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Some Current Meters Designed For Suspension From An Anchored Ship, William S. Von Arx Jan 1950

Some Current Meters Designed For Suspension From An Anchored Ship, William S. Von Arx

Journal of Marine Research

Current velocities measured by means of instruments suspended from shipboard may err significantly if the ship's motion at anchor is permitted to tow the instruments through the water while observations are in progress. Two current meter designs are described which employ a propeller linkage by electromagnetic induction to permit continuous observation of current velocity through, and to determine the extent of, the periods when the anchored ship is essentially at rest. The motions of an anchored ship are described.

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The Ray-Particle Analogy, Carl Eckart Jan 1950

The Ray-Particle Analogy, Carl Eckart

Journal of Marine Research

The similarity between the differential equations governing the motion of a particle and the rays in a wave field is recalled. The two become identical if the particle has unit mass and moves under the action of a potential energy V = - 1/c2, where c is the phase velocity of the waves....

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Population Studies, Local Growth Rates And Reproduction Of The Pismo Clam (Tivela Stultorum), Wesley R. Coe, John E. Fitch Jan 1950

Population Studies, Local Growth Rates And Reproduction Of The Pismo Clam (Tivela Stultorum), Wesley R. Coe, John E. Fitch

Journal of Marine Research

Large samples collected, measured, and returned to the beach at monthly intervals at La Jolla, California, for five successive years showed an average initial set of 3 young clams per sq m in an area of 2000 sq m. The annual mortality has been from 67 to 75% for each year-class. Of an annual set of 6000, only 2000, 700, 170 and 50, respectively, have remained at the end of the first to fourth years. The length increases about 21 mm per year for the first two years of life and somewhat less thereafter. Less than one per cent survived …

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Note On The Dynamics Of The Gulf Stream, W. H. Munk, G. W. Groves, G. F. Carrier Jan 1950

Note On The Dynamics Of The Gulf Stream, W. H. Munk, G. W. Groves, G. F. Carrier

Journal of Marine Research

The nonlinear inertial terms have been neglected in Stommel's and in Munk's theory for the wind-driven ocean circulation. Using a method of successive approximations, the effect of these terms on the mass transport in the Gulf Stream region has been computed under greatly simplifying assumptions. These assumptions involve Reid's model of the vertical density structure, which consists of an exponential decrease in the density upward to the thermocline and a homogeneous upper layer....

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Notes On Determining The Depths Of Sampling In Serial Oceanographic Observations, M. J. Pollak Jan 1950

Notes On Determining The Depths Of Sampling In Serial Oceanographic Observations, M. J. Pollak

Journal of Marine Research

In order to interpolate between thermometrically determined depths of sampling in serial oceanographic observations it ha.s been customary to plot a curve of depth to wire length ratio against wire length. It is shown that a simpler and probably more accurate method consists of plotting wire length minus depth against wire length. In this method the surface wire angle is converted into a line of tangency to the curve which always terminates at the zero point of the graph. Furthermore, the limiting slope of this curve is more readily defined and utilized.

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Lateral Mixing And Wind-Driven Currents In An Enclosed Ocean, Koji Hidaka Jan 1950

Lateral Mixing And Wind-Driven Currents In An Enclosed Ocean, Koji Hidaka

Journal of Marine Research

The circulation of water induced by winds in an enclosed ocean comparable in size to the North Pacific is treated by using the "mass transport" instead of current velocity and by taking both horizontal and vertical mixing into account. The numerical solutions have been worked out for the wind system similar to that actually prevailing over the North Pacific, and for different intensities of lateral mixing. It is concluded that the flow pattern best agrees with the actual circulation when the numerical value of the coefficient of lateral mixing is of an order of magnitude of 109 c.g.s. Westward intensification …

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Natural Slicks On The Ocean, Robert S. Dietz, Eugene C. Lafond Jan 1950

Natural Slicks On The Ocean, Robert S. Dietz, Eugene C. Lafond

Journal of Marine Research

Slicks are smooth glassy streaks or patches on the ocean. Prominent slicks are confined largely to near-shore areas where organic production is high. Experiments and observations are described which show that slicks are contaminate films of organic oil, probably derived primarily from diatoms which contain droplets of oil in their cells to assist in flotation and/or as an emergency food supply. Slicks are discernible because of their damping effect on small wavelets. The parallel slicks that develop in light to moderate winds result because the contaminate films pile up at the top of convergences in the homogeneous, wind-stirred layer above …

