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Depth Relationships Of Plankton Diatoms In Sea Water, W. E. Allen Jan 1941

Depth Relationships Of Plankton Diatoms In Sea Water, W. E. Allen

Journal of Marine Research

For more than twenty years I have been directly interested in the space relationships of marine plankton organisms. Not least among the unsolved problems of these relationships is that of the maintenance of residence at appropriate depths by microscopic creatures, e. g., the plankton diatoms....

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Radium Content Of Ocean Bottom Sediments From The Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, Alaska Peninsula, And The Coasts Of Southern Alaska And Western Canada, L. A. Sanderman, C. L. Utterback Jan 1941

Radium Content Of Ocean Bottom Sediments From The Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, Alaska Peninsula, And The Coasts Of Southern Alaska And Western Canada, L. A. Sanderman, C. L. Utterback

Journal of Marine Research

The radium content of several surface bottom samples in the region of the San Juan Archipelago and Vancouver Island have been reported previously (15). The present paper deals with the radium content of both surface bottom and core samples taken along the Pacific . coast of Canada and the coast of Alaska, in the Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean.

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Plankton Production In Relation To Character Of Water In The Open Pacific, Herbert W. Graham Jan 1941

Plankton Production In Relation To Character Of Water In The Open Pacific, Herbert W. Graham

Journal of Marine Research

The dependence of the production of plankton upon an adequate supply of such inorganic salts as phosphates and nitrates in the photic zone is now an established planktological concept (Harvey, 1928; Ekman, 1935; Russell and Yonge, 1936). It is also well known that the photic zone often becomes depleted of such essential mineral substances and that when this occurs any increase in the total production of plankton will depend upon a renewal of these substances from some source....

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Observations On Transparency In The Southwestern Section Of The North Atlantic Ocean, George L. Clarke Jan 1941

Observations On Transparency In The Southwestern Section Of The North Atlantic Ocean, George L. Clarke

Journal of Marine Research

The present measurements were undertaken to extend our knowledge of the transparency of ocean waters to areas to the south of the Bermuda region and to the east of the Caribbean region beyond the limits of earlier investigations ( Oster and Clarke, 1935; Clarke, 1938 and 1939)....

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Notes On Phytoplankton On Georges Bank In 1940, Mary Sears Jan 1941

Notes On Phytoplankton On Georges Bank In 1940, Mary Sears

Journal of Marine Research

In earlier surveys of the phytoplankton of the Gulf of Maine (Bigelow, 1926 ; Gran, 1933; Braarud, 1934, Bigelow, Lillick, and Sears, 1940; Lillick, 1940) relatively few observations were made on Georges Bank, and the data obtained have not been ·sufficient to give an accurate picture of the development of the spring flowering in any part of this important bank region.

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The Determination Of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen In Sea Water, Theodor Von Brand, Norris W. Rakestraw Jan 1941

The Determination Of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen In Sea Water, Theodor Von Brand, Norris W. Rakestraw

Journal of Marine Research

The dissolved organic nitrogen occurring in the sea has so far received the least attention of all the nitrogen-containing fractions. As Krogh (1) has pointed out, it is present in relatively large amounts but is apparently unavailable for use by living organisms. The present investigation was carried out to test the practicability of a more extensive study of the distribution and significance of the dissolved organic N in the sea.

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Marine Chitin-Decomposing Bacteria, Charles W. Hock Jan 1941

Marine Chitin-Decomposing Bacteria, Charles W. Hock

Journal of Marine Research

Chitin is found in various members of the plant and animal kingdoms. It forms the main skeletal material of the lnsecta and Crustacea in the animal kingdom, and is present also in tissues of fungi….

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The Water Masses Off The West Coast Of North America, Richard B. Tibby Jan 1941

The Water Masses Off The West Coast Of North America, Richard B. Tibby

Journal of Marine Research

In reporting the results of the 1937 cruises of the "Bluefin" off southern California, Sverdrup and Fleming (in press) found that within the limited area which they investigated, two primary water masses were present, mixtures of which made up the water at depths between 200 meters and 400 meters in this region, and they developed a convenient method of using temperature-salinity relationships to study the processes of mixing....

