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The Chaetognatha Over The Continental Shelf Of North Carolina With Attention To Their Relation To The Hydrography Of The Area, E. Lowe Pierce Jan 1953

The Chaetognatha Over The Continental Shelf Of North Carolina With Attention To Their Relation To The Hydrography Of The Area, E. Lowe Pierce

Journal of Marine Research

A series of vertical plankton samples and hydrographic data were obtained over and somewhat beyond the continental shelf off North Carolina by the ALBATROSS III during four cruises covering the period from 24 May to 14 June 1949. Continental shelf, continental slope, and Florida Current waters were found in the area sampled. Initial mixing between the water masses apparently occurs near the edge of the continental shelf....

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A Possible Initial Condition For Red Tides On The Coast Of Florida, L. Basil Slobodkin Jan 1953

A Possible Initial Condition For Red Tides On The Coast Of Florida, L. Basil Slobodkin

Journal of Marine Research

It seems likely that the occurrence of a discrete mass of water, with a salinity lower than that of normal Gulf of Mexico surface water, is a necessary prerequisite for the occurrence of red tide off the Florida Coast.

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Examples Of The Possible Role Of Inertia And Stratification In The Dynamics Of The Gulf Stream System, Henry Stommel Jan 1953

Examples Of The Possible Role Of Inertia And Stratification In The Dynamics Of The Gulf Stream System, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

An hypothesis is offered to explain certain major features of the Florida Current: (1) the large axial gradient of vorticity, (2) the fact that seasonal fluctuations in the Miami-Cat Key tide gauge difference are twice the amplitude of those in the Key West-Havana tide gauge difference, and (3) the fact that the Havana-Cat Key difference is at a maximum during the period of minimum flow-the opposite of what might ordinarily be expected. An elementary perturbation theory of meanders in a wide stratified current is presented and its possible application to Gulf Stream meanders is discussed....

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On The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Koji Hidaka, Mizuki Tsuchiya Jan 1953

On The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Koji Hidaka, Mizuki Tsuchiya

Journal of Marine Research

In 1951 Munk and Palmén discussed the dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and found that they could explain the total mass transport of this current by assuming a far larger value for the coefficient of lateral mixing than had been obtained for other parts of the oceans....

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Further Observations On The Breeding And Migration Of The Bermuda Spiny Lobster, Panulirus Argus, W. H. Sutcliffe Jr. Jan 1953

Further Observations On The Breeding And Migration Of The Bermuda Spiny Lobster, Panulirus Argus, W. H. Sutcliffe Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Some results of investigations of breeding, distribution, and migration of Panulirus argus in Bermuda during 1951 and 1952 are given. A graphic schedule of breeding events for females includes the times of appearance of the first and second spermatophores and the first and second eggs.

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Circulation In A Meridional Plane In The Central Equatorial Pacific, Townsend Cromwell Jan 1953

Circulation In A Meridional Plane In The Central Equatorial Pacific, Townsend Cromwell

Journal of Marine Research

Meridional sections of σt, salinity, inorganic phosphate, and dissolved oxygen, based on new data from the central equatorial Pacific, show evidences of upwelling near the equator. An Equatorial Front in the ocean surface layer is described. Sinking occurs along this front, which is found most often just north of the equator....

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Microfiltration In Oceanographic Research Ii. Retention Of Colloidal Micelles By Adsorptive Filters And By Filter-Feeding Invertebrates; Proportions Of Dispersed Organic To Dispersed Inorganic Matter And To Organic Solutes, Denis L. Fox, Carl H. Oppenheimer, James S. Kittredge Jan 1953

Microfiltration In Oceanographic Research Ii. Retention Of Colloidal Micelles By Adsorptive Filters And By Filter-Feeding Invertebrates; Proportions Of Dispersed Organic To Dispersed Inorganic Matter And To Organic Solutes, Denis L. Fox, Carl H. Oppenheimer, James S. Kittredge

Journal of Marine Research

To adsorb and retain quantitatively the minute colloidal micelles held in dilute suspensions, fine inert inorganic powders (such as MgO and refined diatomaceous earth) or finely porous cellulose membranes may be employed. Minute micelles, such as molecular hemoglobin, are retained also by setous or ciliary-mucous filterfeeders....

