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Studies On The Production Of Underwater Sound By North Atlantic Coastal Fishes, Marie Poland Fish, Alton S. Kelsey Jr., William H. Mowbray Jan 1952

Studies On The Production Of Underwater Sound By North Atlantic Coastal Fishes, Marie Poland Fish, Alton S. Kelsey Jr., William H. Mowbray

Journal of Marine Research

Previous studies suggest that at least 42 families of Pacific Ocean fishes are potential sources of underwater sound. The present investigation has undertaken to ascertain experimentally which North Atlantic coastal species fit into that category and what stimuli are involved in sound production among fishes. Apparatus, test and analysis procedures are described....

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Abrupt Change In Width In Two-Layer Open Channel Flow, Henry Stommel, Harlow G. Farmer Jan 1952

Abrupt Change In Width In Two-Layer Open Channel Flow, Henry Stommel, Harlow G. Farmer

Journal of Marine Research

An abrupt widening in a channel can act as a control on the regime of two-layer flow immediately upstream. A simple explanation in terms of an interfacial Froude number is offered and a set of experimental verifications is described. Bernoulli's Principle is applied to an abrupt narrowing.

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Halogenated Amino Acids Of The Bath Sponge, Eva M. Low Jan 1952

Halogenated Amino Acids Of The Bath Sponge, Eva M. Low

Journal of Marine Research

The amino acid composition and halogen content of the bath sponge, Spongia officinalis obliqua (D. & M.), collected in the Gulf of Mexico, was studied to determine the nature of the halogenated amino acids present. The sponge was found to contain 1.06% tyrosine, 0.38% iodine, and 0.80% bromine. It is believed that the major halogenated amino acids are the mono- (3-) and di- (3, 5-) bromo- and iodotyrosines.

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Diaurnal Fluctations In Bathythermograms, Philip Rudnick, John D. Cochrane Jan 1952

Diaurnal Fluctations In Bathythermograms, Philip Rudnick, John D. Cochrane

Journal of Marine Research

Series of bathythermograms extending over 12- to 90-day periods from two deepsea stations in the northeastern Pacific fail to show more than indefinite or minor fluctuations of tidal period, in contrast with marked internal tides which have been observed in the Atlantic. Fluctuations of surface temperature were found to be about half random and half due to diurnal solar heating.

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The Ball-Breaker, A Deep Water Bottom Signalling Device, John D. Issacs, A. E. Maxwell Jan 1952

The Ball-Breaker, A Deep Water Bottom Signalling Device, John D. Issacs, A. E. Maxwell

Journal of Marine Research

A simple device for signalling the arrival of a deep cast on bottom has been developed and is now in routine use. The device is used either in line with corers or is suspended below as a pilot. When contact of either the ball-breaker or other apparatus is made with the bottom, a small glass sphere in the former is imploded and the resultant signal at the surface is amplified and reproduced over a loud speaker system. The device has been used successfully at depths to 2,700 fathoms.

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Determination Of Ocean Transports And Velocities By Electromagnetic Effects, W. V.R. Malkus, M. E. Stern Jan 1952

Determination Of Ocean Transports And Velocities By Electromagnetic Effects, W. V.R. Malkus, M. E. Stern

Journal of Marine Research

The electric potentials in and about an ocean current are shown to be related in a simple fashion to the total fluid transport. In many waters, surface measurements alone permit the determination of this total transport. It is also established that the local vertical potential gradient is a measure of the local velocity. Several techniques of measurement, including the "Geomagnetic electrokinetograph" method, and the errors which may be involved in each, are discussed.

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Note On The Meridional Transport Of Energy By The Oceans, Glenn H. Jung Jan 1952

Note On The Meridional Transport Of Energy By The Oceans, Glenn H. Jung

Journal of Marine Research

The role of the oceans in providing poleward energy flux within the earth's fluid envelope is re-examined in regard to effective transport mechanisms. A hypothetical model near 30 degrees north latitude is found to produce a sizeable poleward energy transport when effects of closed vertical circulations operating in meridional planes are considered. Available data for the Atlantic do not conflict with this result. It is suggested that the importance of such meridional circulations should not be disregarded in computations of the global energy balance.