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Plankton Studies V. Regional Summary, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1941

Plankton Studies V. Regional Summary, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

Certain aspects of phytoplankton growth which are so generally recognized as to be practically axiomatic are presented graphically in Figure 36. They are explained as follows:…

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The Parachute Net, J. F.G. Wheeler Jan 1941

The Parachute Net, J. F.G. Wheeler

Journal of Marine Research

The novel idea of fishing a large net without a towing line was adapted from the method used by Professor Maurice Ewing of Lehigh University in his work on the sub-sedimentary rocks beneath the sea. The method consists essentially in dragging the apparatus to the bottom by a weight against the upward pull of a float and then releasing the weight....

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Potentiometric Analysis Of Sea Water Ii. Determination Of Titration Alkalinity, Lloyd E. West, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1941

Potentiometric Analysis Of Sea Water Ii. Determination Of Titration Alkalinity, Lloyd E. West, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

Sea water is alkaline mainly due to the presence of appreciable quantities of carbonate, bicarbonate and borate ions. These react with the H+ from the ionization of water leaving an excess of OH' present….

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The Sodium-Chlorinity Ratio Of Ocean Waters From The Northwest Pacific, Rex J. Robinson, Fred W. Knapman Jan 1941

The Sodium-Chlorinity Ratio Of Ocean Waters From The Northwest Pacific, Rex J. Robinson, Fred W. Knapman

Journal of Marine Research

Ocean water is a complex solution of many ions. The concentration of this solution varies considerably from place to place but it has been repeatedly shown that the relative concentration of the ions to each other is remarkably constant….

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Relation Of Population Size To Marine Growth And Time Of Spawning Migration In The Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) Of Southeastern Alaska, F. A. Davidson, Elizabeth Vaughan Jan 1941

Relation Of Population Size To Marine Growth And Time Of Spawning Migration In The Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) Of Southeastern Alaska, F. A. Davidson, Elizabeth Vaughan

Journal of Marine Research

In studying the relation of an animal population to its environment it must always be remembered that the population forms part of its own environment. This is due mainly to the influence its size has upon the other elements, both physico-chemical and biotic, of the environment. Allee ( 1931) in his discussion of the harmful effects of crowding upon growth separates the growth retarding factors into two groups namely, the vague and the definite....

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Surface Cooling And Streaming In Shallow Fresh And Salt Waters, Alfred H. Woodcock Jan 1941

Surface Cooling And Streaming In Shallow Fresh And Salt Waters, Alfred H. Woodcock

Journal of Marine Research

Experimental work with thermally unstable air and liquids (Mal, 1931; Graham, 1933; Chandra, 1937; and others) has shown that the convection "cells" formed vary with the amoun t of shear, which is introduced either by the fl.ow of the fluid or by the movement of its boundaries. Changes in the flight tactics of free soaring gulls over the open ocean show that the pattern of the convectional up-fl.ow within air moving over warmer water varies with the wind speed (Woodcock, 1940). Since the air over warmer sea water moves in a fashion in part comparable to the experimental findings, it …

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Variations In The Phosphorus Content Of Estuarine Waters Of The Chesapeake Bay Near Solomons Island, Maryland, Curtis L. Newcombe, Harry F. Brust Jan 1940

Variations In The Phosphorus Content Of Estuarine Waters Of The Chesapeake Bay Near Solomons Island, Maryland, Curtis L. Newcombe, Harry F. Brust

Journal of Marine Research

Studies by Cowles and Brambel (1938), Newcombe and Lang (1939), and Newcombe, Horne and Shepherd (1939) have provided information on the quantitative methods for estimating inorganic phosphorus and, also, on the vertical and horizontal distribution of this nutrient substance in the waters of the Chesapeake Bay....

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On The Annual And Diurnal Variation Of The Evaporation From The Oceans, H. U. Sverdrup Jan 1940

On The Annual And Diurnal Variation Of The Evaporation From The Oceans, H. U. Sverdrup

Journal of Marine Research

The average annual evaporation of the oceans in different latitudes can be considered fairly well established (Mosby, 1936, Wtist, 1936), but so far little is known as to the character of the annual and the diurnal variations. Helland-Hansen (1930) has pointed out that evaporation will be facilitated if the sea surface is warmer than the air, whereas evaporation will decrease or cease if the sea surface is colder....

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Observations On The Alkalinity Of Estuarine Waters Of The Chesapeake Bay Near Solomons Island, Maryland, Harry F. Brust, Curtis L. Newcombe Jan 1940

Observations On The Alkalinity Of Estuarine Waters Of The Chesapeake Bay Near Solomons Island, Maryland, Harry F. Brust, Curtis L. Newcombe

Journal of Marine Research

Kolthoff (1926) without particular reference to sea water has defined buffer capacity (alkalinity, in the case of added strong base) of a solution quantitatively as the number of equivalents of added strong base or strong acid required to change the pH of one liter of solution one unit. Buch, in 1930, redefined this concept with reference to sea water as the number of moles of carbonic acid which must be added to one liter of the water in order to change its pH by one unit.