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The Surface Layer Of The Gulf Stream And Adjacent Waters, William L. Ford, A. R. Miller Jan 1953

The Surface Layer Of The Gulf Stream And Adjacent Waters, William L. Ford, A. R. Miller

Journal of Marine Research

This paper presents a description of the Gulf Stream system between Cape Hatteras and 63° W. Long. and gives a qualitative analysis of the water masses in the surface layer on the basis of observations taken from November 15 to December 6, 1948. The edge of the Stream was explored for 1,050 miles of its length. The meanderings of the Stream and its tendency to develop large eddies are demonstrated. Of special note was the 90° change in direction of the mean axis of a 150-mile segment of the Stream within a period of two weeks....

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Control Of Salinity In An Estuary By A Transition, Henry Stommel, Harlow G. Farmer Jan 1953

Control Of Salinity In An Estuary By A Transition, Henry Stommel, Harlow G. Farmer

Journal of Marine Research

A theoretical reason is developed to explain why the mouth of a vertically stratified estuary should act as a constraint on the amount of salt water available for mixing in the estuary. Flume experiments designed to test this idea are described. The effect of tides on the control action and application to various estuaries is discussed.

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Abundance And Growth Of Venus Mercenaria And Callocardia Moorhuana In Relation To The Character Of Bottom Sediments, David M. Pratt Jan 1953

Abundance And Growth Of Venus Mercenaria And Callocardia Moorhuana In Relation To The Character Of Bottom Sediments, David M. Pratt

Journal of Marine Research

The distribution patterns of Venus mercenaria and Callocardia morrhuana in Narragansett Bay are shown to be related to the character of the bottom. Venus is most abundant where the dominant sediments are fine, but its abundance in these sediments is strongly related to the presence of large particles such as shell and rocks as minor constituents of the substratum....

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A Note On The Velocity Distribution And Bottom Stress In A Wind-Driven Water Current System, J. R.D. Francis Jan 1953

A Note On The Velocity Distribution And Bottom Stress In A Wind-Driven Water Current System, J. R.D. Francis

Journal of Marine Research

The shear stress of the wind on a water surface is sometimes found by measuring the slope of the surface in a lake or wind tunnel. The stress on the bottom of the lake due to the return water current is an error term which has been variously estimated. An experimental method of determining the error is described, and the results indicate that it is but some 1½% of the wind stress.

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Interference Phenomena In The Tides Of The Woods Hole Region, Alfred C. Redfield Jan 1953

Interference Phenomena In The Tides Of The Woods Hole Region, Alfred C. Redfield

Journal of Marine Research

The relations of mean range of tide, time of high water, and time of slack water along Vineyard and Nantucket Sounds may be attributed to the interference of tidal waves entering the sounds from their opposite ends. Interference of the semidiurnal constituents is maximal in the neighborhood of Woods Hole where the great reduction of these constituents, relative to the diurnal constituents, results in a pronounced diurnal inequality in the range of successive tides at appropriate phases of the moon....

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Correlation Of Currents With The Distribution Of Adult Daphnia In Lake Mendota, Robert A. Ragotzkie, R. A. Bryson Jan 1953

Correlation Of Currents With The Distribution Of Adult Daphnia In Lake Mendota, Robert A. Ragotzkie, R. A. Bryson

Journal of Marine Research

Simultaneous observations of current pattern and distribution of Daphnia pulex indicate that in Lake Mendota this zooplankter is concentrated by wind-induced convergence. Theoretical examination of this hypothesis yields results which compare favorably with observations.

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A Bathymetric Profile Across The Hudson Submarine Canyon And Its Tributaries, John Northrop Jan 1953

A Bathymetric Profile Across The Hudson Submarine Canyon And Its Tributaries, John Northrop

Journal of Marine Research

Echo soundings recorded continuously during a crossing of the Hudson Submarine Canyon system 200 miles southeast of New York Harbor show that the tributaries in 1200-1800 fathoms depth differ in profile and gradient from the Hudson Canyon proper….

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On The Statistical Distribution Of The Heights Of Sea Waves, M. S. Longuet-Higgins Jan 1953

On The Statistical Distribution Of The Heights Of Sea Waves, M. S. Longuet-Higgins

Journal of Marine Research

The statistical distribution of wave-heights is derived theoretically on the assumptions (a) that the wave spectrum contains a single narrow band of frequencies, and (b) that the wave energy is being received from a large number of different sources whose phases are random. Theoretical relations are found between the root-meansquare wave-height, the mean height of the highest one-third (or highest one-tenth) waves and the most probable height of the largest wave in a given interval of time. There is close agreement with observation.