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A Streamline Cable Depressor, Donald G. Reed, Trigg Stewart Jan 1950

A Streamline Cable Depressor, Donald G. Reed, Trigg Stewart

Journal of Marine Research

In the past the collection of samples from the deep scattering layer by the familiar horizontal net haul method has been handicapped by the available tools. The time-honored weighted line technique has often been suspected of introducing error in the depth factor of data. The development of the streamlined cable depressor herein described provides an effective tool for oceanographic studies. Because of its form, the depressor has a high lift/drag ratio and is free from the damaging vibration usually characteristic of depressors. Many applications are suggested by its performance in the field.

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Folliculinids Of The Chesapeake As Nomads, E. A. Andrews Jan 1950

Folliculinids Of The Chesapeake As Nomads, E. A. Andrews

Journal of Marine Research

During experiments by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Maryland Conservation Department on the fouling of oysters in Chesapeake Bay, shells exposed on the bottom were examined for folliculinids. Observations in the upper part of the Bay, at about 15 stations in 9 to 20 feet of water along some 40 miles from Choptank to Tochester from mid-May to mid-October, showed that settling began the last week of June, or occasionally mid-July, and continued until the last week of September; generally there was a decline in density during August and occasionally an increase in September with cooler water. …

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A Note On The Vegetation Of A New Coastal Upwelling Area Of Baja California, E. Yale Dawson Jan 1950

A Note On The Vegetation Of A New Coastal Upwelling Area Of Baja California, E. Yale Dawson

Journal of Marine Research

Series of surface temperature observations and bathythermograms made during the late summer of 1948 and the spring of 1949 along the Central Pacific Coast of Baja California have revealed the presence of an area of inshore upwelling centering in the vicinity of Isla San Roque and Isla Ascunci6n. Supporting evidence is furnished by the fact that all but five of the 30 known species in the intertidal vegetation of these islands are characteristic of cool water localities to the north in California.

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Reality And Illusion In Oceanographic Surveys, Albert Defant Jan 1950

Reality And Illusion In Oceanographic Surveys, Albert Defant

Journal of Marine Research

Care must be exercised in selecting time intervals and spacings between stations along oceanographic profiles in order to avoid erroneous·conclusions regarding the mean circulation. By proper combinations of time intervals and spacings, the effect of internal waves of tidal periods, which are the source of these errors, can be suppressed. The application of these principles to the Marine Life Research cruises of the Scripps Institution is discussed.

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A Study Of Mixing Processes Over The Edge Of The Continental Shelf, Arthur R. Miller Jan 1950

A Study Of Mixing Processes Over The Edge Of The Continental Shelf, Arthur R. Miller

Journal of Marine Research

By means of T-S area diagrams, a method of analysis is developed for the study of closely spaced hydrographic data. In a transitional zone, such as that over the continental shelf off southern New England, this method is useful for following the continuity of the mixing process. Changes in salinity at the edge of the shelf are due, for the most part, to horizontal advection. There are indications of nonisentropic mixing on a smaller scale. From the turbulent features of the region, as indicated by instabilities, this condition is not unexpected.

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Slicks, Surface Films And Internal Waves, Gifford Ewing Jan 1950

Slicks, Surface Films And Internal Waves, Gifford Ewing

Journal of Marine Research

Slicks, or calm streaks on a rippled sea, are often seen on co11Btal waters and lakes when the wind is light. They are formed by the ripple-damping action of a surface film of organic matter which occurs naturally on biologically productive waters. The ability of films to damp ripples varies radically with the degree of compaction of the film molecules. Such compaction may be caused by horizontally convergent flow in the water surface or by horizontal convergence of the wind stress....

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The Effect Of Freezing On The Sulfate/Chlorinity Ratio Of Sea Water, George J. Lewis Jr., Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1950

The Effect Of Freezing On The Sulfate/Chlorinity Ratio Of Sea Water, George J. Lewis Jr., Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

A special refrigeration apparatus was constructed to simulate freezing of sea water under natural conditions. Ice thus obtained, as well as the residual waters, were studied to ascertain the effect of freezing upon the sulfate/chlorinity ratio. This ratio was found to be greater for salts retained by the ice than for the original water. An equivalent decrease in the ratio occurred for the residual water. The ratio in the ices varied considerably and was a function of the rate of formation of ice and the temperatures of exposure. Maximum ratios were obtained at - 8° C and - 45° C. …