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The Great Bahama Bank. Ii. Calcium Carbonate Precipitation, C. L. Smith Jan 1940

The Great Bahama Bank. Ii. Calcium Carbonate Precipitation, C. L. Smith

Journal of Marine Research

The exact mechanism whereby calcium carbonate is precipitated from sea water in shallow tropical seas has attracted the attention of many workers but as yet has not been adequately explained.

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Bacteriological Analysis Of Some Long Cores Of Marine Sediments, Sydney C. Rittenberg Jan 1940

Bacteriological Analysis Of Some Long Cores Of Marine Sediments, Sydney C. Rittenberg

Journal of Marine Research

Until recently only the uppermost layers of marine sediments have been generally available for scientific investigations since most coring instruments obtained samples less than a meter long. The early bacteriological investigations of Certes (1884), Russell (1892), Fischer (1894), Gazert (1912), and Drew (1912) were confined to surface samples obtained by dredging. Lloyd (1931) was the first to report quantitative data on the vertical distribution of bacteria in subsurface layers of marine sediments. Similar investigations were made by Reuszer (1933), and Waksman et al. (1933) .

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Potential Vorticity As A Conservative Property, V. P. Starr, M. Neiburger Jan 1940

Potential Vorticity As A Conservative Property, V. P. Starr, M. Neiburger

Journal of Marine Research

The problem of tracing actual trajectories of air particles in the free atmosphere, and of water particles in the ocean, h~s been a~tacked for many years without a definitive solution. The mtroduct10n of the isentropic chart in meteorology a few years ago was a great forward step. Corresponding methods have also been applied to oceanography, and it is evident that any advancement made towards the solution of the problem of actual trajectories in either branch of the geophysical sciences must also contribute to its solution in the other field. In its general aspects the problem is therefore common to both …

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Convection And Soaring Over The Open Sea, Alfred H. Woodcock Jan 1940

Convection And Soaring Over The Open Sea, Alfred H. Woodcock

Journal of Marine Research

The transfer of momentum between the winds and the sea surface is a fundamental problem of oceanography. In the theoretical treatment of drift currents at sea and of the movements in the turbulent layer of air just above, no consideration seems to have been given to the possibility of a varying pattern of flow under unstable conditions. Recently Langmuir (1938) made measurements of "helical vortices set up by wind" in the surface waters of a lake. Lines of Sargassum weed, which are commonly seen on the central North Atlantic, were mentioned as an indication that similar vortices occur in the …

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The Problem Of The Density Of Sea Water, Henry E. Wirth Jan 1940

The Problem Of The Density Of Sea Water, Henry E. Wirth

Journal of Marine Research

The Density of Aqueous Solutions The density of a solution can be determined easily and is of interest not only for its own sake but also in the calculation of other physical quantities. Many investigators have therefore determined the density and concentration of aqueous solutions. Of the older works, those of Kohlrausch, Kohlrausch and Hallwachs, Baxter and Wallace, and Lamb and Lee are outstanding for their precision....

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The Motion Of Atmospheric Disturbances On The Spherical Earth, B. Haurwitz Jan 1940

The Motion Of Atmospheric Disturbances On The Spherical Earth, B. Haurwitz

Journal of Marine Research

When the perturbations of the pressure distribution due to rapidly moving cyclones are eliminated by plotting charts of the mea1;1 distribution of the pressure for a number of days, centres of larger dimensions 13,nd of a more permanent character appear, as has been shown by the work carried out by Rossby and his collaborators (7). On winter maps of the northern hemisphere, as a rule at least five of these perturbations are found: the Icelandic and the Aleutian Lows, the Azores, Asiatic and Pacific Highs. They can hardly be considered as mere perturbations of the general circulation, but must rather …

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A Statistical Study Of Variation In The Catch Of Plankton Nets, C. P. Winsor, G. L. Clarke Harvard University Jan 1940

A Statistical Study Of Variation In The Catch Of Plankton Nets, C. P. Winsor, G. L. Clarke Harvard University