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A Theory Of Fog Formation, Robert G. Fleagle Jan 1953

A Theory Of Fog Formation, Robert G. Fleagle

Journal of Marine Research

It is shown that just above a cold black-body surface the effect of radiation is to warm the air, whereas just above a warm surface the effect of radiation is to cool the air. Above a height of the order of one meter the signs of the radiative temperature change are reversed. Since, as Emmons and Montgomery (1947) have pointed out, fog formation usually requires net radiation from the air, it follows that, above a cold surface, fog forms only above a certain critical height whereas above a warm surface fog forms below a critical height. Other processes which produce …

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Circulation In The Upper Mixed Layer Of The Equatorial North Pacific, Kozo Yoshida, Han-Lee Mao, Paul L. Horrer Jan 1953

Circulation In The Upper Mixed Layer Of The Equatorial North Pacific, Kozo Yoshida, Han-Lee Mao, Paul L. Horrer

Journal of Marine Research

The circulation in the upper mixed layer in the equatorial region of the North Pacific is treated by solving the steady-state equations containing terms of Corioli's force, pressure gradient, and horizontal as well as vertical mixing….

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Parameters Of Turbulence In The Sea, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1952

Parameters Of Turbulence In The Sea, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

Dimensional analysis, combined with statistical examination of data, leads to the development of an equation for eddy diffusivity that is expressed in terms of readily measurable physical parameters----mean current speed, the distance between points of observation, the density of the water, and the dynamic molecular viscosity.....

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Midsummer Renewal Of Oxygen Within The Hypolimnion, R. A. Bryson, V. E. Suomi Jan 1952

Midsummer Renewal Of Oxygen Within The Hypolimnion, R. A. Bryson, V. E. Suomi

Journal of Marine Research

Following a very rainy period in the summer of 1950, oxygen temporarily reappeared in the hypolimnion of Lake Mendota. It is postulated that the oxygen was introduced there by density currents of cold, silt laden, well oxygenated runoff water.

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The Growth And Viability Of Sixty-Three Species Of Marine Bacteria As Influenced By Hydrostatic Pressure, Carl H. Oppenheimer, Claude E. Zobell Jan 1952

The Growth And Viability Of Sixty-Three Species Of Marine Bacteria As Influenced By Hydrostatic Pressure, Carl H. Oppenheimer, Claude E. Zobell

Journal of Marine Research

The hydrostatic pressure of sea water, which increases approximately 0.1 atmosphere per meter of depth, was found to affect the viability, reproduction, and morphology of 63 stock cultures of marine bacteria representing several genera. Many of the cultures were killed at 27° C by pressures ranging from 200 to 600 atm, although some few reproduced at 600 atm. Initial inoculum concentrations of the various bacteria appeared to influence their ability to reproduce or to tolerate high pressures. Pressures exceeding 400 atm inhibited the fission of certain bacteria without stopping their growth, thereby resulting in bizarre cells, some of which formed …

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Thick Source Alpha Activity Of Some North Atlantic Cores, J. Laurence Kulp, Herbert L. Volchok, H. D. Holland, David B. Ericson Jan 1952

Thick Source Alpha Activity Of Some North Atlantic Cores, J. Laurence Kulp, Herbert L. Volchok, H. D. Holland, David B. Ericson

Journal of Marine Research

Six representative deep sea cores have been analyzed for their thick source alpha emission at about every 20 cm. Some correlation can be made with a calcium carbonate content but not with absolute surface area. The range of relative alpha activity is 2-3 counts/cm2/hr for sand, 2--4 for globigerina ooze, 4-6 for foraminiferal green clay, and 5-10 for fine white to red clay with low foram content. It appears that total alpha activity cannot be correlated simply with age as might be suggested from the Urry ionium vs. depth curves.

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Marine Leptopel, Its Recovery, Measurement And Distribution, Denis L. Fox, John D. Issacs, Eugene F. Corcoran Jan 1952

Marine Leptopel, Its Recovery, Measurement And Distribution, Denis L. Fox, John D. Issacs, Eugene F. Corcoran

Journal of Marine Research

Leptopel, the colloidally or otherwise finely particulate organic and inorganic detritus suspended in natural bodies of water, varies in chemical composition and in relative quantities with reference to depth, latitude and proximity to land. The leptopelic material may be quantitatively recovered by passing the water through an ultrafilter of inert, insoluble adsorptiv.e powder. Apparatus has been designed to so recover such samples in situ at various depths.