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Determinations Of Free And Bound Ascorbic Acid In Fishery Products, W. H. Hastings, C. Floyd Spencer Jan 1952

Determinations Of Free And Bound Ascorbic Acid In Fishery Products, W. H. Hastings, C. Floyd Spencer

Journal of Marine Research

Asorbic acid is found in two different forms in fish tissue. One form, soluble in 95% ethanol, constitutes approximately 85% of the total vitamin C content, and the other form, which is insoluble in 95% ethanol, constitutes approximately 15% of the total. Certain fish products have sufficient ascorbic acid to be of importance as dietary sources. Retention of the vitamin on processing varies with different fish products.

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Recent Findings About The Deep Scattering Layer, J. B. Hersey, H. R. Johnson, L. C. Davis Jan 1952

Recent Findings About The Deep Scattering Layer, J. B. Hersey, H. R. Johnson, L. C. Davis

Journal of Marine Research

Sound scattering observations in deep water are reported for the frequency range from 2 to 20 kc. An explosive sound source was employed to give a sound having high acoustic pressures throughout the frequency range. The receiver was directed vertically downward in the water; the recorder allowed simultaneous recording over several frequency bands....

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A New Spectrophotometric Method For The Determination Of Nitrate In Sea Water, Kenneth Bendschneider, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1952

A New Spectrophotometric Method For The Determination Of Nitrate In Sea Water, Kenneth Bendschneider, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

A spectrophotometric method, employing sulfanilamide and N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine, has been proposed for the determination of nitrite in sea water. The effect of the order of addition of reagents, acidity, reagent concentration, and temperature on the speed of color formation and maximum optical density has been discussed. It has been shown that salinity has no effect on the maximum color intensity. The color develops rapidly in either sea water or fresh water and is stable for approximately two hours. Calibration curves have been prepared which show that the concentration of nitrite is directly proportional to color intensity.

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The Determination And Distribution Of Copper In Sea Water. Part I. The Spectrophotometric Determination Of Copper In Sea Water, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1952

The Determination And Distribution Of Copper In Sea Water. Part I. The Spectrophotometric Determination Of Copper In Sea Water, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

The spectrophotometric determination of copper in sea water has been studied with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate as the color forming reagent. This reagent, compared with the frequently used dithizone, affords simpler operation, less interference from other metallic ions, higher sensitivity, and greater accuracy. Xylene has been found to be most desirable for extracting the copper diethyldithiocarbamate. Factors studied in some detail include the effects of varying the extracting time, concentration as it affects the coefficient of extraction, amount of reagent, hydrogen ion concentration, salinity, concentration of oxidizing and reducing agents, and the stabilities of the diethyldithiocarbamate reagent and the colored copper diethyldithiocarbamate....

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Bathypelagic Fishes As Sound Scatterers In The Ocean, Norman B. Marshall Jan 1951

Bathypelagic Fishes As Sound Scatterers In The Ocean, Norman B. Marshall

Journal of Marine Research

Investigations on the D. S. L. in oceanic waters have been considered in the light of recently acquired data on the structure of the air bladder in bathypelagic fishes. From this it has been suggested that much of the reverberation of supersonic pulses used in echo-sounding may come from layers of these oceanic fishes, particularly from those possessing an air bladder....