Journal of Marine Research

Staternent of the Problern.----In a previous communication, Winsor and Walford (1936) analyzed the results of repeated vertical hauls of different types of plankton nets, making use of data available in the literature. They concluded that the observed results could be accounted for reasonably well on the assumptions that (a) the organisms were randomly distributed in the medium and (b) that the volume of medium effectively sampled varied from haul to haul. From this result it follows that as the total catch is increased (as by increasing the net size) the reliability of a population estimate is ultimately limited by variation …

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A Detailed Study Of The Surface Layers Of The Ocean In The Neighborhood Of The Gulf Stream With The Aid Of Rapid Measuring Hydrographic Instruments, Athelstan F. Spilhaus Jan 1940

A Detailed Study Of The Surface Layers Of The Ocean In The Neighborhood Of The Gulf Stream With The Aid Of Rapid Measuring Hydrographic Instruments, Athelstan F. Spilhaus

Journal of Marine Research

In an earlier communication in this Journal the writer reported on a Bathythermograph for obtaining continuous records of temperature against depth in the first 150 meters of the ocean (Spilhaus 1937). While further development of this preliminary instrument revealed it to be rather critical to vibration, the results obtained with it, some of which were reported in the paper cited above, were sufficient to indicate the desirability of further studies and development along these lines. Abrupt changes in the vertical temperature distribution with very small changes in horizontal distance together with extremely complex temperature structure in the vertical were observed …

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The Effect Of Oxygen Tension On The Rate Of Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Sea Water By Bacteria, Claude E. Zobell Jan 1940

The Effect Of Oxygen Tension On The Rate Of Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Sea Water By Bacteria, Claude E. Zobell

Journal of Marine Research

It is generally recognized that the oxygen consuming capacity of heterotrophic bacteria in water serves as a good criterion of the amount of respirable or oxidizable organic matter in the water. However, the fragmentary literature on the subject records contradictory observations on the effect of oxygen tension upon the rate of bacterial oxidations. For example, Pomeroy (1938) found the amount of oxygen consumed by diluted sewage containing from 0. 7 to 17 .5 cc. of oxygen per liter to be independent of the oxygen tension but Heukelekian (1936) noted the maximum consumption of oxygen in such sewage mixtures containing around …

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The Determination Of The Alkalinity Of Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Don H. Anderson Jan 1940

The Determination Of The Alkalinity Of Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Don H. Anderson

Journal of Marine Research

In a previous paper one of us (3) described a _ method for the determination of the alkalinity of sea water-then termed the buffer capacity of sea water. This method was very rapid, eliminated the need for a titration process, and was particularly advantageous when working under rigorous field conditions. However considerable difficulty was sometimes experienced in the preparation of color comparison standards from base-free sea water. The method was later improved by Mitchell and Rakestraw (2). The present paper deals with a modification of the original method. The glass electrode is used for the measurement of excess acid and …

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Effect Of Delayed Titration On The Salinity Determination, E. F. Thompson Jan 1940

Effect Of Delayed Titration On The Salinity Determination, E. F. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

Wlist (1932) has discussed the effect of storage on the chlorinity of samples. He compared the results from samples examined almost immediately at sea with those titrated in the shore laboratory after a considerable period of time. He concludes that there is a definite tendency for the chlorinity to increase on storing. The effect was largest with sample bottles that had been previously titrated and, therefore, no longer full; and least with full bottles on which the stoppers had been covered with paraffin wax. In the case of the incompletely full bottles the mean increase of chlorinity was 0.011 %0 …

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The Motion Of Atmospheric Disturbances, B. Haurwitz Jan 1940

The Motion Of Atmospheric Disturbances, B. Haurwitz

Journal of Marine Research

In a recent paper Rossby has discussed the effect of the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis force on the propagation of oceanic and atmospheric disturbances (2). He showed that the velocity c of a disturbance in an incompressible atmosphere on a plane earth when only the effect of the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis force is considered is given with sufficient accuracy by the formula...

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Contribution To The Question Of The Equatorial Counter Current, R. B. Montgomery, E. Palmen Jan 1940

Contribution To The Question Of The Equatorial Counter Current, R. B. Montgomery, E. Palmen

Journal of Marine Research

The question of the dynamics of the equatorial counter currents of the several oceans was scarcely brought nearer solution by the research of recent years. The attempt of Sverdrup (1932), which Defant (1935) has further pursued, to explain the counter current as a result of the asymmetry about the equator of the westward-flowing north and south equatorial currents, does not suffice. This may be shown by the following short exposition.

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