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Experimental Study Of The Phosphorus Cycle In Fertilized Salt Water, David M. Pratt Jan 1950

Experimental Study Of The Phosphorus Cycle In Fertilized Salt Water, David M. Pratt

Journal of Marine Research

The rates at which phosphorus is (1) assimilated by phytoplankton, (2) released into solution from dead cells, and (3) regenerated to inorganic state, were measured in outdoor concrete tanks containing sea water fertilized with inorganic phosphate and nitrate. Bottles wrapped in black cloth and bottles exposed to the light were filled with the tank water and suspended in the tanks; the three rates in the P cycle were calculated from the observed changes in the concentrations of inorganic and particulate P in the bottles. The maximum recorded rates were: assimilation = 0.36 µg-at. P/L of sea water in the tanks/day; …

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The Occurance Of Pronounced Salinity Variations In Lousiana Coastal Waters, Richard A. Geyer Jan 1950

The Occurance Of Pronounced Salinity Variations In Lousiana Coastal Waters, Richard A. Geyer

Journal of Marine Research

The chloride-ion contents of more than 700 sea water samples from the coastal waters of western Louisiana were converted to salinity values and were used in a study of the salinity characteristics. These data were gathered from seven drilling platforms during a period of 14 months in a zone paralleling the coast for about 60 miles, approximately 6 to 8 miles offshore and in depths varying between 40 and 50 feet. The chloride-ion content was determined by the standard chemical titration method in connection with quality control of salt water drilling mud used in the drilling of offshore oil wells....

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On The Origin Of Internal Tide Waves In The Open Sea, Albert Defant Jan 1950

On The Origin Of Internal Tide Waves In The Open Sea, Albert Defant

Journal of Marine Research

Several mechanisms are examined which might explain the observed preponderance of internal waves of tidal period. It is concluded that the effect of the earth's rotation on the velocity of internal waves is an important factor in favoring the generation of such internal waves.

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The Effect Of Food On Growth And Coloration Of The Topshell (Turbo Cornutus Solander), Takashi Ino Jan 1949

The Effect Of Food On Growth And Coloration Of The Topshell (Turbo Cornutus Solander), Takashi Ino

Journal of Marine Research

The topshell (Turbo cornutus Solander) is a common herbivorous marine gastropod, distributed in areas of the warm coastal current of Japan. It is a valuable food item and therefore of commercial importance. Under natural conditions the shell is highly spinous and the color greenish brown

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Oceanography And Geosynclines, Parker D. Trask Jan 1949

Oceanography And Geosynclines, Parker D. Trask

Journal of Marine Research

Geosynclines are one of the fundamental problems of geology. Since they are intimately related to the ocean or some inland body of marine water, knowledge of modern concepts of oceanography helps the geologist in understanding better their mode of origin. Geosynclines are masses of sediment, largely elastic in nature, 30,000 to 50,000 feet thick. The deposits consist of alternating sandstone, siltstone, and shale.

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The Conception Of Alkalinity Of Excess Base Of Sea Water, Norris W. Rakestraw Jan 1949

The Conception Of Alkalinity Of Excess Base Of Sea Water, Norris W. Rakestraw

Journal of Marine Research

There is full agreement on these facts: Sea water is slightly alkaline in its reaction towards suitable indicators, and the quantitative measure of this alkalinity may be expressed in terms of the amount of strong acid necessary to bring its reaction to some standard specified "endpoint."...

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A Camera For Producing One-Dimensional Reduction In Narrow Records, Hilary B. Moore Jan 1949

A Camera For Producing One-Dimensional Reduction In Narrow Records, Hilary B. Moore

Journal of Marine Research

Many instruments yield long, narrow records which are of an awkward shape for reproduction. In the course of work under Navy contract NObs-2083, numerous fathograms were obtained which showed the diurnal movements of the "deep scattering layer."…

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Trajectories Of Small Bodies Sinking Slowly Through Convection Cells, Henry Stommel Jan 1949

Trajectories Of Small Bodies Sinking Slowly Through Convection Cells, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

Mr. J. C. Neess of the University of Wisconsin has indicated to the writer in a personal communication that he has often observed a greater variability in plankton tows taken up or down wind in a lake than when made across wind….