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The Exchanges Of Fresh And Salt Waters In Tidal Estuaries, Bostwick H. Ketchum Jan 1951

The Exchanges Of Fresh And Salt Waters In Tidal Estuaries, Bostwick H. Ketchum

Journal of Marine Research

An empirical theory is presented which describes the exchanges between various parts of an estuary as a result of tidal oscillations, and which permits the calculation of the average distribution of fresh and salt water within the estuary. The characteristics of the estuary used in the calculations are the mean range of tides, the river flow, and the topography, all readily available for most estuaries. The calculations are shown to produce results which are similar to distributions observed in three very different estuaries. The theory will permit calculation of the changes in distribution of salinity and fresh water in any …

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Etiological Studies On Oyster Mortality I. Nematopsis Ostrearum Prytherch 1940 (Sporozoa: Porosporidae), H. Malcolm Owen, Lester L. Walters, Louis A. Bregan Jan 1951

Etiological Studies On Oyster Mortality I. Nematopsis Ostrearum Prytherch 1940 (Sporozoa: Porosporidae), H. Malcolm Owen, Lester L. Walters, Louis A. Bregan

Journal of Marine Research

Oysters from the major producing area of Louisiana were found to be 100% infected with the gregarine parasite Nematopsis ostrearum; those from a check station in Pencacola Bay, Florida, were found to be 95.1 % infected. In Louisiana., the population of N. ostrearum was found to be higher in the area east of the Mississippi River. N. ostrearum infections in oysters increased significantly during summer months in areas of relatively low oyster mortality. It was concluded on indirect and negative evidence that N. ostrearum was not a controlling factor responsible for the condition of oysters or for their extensive mortalities …

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Growth And Setting Of Larvae Of Venus Mercenarid In Relation To Temperautre, V. L. Loosanoff, W. S. Miller, P. B. Smith Jan 1951

Growth And Setting Of Larvae Of Venus Mercenarid In Relation To Temperautre, V. L. Loosanoff, W. S. Miller, P. B. Smith

Journal of Marine Research

Larvae of the hard shell clam, Venus mercenaria, were grown to metamorphosis at constant temperatures of 30.0, 27.0, 24.0, 21.0 and 18.0° C ± 1.0° C. The rate of growth of the larvae was generally, but not always, more rapid at high than at low temperatures. Within this range small differences in temperature, such as 1.0 or 2.0°, were not extremely important in affecting the rate of growth....

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The Sources Of The Deep Water Of The Eastern Mediterranean Sea, M. J. Pollak Jan 1951

The Sources Of The Deep Water Of The Eastern Mediterranean Sea, M. J. Pollak

Journal of Marine Research

The deep water in the two basins of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, the Levant and the Ionian Sea, is identical in temperature and salinity though differing slightly in oxygen content. Contrary to Nielsen's thesis, none of this water is formed in the southern Aegean Sea....

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Notes On The Development Of A Thermistor Temperature Profile Recorder (Tpr), Ernest R. Anderson, Arthur T. Burke Jan 1951

Notes On The Development Of A Thermistor Temperature Profile Recorder (Tpr), Ernest R. Anderson, Arthur T. Burke

Journal of Marine Research

A vertical temperature profile recorder, utilizing a thermistor as the temperature sensing element, has been developed for use on lakes, bays, or other enclosed or semi-enclosed bodies of water where temperature profiles in the upper 30 m are desired. Tests of the instrument indicate that it is rugged and durable, giving easily readable records accurate to ± 0.1 ° C....

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A Plastic Envelope Substitute For Drift Bootles, F. C.W. Olson Jan 1951

A Plastic Envelope Substitute For Drift Bootles, F. C.W. Olson

Journal of Marine Research

A plastic envelope of 0.004 inch thick polyethylene is suggested as a substitute for drift bottles. The return card is sealed hermetically in the envelope, thus forming an inexpensive, compact and convenient means for studying surface currents by conventional drift bottle technique. Tests indicate that "drift cards" actually indicate surface flows and are not at the complete mercy of the winds.

