceptual metaphors pervade everyday language and produce the reality of our world. Conceptual metaphors act similarly within the occupational register of political campaigns in that they both support and construct a set of beliefs that become the reality of politicians, political parties, and constituents. In this language research, the conceptual metaphors employed by Virginia Governor Glenn Youngkin during his 2021 gubernatorial campaign were identified, analyzed, and categorized. The corpus of this research consists of two gubernatorial debates, three campaign speeches, and one television interview. An example of conceptual metaphor …


Reporting At The Border: Translation In Periodicals At The Texas-Tamaulipas Border During The 19th Century, Gabriel Gonzalez Nunez Jan 2023

Reporting At The Border: Translation In Periodicals At The Texas-Tamaulipas Border During The 19th Century, Gabriel Gonzalez Nunez

Writing and Language Studies Faculty Publications

This paper addresses the historical relationship between journalism and translation. It approaches translation history by considering journalistic translation as found in newspapers published in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (the southernmost, easternmost stretch of the Mexico-US border) during the 19th century. Specifically, the paper will ask whether translation was a tool employed in journalistic activity in the region and, if so, what the role was of translation in such activity. It will review the presence of translation in available border periodicals from the 1840s to the end of the century. This review will show that regarding certain aspects, historical news …


Front Matter Jan 2023

Front Matter

The Writing Center Journal

Front matter for Writing Center Journal 41.1.


Trading Spaces: Space As Metaphor For Contingency In Writing Centers, Genie N. Giaimo Jan 2023

Trading Spaces: Space As Metaphor For Contingency In Writing Centers, Genie N. Giaimo

The Writing Center Journal

This article offers a critical reading of writing center workplace space. Weaving together counterstorying with semiotic, geographic, and rhetorical analysis of space, the author provides an alternative way of understanding the connections between our physical and metaphorical workspaces. Precarity and contingency, the article posits, are made more palpable through connection to physical space because writing center labor (and workers) are often identified mostly through their space and availability. Ultimately, this article argues for a new way forward that decouples writing center workers and labor from inhabited workplace space. Arguing that these spaces are gendered, classed, and raced (among other things), …


Contingency As A Barrier To Decolonial Engagement: Listening To Multilingual Writers, Grace Lee-Amuzie Jan 2023

Contingency As A Barrier To Decolonial Engagement: Listening To Multilingual Writers, Grace Lee-Amuzie

The Writing Center Journal

Based on the concept of transformative listening by García (2017) that views listening as a form of decolonial work that must take place in writing centers, the article examines colonial thinking and contingency as toxic preexisting conditions of writing center ecology that hinder our ability to listen to marginalized multilingual voices. Recognizing the commonality between multilingualism and contingency, both as ignored marginalized intersecting identities in the hierarchy of the racialized and corporatized university system, the article describes the complexity of engaging contingent workers in decolonial work and listening. Further, it argues that contingency creates significant barriers to the type of …


The Paradoxes Of Contingency: Stories Of Contingent Professional Tutors’ Lived Experiences, Beth Sabo, Kaia-Marie A. Bishop, Kristine M. Gatchel, Rachel Dick Jan 2023

The Paradoxes Of Contingency: Stories Of Contingent Professional Tutors’ Lived Experiences, Beth Sabo, Kaia-Marie A. Bishop, Kristine M. Gatchel, Rachel Dick

The Writing Center Journal

Despite comprising the majority of labor in higher education in general and writing centers more specifically, contingent workers’ voices and experiences have often been overlooked. The contingent voices that have been represented have predominantly been those in director or administrative positions, not the professional tutors who engage in centers’ day-to-day consulting. This lack of representation in the literature perpetuates institutional inequities and belies a larger paradox: that contingent workers attempting to ameliorate the precarity of their situation may jeopardize their livelihood. Because contingent workers’ identities and roles have historically been ignored and marginalized, few research and publication options are available …


Writing Tutor Alumni Takeaways: Pros And Cons Of Contingency, Glenn Hutchinson, Xuan Jiang, Mario Avalos Jan 2023