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Experiments In The Fertilization Of A Salt Water Pond, David M. Pratt Jan 1949

Experiments In The Fertilization Of A Salt Water Pond, David M. Pratt

Journal of Marine Research

It has long been recognized that the biological productivity of the sea depends primarily upon the nutrition of the phytoplankton. The aim of these experiments was to study this basic process in the cycle of production by the artificial increase of those plant nutrients most likely to become limiting....

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The Use Of The Amidol Test For Dissolved Oxygen In Sea Water, Maxim Lieber, Rolf Eliassen Jan 1949

The Use Of The Amidol Test For Dissolved Oxygen In Sea Water, Maxim Lieber, Rolf Eliassen

Journal of Marine Research

For many years the Winkler method with its various modifications has been the accepted procedure to determine the dissolved oxygen (D. O.) in fresh and saline waters (Amer. Public Health Ass., 1946). The accuracy of this volumetric test has proven itself in the laboratory where proper facilities and apparatus are available for such determinations. However, this test is too awkward and elaborate to be utilized in the field for sanitary and biological studies.

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Laboratory Experiments On Wind-Generated Waves, J. R.D. Francis Jan 1949

Laboratory Experiments On Wind-Generated Waves, J. R.D. Francis

Journal of Marine Research

It has long been known that the study of wind-generated waves on a water surface is difficult in the laboratory because of the large "fetch," or distance downwind, needed for the growth of waves large enough to behave as gravity waves rather than capillary ripples. Johnson (1948), on the evidence of experiments by Stanton et al. (1932) and those of his own at Clear Lake, California, concludes that a channel 311 feet long with a windspeed of 4.5 feet/sec. would reproduce the prototype conditions of a 10 mile fetch with a 40 m. p. h. wind....

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Mass Transport In Ocean Currents And Lateral Mixing, Koji Hidaka Jan 1949

Mass Transport In Ocean Currents And Lateral Mixing, Koji Hidaka

Journal of Marine Research

1. Equations of Mass Transport, with Lateral Mixing Taken into Account. The problems of mass transport by ocean currents are no less important than are those of the currents themselves. Recently Sverdrup (1947) and Reid (1948) discussed the inter-relation between mass transport, pressure distribution and vertical mixing; they were successful in showing that the pressure distribution in the Pacific Equatorial Currents is being fairly maintained by the winds. In the present paper it is of some interest to discuss a certain relationship between mass transport and lateral mixing in a rotating enclosed sea.

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Sampling Atmospheric Sea-Salt Nuclei Over The Ocean, Alfred H. Woodcock, Mary M. Gifford Jan 1949

Sampling Atmospheric Sea-Salt Nuclei Over The Ocean, Alfred H. Woodcock, Mary M. Gifford

Journal of Marine Research

Atmospheric hygroscopic nuclei are of primary interest to meteorologists in studies of haze, fog, clouds, etc. (Simpson, 1941; Middleton, 1941; Sheppard, 1947). The sea surface is presumed to be an important source of these nuclei in the form of drops of concentrated sea water arising from spray.

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Comparative Biochemical Studies On The Lipids Of Marine Invertebrates, With Special Reference To The Sterols, Werner Bergmann Jan 1949

Comparative Biochemical Studies On The Lipids Of Marine Invertebrates, With Special Reference To The Sterols, Werner Bergmann

Journal of Marine Research

For a number of years the author and his collaborators have been engaged in a systematic comparative study of the fatty constituents of marine invertebrates. So far special attention has been devoted mainly to the unsaponifiable fractions of such fats, in particular to the sterols which they contain. Work on the phosphatide fractions of invertebrate fats and their saponifiable components is now in progress and will be discussed in a future publication.

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Horizontal Diffusion Due To Oceanic Turbulence, Henry Stommel Jan 1949

Horizontal Diffusion Due To Oceanic Turbulence, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some fundamental aspects of horizontal diffusion in the sea and to present some observations that were made especially to obtain quantitive data.

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A Precise Determination Of Chlorinity Of Sea Water Using The Ag-Agcl Indicator Electrode, J. C. Hindman, L. J. Anderson, E. G. Moberg Jan 1949

A Precise Determination Of Chlorinity Of Sea Water Using The Ag-Agcl Indicator Electrode, J. C. Hindman, L. J. Anderson, E. G. Moberg

Journal of Marine Research

A knowledge of the relative currents of the oceans depends to a large extent upon a knowledge of the distribution of mass. Measurements of temperature and cblorinity are made to furnish the necessary data for the computations of the density.

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