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An Automatic Reagent Dispenser For Shipboard Use, Warren S. Wooster, Dayton E. Carritt, John D. Isaacs Jan 1951

An Automatic Reagent Dispenser For Shipboard Use, Warren S. Wooster, Dayton E. Carritt, John D. Isaacs

Journal of Marine Research

Recent work on modification of the molybdenum-blue method for determination of dissolved inorganic phosphate in sea water (Wooster and Rakestraw, 1951) showed the need for a simple rugged device sui table for rapid and precise delivery of small quantities of reagents at sea. The two reagents used for phosphat e determination impose addit ional requirements on this device. Molybdic acid solution must be protected from the light and must not be allowed to come in contact with rubber;·stannous chloride solution must be protected from contact with the atmosphere.

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An Attitude On "Fishery Hydrography", J. N. Carruthers Jan 1951

An Attitude On "Fishery Hydrography", J. N. Carruthers

Journal of Marine Research

An essay on the theme that the fortunes of North Sea fish broods may be determined by some factor (or by some complex of factors) resident within those broad features of water circulation which are ruled by widespread wind conditions inferable from the study of atmospheric pressure gradients, followed thereafter by an ADDENDUM (due to Günter Dietrich) dealing with month-by-month wind conditions over the northern North Sea during the half century now ending, and by an ADDENDUM NoTE briefly indicating what progress has been made along the lines concerned and what is in prospect.

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Delaying Spawning Of Lamellibranchs By Low Temperature, V. L. Loosanoff, H. C. Davis Jan 1951

Delaying Spawning Of Lamellibranchs By Low Temperature, V. L. Loosanoff, H. C. Davis

Journal of Marine Research

Spawning of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and clams (Venus mercenaria) was delayed by transferring ripe or nearly ripe animals from Long Island Sound to the cold waters of Boothbay Harbor, Maine, where the temperature, although high enough to permit gametogenesis, was too low to induce spawning. With C. virginica, spawning could be postponed until six or eight weeks after the Long Island Sound population was completely spent, while V. mercenaria held over healthy summer spawn throughout the fall and winter and into the following spring. By similar means, laboratory workers can be provided with ripe animals during the fall when none …

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The Estimation Oof Dissolved Phosphate In Sea Water, Warren S. Wooster, Norris W. Rakestraw Jan 1951

The Estimation Oof Dissolved Phosphate In Sea Water, Warren S. Wooster, Norris W. Rakestraw

Journal of Marine Research

The molybdenum-blue method of determining dissolved inorganic phosphorus in sea water was modified for use with a photoelectric colorimeter. The effect of reagent concentration, time, and temperature on the rate and extent of color development was studied. Practical suggestions are given for carrying out routine analyses at sea.

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Annual Variations In Current Speeds In The Gulf Stream System, Frederick C. Fuglister Jan 1951

Annual Variations In Current Speeds In The Gulf Stream System, Frederick C. Fuglister

Journal of Marine Research

The monthly resultant current speeds in ten segments of the Gulf Stream System are calculated from surface current data published by the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office. Marked annual variations in the current speeds are found in the Florida Current, in the Caribbean Sea, and in the Trade Wind areas. In other segments of the system the annual variations are not so well defined. The maximum current speeds occur during the summer in the southern segments of the Gulf Stream System and during the winter in the northern segments. The minimum speeds occur during the fall months throughout the system....

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A Further Study Of Upwelling And Associated Vegetation Along Pacific Baja California, Mexico, E. Yale Dawson Jan 1951

A Further Study Of Upwelling And Associated Vegetation Along Pacific Baja California, Mexico, E. Yale Dawson

Journal of Marine Research

A temperature survey in the upper 200 feet of coastal waters of Baja California, from Bahia de Todos Santos to Bahia de la Magdalena, during the spring of 1950, has demonstrated the occurrence of upwelling along virtually the entire coast except within Bahia Viscaino and between Lat. 24° 50' and 26° N. A study of the marine vegetation of this coast and of the outlying islands has shown close correlation with the presence or absence of upwelling water....