Writing Tutor Alumni Takeaways: Pros And Cons Of Contingency, Glenn Hutchinson, Xuan Jiang, Mario Avalos

The Writing Center Journal

This essay aims to build upon the Peer Writing Tutor Alumni Research Project (PWTARP), designed by Bradley Hughes, Paula Gillespie, and Harvey Kail (2010), which focuses on what tutors learn about themselves as writers and students. However, the PWTARP survey, like much of writing center scholarship, focuses on student workers attending PWIs (Predominately White Institutions). To help fill the diversity gap in the existing literature, the current study uses the PWTARP survey as a frame of reference to investigate what tutors learned about themselves as writers and students at a Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI). Based on feedback from a team of …


Overzealous: The Harm Caused By Parental And Administrative Censorship Of Books In An Intellectually Free Education, Tyler Engel Jan 2023

Overzealous: The Harm Caused By Parental And Administrative Censorship Of Books In An Intellectually Free Education, Tyler Engel

Outstanding Gateway Papers

Books and their ideas are such a fundamental part of our learning culture. Despite this fact, many books, some of our best books, have been banned in schools and communities across the world for the controversial, uncomfortable, necessary ideas they contain. Parents, school administration, and state legislatures often go to great lengths to police these ideas within the classroom, limiting what teachers can actually teach within their classrooms and the ideas that students come into contact with. This practice is harmful, and we as a country need to normalize the reading of banned books so that students can engage diverse …


‘How The Erde Is Of A Figure Round’: Mapping Space In The Buik Of Alexander The Conqueror, Katherine H. Terrell Dec 2022

‘How The Erde Is Of A Figure Round’: Mapping Space In The Buik Of Alexander The Conqueror, Katherine H. Terrell

Studies in Scottish Literature

Discusses the image of the world, the concept of a mappamundi, and comments on particular regions and countries, in Gilbert Hay's poem The Buik of Alexader the Conquerour, to argue that Alexander’s mapping, like his military campaigns, reconfigures space as territory that is amenable to exploitation, and that Hay's poem, the only Alexander poem to mention Scotland, shows an historical process, the "translatio imperii," "that will eventually circle back around to a Britain (and a Scotland) no longer imbued with treachery, but ready to assume power."


How To Fight Evil: Lessons For The Church On Spiritual Warfare From Bram Stoker’S Dracula, Bronwyn M. Gray Dec 2022

How To Fight Evil: Lessons For The Church On Spiritual Warfare From Bram Stoker’S Dracula, Bronwyn M. Gray

Liberty Theological Review

Dracula by Bram Stoker is an amazing piece of writing that is often misrepresented. Some Christians dismiss it because of the skewed belief that to enjoy life and literature is somehow less holy, and Dracula is also dismissed because of the judgment that books with blood, horror, and monsters cannot possibly grow us in holiness or teach us anything good. Not only is it forgotten that God created us to enjoy beauty, but also, to the second reason, the Bible itself contains blood, horror, and monsters; indeed, the Bible contains much more! Another unfortunate reality is that in the Western …


Silent Horror: The Complexity, Monstrosity, And Ubiquity Of Evil In Faulkner’S Sanctuary, Bronwyn M. Gray Dec 2022

Silent Horror: The Complexity, Monstrosity, And Ubiquity Of Evil In Faulkner’S Sanctuary, Bronwyn M. Gray

Liberty Theological Review

In a culture of moral relativism, Faulkner's novel Sanctuary shocks us with an ancient perspective on the nature of man. Not only is the villain Popeye evil, the "good guy" is infected as well, and this is seen through Faulkner's comparison of our hero Horace with Popeye, parallels drawn between Horace's festering desire for his stepdaughter and Popeye's lust for his rape victim Temple Drake. But it is not only the adult men who are at fault. Temple Drake herself is shown to be in the throes between childlike innocence (temple) and evil desire (drake, meaning dragon or serpent). Perhaps …