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On The Stability Of Gas Bubbles In Sea Water, Jeffries Wyman Jr., P. F. Scholander, G. A. Edwards, L. Irving Jan 1952

On The Stability Of Gas Bubbles In Sea Water, Jeffries Wyman Jr., P. F. Scholander, G. A. Edwards, L. Irving

Journal of Marine Research

Laboratory experiments have been performed to determine the rate of solution and the change in composition of air bubbles in stirred sea water as a function of depth (0-200 m) and temperature (1-27° C). At each depth the shrinking of the diameter is nearly linear. This rate of solution increases with increasing pressure up to a limiting value which is almost reached at a depth of 20 m. The rate of disappearance of a bubble is only imperceptibly influenced by temperature. When a bubble of air dissolves at a given depth it becomes richer in nitrogen until a final constant …

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Salinity Distribution And Circulation In The Chesapeake Bay Estuarine System, D. W. Pritchard Jan 1952

Salinity Distribution And Circulation In The Chesapeake Bay Estuarine System, D. W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

The salinity distribution in a coastal plain estuary governs the dynamic structure. In the estuaries studied, the salinity increases with depth, the salinity-depth curve having the general shape of an inverse tangent function. Though there is a layer of relatively rapid increase in salt content with depth, separating an upper less saline layer from a lower more saline layer, this halocline is still sufficiently weak to allow a downward random flux of fresh water as well as an upward random flux of salt. The longitudinal salinity gradient is approximately uniform with depth. The salinity is on the average higher on …

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Physical Oceanographic Investigations In The Eastern Bering And Chukchi Seas During The Summer Of 1947, E. C. Lafond, D. W. Pritchard Jan 1952

Physical Oceanographic Investigations In The Eastern Bering And Chukchi Seas During The Summer Of 1947, E. C. Lafond, D. W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

New information on the physical properties of the waters in the eastern Bering and Chukchi seas is discussed. It shows that, in summer, the water masses of this area are complicated by the circulation and advective processes. In general, the southern Bering Sea water flows northward and is modified by warm low-salinity water from rivers along the Alaskan coast and from intrusions of cold high-salinity water from the western Bering Sea. This mixture of water funn els through the Bering Strait principally at the surface on the eastern side....

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The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses Ii. A Spectrophotometric Method For The Estimation Of Plankton Pigments, Francis A. Richards, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1952

The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses Ii. A Spectrophotometric Method For The Estimation Of Plankton Pigments, Francis A. Richards, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

A semimicro spectrophotometric method is described for the estimation of chlorophyll a, b, and c and of astacin and nonastacin type carotenoids in acetone extracts of plant and animal material. Developed specifically for use in estimating and characterizing plankton populations, the method is highly sensitive and practical for shipboard use. Methods of collecting, preparing and extracting plankton samples, spectrophotometric measurements, computation of results, and errors are discussed.

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Titanium In The Sea, John V. Griel, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1952

Titanium In The Sea, John V. Griel, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

Small amounts of titanium have been detected in sea water by a colorimetric procedure using a thymol reagent and also by a spectrographic method. Diatoms and sea muds were found to have larger amounts of titanium than sea water. Thus it would seem that titanium is concentrated by diatoms in their shell structures.

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Microfiltration In Oceanographic Research I. Marine Sampling With The Molecular Filter, Edward D. Goldberg, Marjorie Baker, Denis L. Fox Jan 1952

Microfiltration In Oceanographic Research I. Marine Sampling With The Molecular Filter, Edward D. Goldberg, Marjorie Baker, Denis L. Fox

Journal of Marine Research

Molecular filters, composed of cellulose acetate and nitrate membranes, may be used for the quantitative estimation of microplankton populations, for the determination of suspended organic and inorganic matter in natural waters, and in studies of photosynthetic productivity by phytoplankton cells in collected samples....

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Absorption Of Nutrients By Aquatic Plants, Walter H. Munk, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1952

Absorption Of Nutrients By Aquatic Plants, Walter H. Munk, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

Formulae are derived for the rate of nutrient absorption by aquatic plants approximating the shapes of spheres, discs, cylinders, and plates. Other parameters are the size and specific gravity of the plant, the nutrient concentration of the medium, and the physical properties affecting the transfer of nutrients toward the plant surface. The formulae allow for convection, i. e., the movement of water relative to the plant. Hence absorption is aided by a current in the case of attached plants and by a rapid sinking rate in the case of plankton. The results are not materially modified by turbulence....

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The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses. I. The Absorption Spectra Of Some Pigments Occuring In Diatoms, Dinoflagellates And Brown Algae, Francis A. Richards Jan 1952

The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses. I. The Absorption Spectra Of Some Pigments Occuring In Diatoms, Dinoflagellates And Brown Algae, Francis A. Richards

Journal of Marine Research

The spectra of chlorophyll c, beta carotene, neofucoxanthin A, neofucoxanthin B, fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin in 90% acetone solutions are reported. These constants are necessary for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of the major plankton pigments described.

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