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Comparative Studies Of Mineral Constituents Of Marine Sponges I. The Genera Dysidea, Chondrilla, Terpios, Vaughan T. Bowen, Doris Sutton Jan 1951

Comparative Studies Of Mineral Constituents Of Marine Sponges I. The Genera Dysidea, Chondrilla, Terpios, Vaughan T. Bowen, Doris Sutton

Journal of Marine Research

Analyses of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, and V are presented for specimens of five species of marine sponges: Dysidea crawshayi, D. etheria, Chondrilla nucula, Terpios fugax and T. zeteki; and of F in D. crawshayi….

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An Inexpensive And Rapid Technique For Obtaining Current Profiles In Estuarine Waters, D. W. Pritchard, Wayne V. Burt Jan 1951

An Inexpensive And Rapid Technique For Obtaining Current Profiles In Estuarine Waters, D. W. Pritchard, Wayne V. Burt

Journal of Marine Research

A current indicator, consisting of a confined submerged biplane-shaped drag and a device for reading the angle made by the suspending wire with t he vertical, is introduced in t heory and practice. It was designed for rapid determination of current velocities and directions at any depth from a vessel an chored in shallow water. A number of calibration runs made with t he Drag and with a von Arx Current Meter indicate that the Drag is reliable and suffi ciently accurate for the purpose for wluch it was designed. The gear proved to be rugged, easy to use, and …

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The Spectrophotometric Determination Of Fluoride In Sea Water, Courtenay D. Anselm, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1951

The Spectrophotometric Determination Of Fluoride In Sea Water, Courtenay D. Anselm, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

The zirconium-alizarin sulfonate indicator of Lamar has been applied to the spectrophotometric determination of fluoride in sea water and has been shown to be suitable. Calibration curves have been prepared for different chlorinities. The variation of apparent fluoride content with chlorinity is less than that reported by Thompson and Taylor with their ;eagent. Borate, iron and phosphate have been shown not to interfere at the concentrations found in sea water, while a method has been given to take care of varying alkalinities. The effects of time, temperature and light upon the color intensity have been discussed. Increased accuracy is attained …

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Relation Of Fishes And Other Organisms To The Scattering Of Underwater Sound, Gordon H. Tucker Jan 1951

Relation Of Fishes And Other Organisms To The Scattering Of Underwater Sound, Gordon H. Tucker

Journal of Marine Research

An analysis of concurrent sound-scattering records and biological collections in the sea show a correlation of the deeper and more intense scattering of sound with fishes and of the upper and lighter scattering with a dominant population of euphausiids. The main group of fishes concerned are the Myctophidae, which possess all of the essential qualifications of scatterers.

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Notes On Siphonophores 1. Siphonophores From The Marshall Islands, Mary Sears Jan 1950

Notes On Siphonophores 1. Siphonophores From The Marshall Islands, Mary Sears

Journal of Marine Research

The CROSSROADS plankton collection extends the range of about 30 siphonophores to the Marshall Islands, but only one third of these was taken in the lagoons. Of the species recorded, Galetta bigelowi is new, Lensia grimaldii was taken in the Pacific for the first time, and Diphyes chamissonis, which is restricted to the Indo-Pacific region, was taken in quantity in Rongelap Lagoon, as it had been in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. The significance of this habitat in limiting the distribution of D. chamissonis is not apparent.

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Subsurface Pelagic Sargassum, Alfred H. Woodcock Jan 1950

Subsurface Pelagic Sargassum, Alfred H. Woodcock

Journal of Marine Research

Observations are given which indicate that the presence of Sargassum below the sea surface is associated with lines of convergence of surface waters and with wind speeds in excess of about 4 m sec-1. It is suggested that descending currents under the convergence lines carry the plants down. Measurements of compression and of rates of rise of S. natans of various densities were made at Bermuda. Results of these measurements indicate that these plants may be carried down by descending currents in excess of 4.5 to 7.2 cm sec-1, and that the plants can maintain positive buoyancy, for short periods …

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